上外英研2009改错答案

A fairly standard consensual definition is \"a relatively permanent change in behavior (sic.; it's American of course) that results from practise.\"

This is of course arguable, particularly the \"practice\"

criterion. …………………..(1)

Others would accept changes in \"capability\" or even simple \"knowledge\" or \"understanding\

behaviour. It is however an important criterion that \"learned\"………………….(2) behaviour is not pre-programmed or wholly instinctive (not a …………………..(3)

word used much nowadays), even if an instinctual

drive underpins it. Behaviour can also change as a …………………….(4)

result of maturation-simple growing-up-without being

totally learned. Think of the changing attitude of children …………………(5)

and adolescents to opposite-sex peers.

Whatever the case, there has to be interaction with the environment……………..(6)

We are indeed becoming more confused: evidence from genetics, evolutionary psychology

and neuroscience is arguing ever more strongly for …about…………………(7)

predispositions for our behaviour.

Even if psychologists ever agree about what learning is,in practice the …………

去掉the…….(8)

educationalists won't, because education

introduces prescriptive notions about specifying what

ought to be learnt, and there is considerable dispute about ………………..(9)

whether this ought only to be what the teacher wants the learner to learn (implicit in behavioural models), or

what the learner wants to learn

(as in humanistic models)…………………..(10)