二. 重点、难点:
语法详解:陈述句的定义,肯定和否定的陈述句,其他否定的陈述句和委婉陈述。 [具体内容] 重难点解析:
陈述句主要是用来传递信息,提供情况(包括肯定和否定的情况)。 China is the largest country in Asia. 中国是亚洲最大的国家。 I didn’t tell him anything. 我什么也没有告诉他。 I’m going to see a film. 我打算去看电影。
I’m not going to see a film. 我不打算去看电影。 She has arrived. 她已经到达。
She hasn’t arrived yet. 她还没有到达。 He teaches English. 他教英语。
He doesn’t teach English. 他不教英语。 He has some money left. 他还剩一点钱。 He hasn’t any money left. 他分文不剩。 对谓语动词否定:
否定词除了not之外,还有never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely。 He never smokes cigarette. 他从不抽烟。
I hardly know the people there. 我几乎不认识那里的人。
She scarcely ( [ ‘skɛəsli ] ad. 几乎不,简直没有,勉强)spoke to him.她很少跟他交谈。 He seldom reads a book. 他很少看书。 I rarely eat crabs. 我很少吃螃蟹。 对名词或代词否定:
No students will take the course. 没有学生会选修这门课。 Nobody will agree to this project. 没有人会同意这项计划。 Neither (of them) wanted to go. 他们俩谁也不想去。 I can do nothing about it. 对这事我无能为力。
人们在陈述事实的时候,为了礼貌或者为了在说话时留有余地,常常在说话时采用委婉陈述方式。 一. 采用插入语来软化陈述句的口气。
That will be, I think, too much for him. 我想那会使他受不了的。 She is unhappy, it seems. 她似乎不快乐。
You’ll be caught in the rain, I’m afraid. 恐怕你们会淋雨。 I’ll have another cup, if you please. 我想再来一杯,好吗?
If you don’t mind, I’d like to think about it for a minute. 如果你不介意的话,容我考虑一下。 二. 采用情态动词或半助动词来软化口气。 He might be right. 他也许是对的。
She seems to be unhappy. 她似乎不快乐。
He appears to have many friends here. 看来,他在这儿有许多朋友。 英语专项练习题(词形转换) 一、反义词
1. above—below 2. after—before 3. Always—never 4. ask — answer
5. at night—in the daytime 6. back—front
7. bad—good 8. Behind—in front of 9. big — small 10. black—white 11. borrow—lend 12. borrow—give back 13. bring—take 14. busy—free
15. buy — sell 16. cheap — dear / expensive 17. clean — dirty 18. clever — foolish 19. come — go 20. cool — warm 21. cry — laugh 22. dangerous—safe 23. dark — bright / light 24. different — same 25. down — up 26. dry — wet 27. easy — hard / difficult 28. far — near
29. few—many 30. finish—begin(start) 31. forget — remember 32. from—to 33. full—hungry(empty) 34. give—take
35. happy—sad 36. hate — like / love 37. heavy — light 38. here — there 39. high — low 40. hot — cold 41. ill — well 42. in — out
43. inside—outside 44. into—out of 45. last—first 46. late — early 47. learn—teach 48. leave—stay 49. left — right 50. like—unlike 51. little—much 52. long—short 53. lost—found 54. move—stay 55. new — old 56. noisy — quiet 57. open—close/closed 58. plus — minus 59. poor—rich 60. pull — push 61. put on—take off 62. quick—slow 63. rich — poor 64. right—wrong
65. safe — dangerous 66. short—tall/high 67. sit down—stand up 68. sit(坐)—stand 69. sleep — wake 70. slow — fast 71. strong — weak 72. tall — short
73. these—those 74. thin — fat / thick 75. this — that 76. upstairs — downstairs 77. wake up—go to sleep 78. work — rest 79. yes — no 80. young — old 二、同义词
1. almost — nearly 几乎;差不多 2. aloud—loud 大声的
3. around — near, by 在周围 4. arrive at / in — reach , get to 到达 5. at last—in the end 最后;结束 6. bad — ill, wrong 坏的;错的
7. begin — start 开始 8. beside—near, next to 在„„旁边;附近 9. bright — sunny, shining 晴朗的 10. bright—clever 聪明的
11. by air—by plane 乘飞机 12. centre — middle 中间 13. certainly—of course 当然可以 14. clever — bright 聪明的
15. common — usual 普通的;通常的 16. dear — expensive 昂贵的
17. difficult — hard 困难的;艰巨的 18. easy — simple 容易的;简单的 19. enjoy oneself—have a good time 过得愉快
20. enjoyable — pleasant 有乐趣的;使人快乐的
21. enjoy—like 喜欢 22. every—each 每个
23. fail — miss, lose 失败;丧失 24. famous — well-known 著名的 25. fine — good, nice 好的;优的 26. following — next 以下的
27. friendly — kind 友好的 28. glad — happy, pleased 愉快的;高兴的 29. go — leave 离去;离开 30. have a cold—catch a cold 患感冒 31. have to — must 必须 32. healthy — fine, well 健康的 33. helpful — useful 有益的;有用的 34. high — tall 高的 35. hope — wish, want 希望;想要 36. ill — sick 生病的
37. job — work 工作 38. journey — travel, trip 旅行;旅途 39. know — understand 懂得;理解 40. large — big 大的 41. laugh — smile 笑 42. learn—study 学习
43. like — enjoy, love 喜欢;热爱 44. look after—take care of 照顾;照看 45. lose — miss 丢失;错过 46. maybe — perhaps 可能;大概 47. nobody—none 没有人 48. OK — fine, all right 好吧;行 49. problem — question, puzzle 问题 50. quick — fast 快
51. quite — very 十分 52. real — true 真正的;真实的
53. ring — call, telephone 打电话 54. sad — unhappy, sorry 悲伤的;难过的 55. say — speak, talk, tell 说话 56. several—a few 个别的;几个 57. shout — cry, call 叫喊 58. small — little 小的 59. start—begin 开始 60. sure—certain 当然
61. too — also 也 62. trouble — worry 打扰;担忧
63. true — real 真的 64. very — quite, rather 非常;相当 65. whether — if 是否 三、同音词
1. I — eye 2. son —sun 3. meat — meet 4. right — write 5. for — four 6. father—farther 7. no — know 8. here—hear 9. wear—where 10. new — knew 11. our — hour 12. there—their 13. past—passed 14. ours—hours 15. ah — are 16. aren’t—aunt 17. ate — eight 18. who’s—whose 19. by-bye—buy 20. hi — high 21. pear — pair 22. knows—nose 23. read—red 24. to — too — two 25. weak—week 26. its — it’s 四、派生词
(一)n.----> adj.
1. care careful 2. cloud cloudy 3. danger dangerous 4. difference different 5. fool foolish 6. friend friendly 7. health healthy 8. help helpful
9. luck lucky 10. noise noisy 11. rain rainy 12. sleep asleep
13. sun sunny 14. thank thankful 15. use useful 16. wind windy (二)v.----> adj.
1. fill full 2. forget forgetful
3. interest interesting 4. please pleased(pleasant) 5. save safe 6. worry worried (三)v.----> n.
1. clean cleaner 2. drive driver 3. farm farmer 4. foreign foreigner 5. play player 6. read reader 7. run runner 8. sing singer
9.speak speaker 10. teach teacher 11. think thinker 12. travel traveller 13. visit visitor 14. wait waiter 15. win winner 16. work worker 17. write writer (四)adj.---> adv.
1. bad badly 2. beautiful beautifully 3. careful carefully 4. certain certainly 5. clear clearly 6. easy easily 7. full fully 8.happy happily
9. heavy heavily 10. kind kindly 11. loud loudly 12. near nearly 13. noisy noisily 14. quick quickly 15. quiet quietly 16. real really 17. safe safely 18. slow slowly
19. sudden suddenly 20. usual usually (五)肯定---否定
1. happy unhappy 2. true untrue 3. usual unusual 4. like unlike 五、缩写形式
1. are not aren’t 2. can not can’t 3. did not didn’t 4. do not don’t 5. does not doesn’t 6. he is he’s
7. he would he’d 8. how is how’s 9. I am I’m 10. I would I’d 11. is not isn’t 12. it is it’s 13. let us let’s 14. name is name’s 15. number No. 16. she is she’s 17. that is that’s 18. they are they’re 19. was not wasn’t 20. what is what’s 六、基、序数词
1. One First 2. Two Second 3. Three Third 4. Four Fourth 5. Five Fifth 6. Six Sixth 7. Seven Seventh 8. Eight Eighth 9. Nine Ninth 10. Ten Tenth 11. Eleven Eleventh 12. Twelve Twelfth 13. Thirteen Thirteenth 14. Fourteen Fourteenth 15. Fifteen Fifteenth 16. Sixteen Sixteenth 17. Seventeen Seventeenth 18. Eighteen Eighteenth 19. Nineteen Nineteenth 20. Twenty Twentieth 21. Twenty-one Twenty-first 30. Thirty Thirtieth
基本概念:与汉语相似,英语句子是由主语(subject), 谓语动词(verb),宾语(object), 表语(predicative),状语(adverbial),宾语补足语(object complement)等成分组成,按照这些成分的组合方式英语句子可分为五种基本句型。 句型一:主语+不及物动词
不及物动词本身就可以表达完整的意念, 不需要宾语及补语, 但有时可有副词, 介词短语等状语修饰语。
e.g. The rain stopped .
The old man walks in the park . 句型一的扩展:
1. 主语+不及物动词+状语
e.g. The machine works smoothly. (机器运转正常。) 2. There +不及物动词+主语
e.g. There is some milk in the bottle . There comes the bus .
3. 主语+不及物动词+ 动词不定式
e.g. They stopped to take a short rest . (他们停下来稍作休息。)
特别提醒:动词stop 可用作不及物动词,也可用作及物动词。作不及物动词时, 通常后接动词不定式,表示停下来的目的是做另一件事。作及物动词时,通常后接动名词,表示停止做这件事。 e.g. They stopped taking a rest . 句型二 :主语+系动词+表语
系动词本身不能表达完整的意念,需要形容词,名词,介词短语等来补充说明主语,也叫主语补语。 e.g. My sister is a nurse . I feel quite hungry .
The ball is under the desk . 句型三:主语+及物动词+宾语
及物动词本身需要一个动作的接受者(宾语),才可以表达一个完整的意念。 e.g. We are learning English . Do you know him ?
Your radio needs repairing . She hopes to see her uncle.
句型四:主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
有些及物动词需要两个宾语才能表达一个完整意念。 e.g. Her mother bought her a skirt. Give me the book, please. 特别提醒:
A. 在此句型中, 通常是间接宾语(人)在前,直接宾语(物)在后,有时直接宾语和间接宾语可以对调,这时间接宾语前应加上适当的介词。 e.g. Her mother bought a skirt for her . Give the book to me , please .
直接宾语与间接宾语对调时,间接宾语前加介词to的动词有:
give(给), tell(告诉) , lend(借给) , sell(卖), teach(教) , send(寄给), write(写给), show(出示) , return(还给), bring(带给), pass(递给), leave(留给), offer(提供), hand(交给) 间接宾语前加介词for的动词有:
buy(买), choose(选择), get (弄到), make(做), order(订购), sing (唱歌), do (做), play(演奏)
B. 如果直接宾语为人称代词那么必须把直接宾语放在间接宾语前,且间接宾语前要加上适当的介词。 e.g. I handed it to our teacher . 不能说:I handed our teacher it .
C. 此句型变为被动语态时,可分为两种情况。 e.g. Her mother bought her a skirt .
a. She was bought a skirt by her mother .
b. A skirt was bought for her by her mother. 句型五:主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语
及物动词本身需要一个宾语外, 还需要一个名词,形容词,副词, 动词不定式,分词来补充说明宾语,才能表达一个完整的意念。
e.g. We elected Li Yang our monitor. The news made us sad.
She saw the thief steal into the shop .
The teacher asked me to answer the question . I found the man stealing the money . I found my money stolen . 特别提醒:
A. 现在分词为宾语补足语时,宾语与现在分词之间是主动关系;过去分词为宾语补足语时,宾语与过去分词之间是被动关系。 B. 在let(让),make(使得),have(请,让,使得),see(看),hear(听到),watch(观看),feel(感觉到),listen to (倾听),look at (看到),notice(注意到)等动词后的宾语补足语如果为不定式, 则省掉“to”,但变为被动语态时, 则要带“to”. e.g. We hear her sing next door. She is heard to sing next door .
C. 此句型变为被动语态时,只有一种情况。 e.g. They saw him steal the old man’s money. He was seen to steal the old man’s money .
【模拟试题】(答题时间:80分钟)
一、语音
(一)找出每组单词划线部分读音与其他三个不同的选项。
(三)观察所给单词的重读音节,选出重读音节位置不同于其它的选项。
1. A. ′goodbye B. Japa′nese C. ba′nana D. e′raser 2. A. ′everyone B. to′day C. ′number D. ′English 3. A. e′raser B. ′question C. re′peat D. a′gain 4. A. ′seven B. ′answer C. ′Chinese D. ′listen 二、词汇
(一)根据句意和所给音标在横线上填入一个适当的词。 1. What can you see in the [ ]? 7. This is a new [ ]. 2. Where’s the [ ]? 8. Where is the [ ]? 3. It’s your [ ]now. 9. You look the [ ]. 4. I can see some [ ]. 10. Excuse me, are you [ ]? 5. The [ ] is on the wall. 11. Put your [ ] here, please. 6. The [ ] is very nice.
(二)按要求写出下列各词的相应形式。
1. family(复数) 5. we(名词性物主代词) 2. white(反义词) 6. he(宾格) 3. China(形容词) 7. whose(同音词) 4. photo(同义词) 8. thank (名词) (三)英汉互译下列词组
1. 一张旧照片 10. 在门后 2. 去教室 11. 在他们的椅子下 3. 把„„穿上 12. 在地板上 4. from…to 13. 在同一组里
5. give…to 14. 在我们的课桌里 6. take…off 15. look after our mother 7. 带帽子的女孩 16. on the blackboard
8. 看起来一样 17. look at your books 9. 在他的书桌上 18. in Jim’s class 三、单项选择
1. —What colour is it? C. put on them D. put on it
6. You must . —It’s , It’s car.
A. a red; a red B. red; a red A. home B. be at home C. red; red D. a red, red C. to home D. at home
2. The woman the white bike is Miss Gao. 7. Hello, Mimi. You Lucy’s hat. A. under B. in A. look after B. look C. on D. at C. look like D. are 3. These are pencils and those 8. —What’s the time? are . —It’s . A. mine; yours B. my; your A. nine ten o’clock B. at nine C. mine; your D. my, yours C. nine o’clock D. at nine ten 4. Look these clothes.They are Mrs. 9. Please give this pen Miss Gao. Green’s clothes line. A. to B. at A. on; on B. in; at C. in D. of C. at; on D. at; at 10. This is a photo my family. 5. They are your shoes, . A. from B. to A. put them on B. put it on C. on D. of 四、按要求改写下列各句,每空一词。 1. It’s a nice watch. (改为复数形式)
nice . 2. The girl on the bike is Alice. (对划线部分提问) is Alice? 3. It’s five thirty. (对划线部分提问)
? 4. They are yellow bananas (同义句).
yellow. 5. These clothes are Mrs. Green’s. (对划线部分提问) are these clothes?
五、填空
(一)根据句意,用所给词的适当形式填空: 1. Li Lei is (Jim)friend. 6. (they)teacher is Mr. Hu. 2. This is (we)classroom. It’s big. 7. That bag is (new的反义词). 3. Mum, this is (I)friend, Meimei. 8. Is that (you)ruler? No, it’s 4. There is a book in (Tom)desk. (Li Ying) . 5. Those are big (box). 9. Where is (he) desk? It’s here.
(二)把下列所给单词填入以下句中,使其结构正确,意思完整,每个单词只用一次。 in, all, tree, on, very, thank, middle, excuse, help, look, like, with, and, to, at, see, watch, clean 1. Lucy and Lily the same.
2. The cat looks the hat on the desk.
3. you much..That’s right. 4. me. Is this your hat? Yes, it is.
5. The desk is the of the room. 6. Sit down and have a cup of tea me. 7. Come my family.
8. Let’s learn Jim’s family .
9. There is a dialogue (对话) to you. 10. Wei Fang is knocking the door.
六、交际英语,在Ⅱ栏内找出Ⅰ栏各句的正确答语。
Ⅰ Ⅱ
( )1. Who’s on duty today? ( )A. She is Han Meimei. ( )2. What’s the time? ( )B. It’s Miss Gao’s. ( )3. Whose book is this? ( )C. Li Lei is. ( )4. How do you do? ( )D. How do you do? ( )5. Who’s that girl? ( )E. It’s ten. 七、根据所给汉语完成句子,每空一词。 1. 非常感谢你。
Thank you .
2. 我找不到你的自行车,它在教室后。
I your bike, it the classroom. 3. 露西的帽子看上去像只猫。
hat a cat. 4. 到做游戏的时间了。
It’s time . 5. 请把那个苹果给我。
Please that apple me.
八、按要求连词成句:
1. in, please, come(祈使句) 2. now, it’s turn, your (陈述句) 3. good, students, are, Jim and Kate (一般疑问句) 4. can, not, I, find, the, broom(陈述句)
九、阅读理解。根据短文内容判断正误。
(一)
Can You Tell Me?(你能告诉我吗)
A father asks his son “How many letters are there in the Alphabet (字母表)?”“I don’t know,” says his son. His father says, “You don’t know? You are in school for many years and you don’t know how many letters are there in the Alphabet?” He is very angry(生气).
His son says, “No. But let me ask you a question(问题), Dad. You often go to the post office(邮局), please tell me how many letters are there in the post office?”
( )1. From the story, we know the son is good at(擅长) English. ( )2. The son studies at school over (超过) one year.
( )3. The father gets angry because his son is not polite (有礼貌) to him. ( )4. The father knows how many letters there are in the post office. ( )5. There are twenty-six letters in the Alphabet.
(二)
Too Polite(礼貌过头了)
There are many people in the bus. Some have seats, but some have to(不得不) stand. At a bus stop, a woman gets on the bus. An old man hears the door and tries (试着) to stand up.
“Oh, no, thank you,” the woman forces (强迫) him back to the seat. “Please don’t do that. I can stand. ”
“But, madam(夫人), let me„,”says the man. “I ask you to keep your seat(坐在你的座位上),” the woman says. She puts(放) her hands on the old man’s shoulder(肩膀).
But the man still(仍然) tries to stand up, “Madam, will you please let me„?”“Oh, no,” says the woman. She again(又) forces the man back.
At last(最后) the old man shouts(大声喊), “I want to get off(下车) the bus!” ( )1. All the people have seats in the bus.
( )2. An old man gets on the bus at a bus stop.
( )3. The old man wants to give his seat to the woman. ( )4. The woman sits the old man’s seat. ( )5. The old man wants to get off the bus.
英语作文
我最喜欢的比赛
我家在农村,村里人大多是农民。每年人们都要聚餐。他们一直等到八月的第一周。现在他们正在教堂附近的公园聚会。人人都很高兴,因为平时太忙,彼此很难见面。他们边吃边笑,还做游戏,非常有趣。
我最喜欢的比赛是拖拉机比赛。一些农民正开着拖拉机从老教堂向一棵大树方向跑。真是太有趣了,因为拖拉机的声音很大,大伙都在欢呼。他们都希望自己的父亲或丈夫赢得比赛。比赛看上去很可笑,因为拖拉机跑得太慢,甚至比自行车还慢。我父亲的拖拉机很旧,跑得非常慢,所以他从来不会赢的,但他总是很开心。我们笑得都倒在地上。
我还最喜欢馅饼比赛。每家带一个馅饼来。有苹果做的,也有南瓜做的,或其他水果做的。每个馅饼我们都得尝,直到尝出哪个最美味,比赛才算结束。
【试题答案】 一、(一)1. C 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. B,(二)1. C 2. B 3. C 4. C,(三)1. B 2. B 3. B 4. C 二、(一)1. picture 2. football 3. turn 4. flowers 5. kite 6. bedroom 7. student 8. toilet 9. same 10. American 11. coat
(二)1. families 2. black 3. Chinese 4. picture5. ours 6. him 7. who’s 8. thanks (三)1. an old photo 2. go to the classroom 3. put„on 4. 从„„到„„ 5. 把„„给„„ 6. 脱下„„ 7. the girl in a hat 8. look the same 9. on his desk 10. behind the doo 11. under theirs chairs 12. on the floor 13. in the same team 14. in our desk 15. 照顾你的妈妈 16. 在黑板上
17. 看你们的书 18. 在吉姆的班级上
三、1. B 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. D 四、1. They are watches 2. Which girl
3. What’s the time 4. These bananas are 5. Whose 五、(一)1. Jim’s 2. our 3. my 4. Tom’s 5. boxes 6. Their 7. old 8. your, Li Ying’s 9. his (二)1. look 2. like 3. Thank, very, all 4. Excuse 5. in, middle 6. with 7. and see 8. tree 9. help 10. at
六、1. C 2. E 3. B 4. D 5. A
七、1. very much 2. can’t find, is behind 3. Lucy’s, looks like 4. to play games 5. give, to 八、1. Come in, please. 2. It’s your turn now.
3. Jim and Kate are good students. 4. I can’t find the broom. 九、(一)1. × 2. √ 3. × 4. × 5. √ (二)1. × 2. × 3. × 4. × 5. √ 作文范文:
My Favourite Games
My hometown is in the country, and most of the people from my hometown are farmers. Every year people have a picnic. They wait until the first week in August. Now they are meeting at the park near the church. They are all happy to see each other, because they are usually too busy to visit each other. They are eating, laughing and playing games. It is so interesting.
My favourite game is the tractor race. Some of the farmers are racing their tractors from the old church to a
big tree. It is fun to watch and hear, because the tractors are so loud and everyone is cheering and shouting. They all want their father or husband to win the race. It looks funny, because tractors are slow. They are
moving more slowly than a bike. My father’s tractor is very old and slow, so he never wins, but he always has fun. We laugh so hard that we fall on the ground.
My second favourite game is the pie contest. Every family brings one pie, maybe apple, pumpkin, or other fruit pies. We must taste every pie until we decide which one is the most delicious.
Hello, boys and girls!大家都知道,陈述句家族的职责是用来叙述一个事实。其特点是句末用句号\".\",朗读时通常用降调\"↘\"。
陈述句家族中有\"两兄弟\":老大是肯定句,老二是否定句。 老大肯定句,对人对事都持有肯定的态度,常说的三句话是: 1.I am Tom .我是汤姆。〔系动词be型〕 2.I have an apple.我有一个苹果。〔have/has(有)动词型〕 3.I like playing football.我喜欢踢足球。〔实义动词型〕 4.I can cook the meals.我会做菜。〔情态动词型〕
老二否定句,对人对事总是持有否定的态度,和大哥肯定句唱反调。老二常把大哥的话加上\"不\"字,不信,请听:
1.I am not Tom.我不是汤姆。
2.I have not an apple.我没有苹果。
3.I don't like playing football.我不喜欢踢足球。 4.I can’t cook the meals.我不会做菜.
现在你们对这\"两兄弟\"有所了解了吧!但是关于这\"两兄弟\"的学问还有许多,在今后的学习中,你们与它们还会见面,所以在平
时的学习中要多留意哟。 练习改错:
1、I’m is a student.
2、He is go to school at 7:00. 3、I can playing football.
表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的,表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当,它常位于系动词(be, become, appear, seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等词)之后。如果句子的表语也是由一个句子充当的,那么这个充当表语的句子就叫做表语从句。
一、什么是表语,在形式上,位于系动词后的就是表语。从含义上讲,表语是回答主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的语法成分。即是指“是”字句“是”字后面的成分。Albert Einstein was a famous professor of physics. 阿尔伯特.爱因斯坦是一位有名的物理学家。
二、不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别。不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语,含义是回答主语“是什么”;分词作表语相当于形容词作表语,含义是回答主语“怎么样”。 1.Our plan is to keep the affair secret. 我们的计划是让这件事成为秘密。(主语和表语是相等的)2.This beautiful village remains unknown to the rest of the world. 这个美丽的村庄仍未外界所知。(主语和表语是不相等的)
三 、不定式和动名词作表语的区别。不定式和动名词作表语虽都是用于回答主语“是什么”的,但二者仍有一些区别。不定式作表语强调的是一次性、具体的、将要发生的动作;动名词作表语强调的是一语法知识书籍般性、抽象的、经常发生的动作。His job is to paint the walls. 他的工作是粉刷这些墙
四、现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。现在分词和过去分词作表语都是用于回答主语“怎么样”的。现在分词说明主语的特征,过去分词说明主语的状态。1.This dog is frightening. 这条狗让人害怕。(说明狗的特征)2.This dog is frightened. 这条狗有些害怕。(说明狗的状态)
五、不定式作表语和不定式表示将来时的区别。不定式作表语用于说明主语“是什么”,和主语之间是可以划等号的,不定式用来表示将来时态时,表示主语即将要执行的动作,和主语之间是不能划等号的。What he wanted to suggest is to cut down the price and increase the sales. 他想建议的是降价促销。
六、-ing动词作表语和-ing动词用于进行时的区别。动名词作表语说明主语“是什么”,现在分词作表语说明主语是特征。-ing动词用于正在进行时时,说明主语正在执行的动作。She is taking care of the children. 她在照料小孩。(说明她正在执行的动作)
七、过去分词作表语和过去分词用于被动语态的区别。过去分词作表语说明主语所处的状态,过去分词用
于被动语态说明主语所承受的动作。1.The cup is broken. 杯子碎了。(说明杯子是状态) 2.The cup was broken by Peter. 杯子是被彼得打坏的。(说明杯子承受的动作—被打坏了) 各种形式
一. 名词作表语。Africa is a big continent.非洲是个大洲。That remains a puzzle to me.这对我还是个难题。 二. 代词作表语。What’s your fax number?你的传真号是多少? Who's your best friend?你最好的朋友是谁? 三. 形容词作表语。I feel much better today.我今天感觉好多了。
四. 数词作表语。She was the first to learn about it.她是第一个知道的人。 五. 不定式或ing形式作表语。Her job is selling computers.她的工作是销售电脑。Our next step was to get raw materials ready.我们下一步是把原料准备好。
六. 介词短语作表语。The patient is out of danger.病人脱险了。I don’t feel at ease.我感到不自在。 七. 副词作表语。The sun is up.太阳升起来了。I must be off now.现在我得走了。 八. 从句作表语。This is what he said.这就是他所说的话。 九、不定式作表语。作表语的不定式短语通常是说明主语的内容,这时主语通常是如下名词: hope, idea, job, plan, wish, aim, purpose, thing, business <><><>
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.新技术的目的是使生活更便利,而不是更繁琐。 Her wish isto become a singer. 她的愿望是当一名歌手。Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks. 我们的计划就是在两星期内完成这项工作。 十。形容词作表语。He is old but he is healthy。
在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词有区别。主语从句的引导词包括if,但if并不引导表语从句,只有一个特例是与as连用,用as if 引导表语从句;另外,表语从句的引导词也包括as,as though,because等。此外,that在表语从句中,任何情况下都不能省略。而在主语从句中,有时是可以省略的。 What the police want to know is when you entered the room. 警察想知道的是你什么时候进的房间。 The trouble isthat we are short of funds. 困难是我们缺乏资金。 This is what we should do. 这是我们应当做的。 That's why I want you to work there. 那就是我要你在那儿工作的原因。 His first question was whether Mr. Smith had arrived yet. 他的第一个问题是史密斯先生到了没有。 <><><> as if, as though, because也可用来引导表语从句。 She seems as if she had done a great thing. 她看起来好像做了一件大事。 It is because you eat too much. 那是因为你吃得太多了。 ing形式作表语 ing形式作表语表示泛指意义的动作,不定式作表语表示一次性的动作。 My hobby is growing flowers. 我的爱好是种花。 My favourite sport is playing tennis. 我喜爱的运动是打网球。 比较: What I am going to do is to play tennis this afternoon. 我今天下午要做的事是打网球。 ing形式作表语:注意事项 在句型\"主 + 系 + 表\"中,若主语和表语都是非谓语形式时,主语和表语要取得一致。如:主语 是ing形式表语也应是ing形式,主语是不定式时表语也应是不定式。 <><><> Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 <><><> (误) Seeing is to believe. ing形式作定语 ing形式可以作名词的前置定语,ing形式短语作后置定语。 <><><> ing形式作前置定语 a swimming pool a teaching method <><><> ing形式短语作后置定语 Do you know the man standing at the entrance? 你认识站在入口处的那个人吗? There were a lot of people boating on the lake. 湖上有许多正在划船的人。 虚拟语气:表语从句 主语是idea, notion, proposal, suggestion, request等名词时, 作表语从句的动词为原形动词或should+原形动词。 My suggestion is that we (should) go and help him. 我的建议是我们应该去帮助他。 Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible. 我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。
编辑本段注意事项
在句型 主 + 系 + 表 中,若主语和表语都是非谓语形式时,主语和表语要取得一致。 如:主语是ing形式表语也应是ing形式,主语是不定式时表语也应是不定式。 Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 (误) Seeing is to believe.
宾语补足语 百科名片
宾语补足语:某些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语,意思才完整,宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。而复合宾语的第一部分通常由名词或代词充当,第二部分表示第一部分的名词或代词发出的动作或身份、特征等,称为宾语补足语。
宾语补足语说明 编辑本段举例
比如说: I'm going to paint it pink. 句子中的it显然是宾语。但是主语将要做的并不是it,而是paint it pink。pink 是句子中的宾语补足语。它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,也就是说从逻辑上来讲,是执行了paint的动作。 句子中的pink是形容词做宾语补足语。能够充当宾补的大致还有:不定式,现在分词,过去分词,形容词,副词,介宾短语等。一般情况下,宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。 比如: I find learning English difficult.(difficult是形容词做宾补) I saw the kite up and down. (up and down是副词做宾补) Tom made the girl cry. (cry是省略不定式符号to的动词不定式) *常跟复合宾语的动词有:call,name,make,think,find,leave,keep,nominate(任命),choose,elect(选举),define(定义),regard(认为), see, recognize(认出),treat, take,consider(考虑), look up, refer to(提到), accept(接受), acknowledge(承认),describe,depict(描述),represent(表现出),declare(宣称),denounce(指责), employ(雇佣), use, show, organize, express(表达)
编辑本段注意
当感官动词和使役动词,如: see hear notice watch feel observe(感官动词) make have let get(使役动词) 接宾补时,不定式的符号to必须省略。 在help后,不定式可以带to,也可不带。 补充:简单句常见结构有: \"主+谓\"结构: 句子由主语和谓语两部分构成,谓语动词是不及物动词. \"主+谓+宾\"结构:谓语动词是及物动词,后面接有宾语. \"主+系动+表\"结构:表语通常是名词或形容词。 \"主+谓+间宾+直宾\"结构:谓语动词是及物动词。 \"主+谓+宾+宾补\"结构:有一些句子有了前3个成分后,还需要有一
个宾语补足语对宾语做出补充说明,表明宾语的身份,特征等,使句意完整。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语. 如果宾语和宾补是逻辑上的动宾关系,则宾补须用过去分词形式。如:Jenny hopes that Mr.Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English improved in a short period.
编辑本段什么动词后可有宾语补足语
1. 在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。 这类动词有:consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。这类动词后的不定式通常是\"to be+形容词或名词\"结构,think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。 We consider him (to be) a good teacher. 我们认为他是一个好老师。 He proved that theory (to be) very important. 他证明那个理论是很重要的。 I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her. 我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好,很诚实。 2. 在表示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语。 这类动词有:love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。 I'd prefer you to leave him alone. 我希望你不要打扰他。 I don't want there to be any trouble. 我不想有任何麻烦。 3. 注意:hope, demand, suggest等动词后面不能接不定式作宾语补足语。 I hope you can give me a hand. 我希望你能帮我一把。 I wish you to give me a hand. 我希望你能帮我一把。 He required us to be present at the meeting. 他要求我们出席会议。 Mr Li suggested that she should not go there alone. 李先生建议她不要独自去那里。
编辑本段宾语补足语说明
在英语中有些及物动词,接了宾语意义仍不完整,还需要有1个其他的句子成分,来补充说明宾语的意义、状态等,称为宾语补足语,简称宾补。 比如说: I heard Jean singing this morning. 句子中的Jean显然是宾语。但是主语I听到的并不是Jean,而是Jean singing。singing 是句子中的宾语补足语。它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,也就是说从逻辑上来讲,是Jean执行了singing的动作。 句子中的singing是现在分词做宾语补足语。能够充当宾补的还有宾语补足语的大致有:不定式,现在分词,过去分词,形容词,副词,介宾短语等。一般情况下,宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。例:I find learning English difficult.difficult是形容词作宾补。词
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宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的,双宾语是同等地位的宾语,二者在本质上是不同的。1.比如pass me the book中,me是间接宾语,指人,也是近宾语;the book是直接宾语,指物,也是远宾语。又如:They gave him a watch. 这里的him 是间接宾语, a watch 是直接宾语, 这种间接宾语和直接宾语同时出现的情况叫双宾语. 常用宾语 常用的能接双宾语的及物动词有:give, teach, buy, lend, find, hand, leave, sell, show, read等。
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宾语补足语是位于之后,说明宾语的状态,特征的成分,多由名词,形容词,副词,不定式,动名词和分词充当。
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宾语+ 宾语补足语=复合宾语 英语状语
状语的功用:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。 状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中。 副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。 1.副词一般在句子中做状语. He speaks English very well. 他英语说得非常好.中的very是程度副词,用来修饰well。very well是修饰speak的程度状语。 He is playing under the tree.他在树下玩儿.中的under the tree是地点状语. 2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。 I come specially to see you.我专门来看你. 3.介词短语 Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian. The boy was praised for his bravery. 4.从句作状语 When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian. If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you. 5.分词作状语 Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。 Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.
编辑本段时间状语从句 要点: 时间状语从句,由以下连词引导: when ,while, as, after ,before, as soon as, since ,till /until by the time 在时间状语从句中,要注意时态一致。一般情况下主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时。 1.when当„„的时候 Mozart started writing music when he was four years old. (当)莫扎特4岁的时候,开始写音乐作品。 2.while当„„时 He visited a lot of places while he was traveling. 他在旅途中参观了许多地方。 3.as在„„的同时;一边„„一边„„ He smiled as he stood up. 他一边站起来一边笑着。 4.after在„„之后 He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day. 前几天做完作业之后回的家。 5.before 在„„之前 Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here. 布朗先生来这之前已经在一家银行里工作一年了。 6.as soon as 一„„就„„ We began to work as soon as we got there. 我们一到那就开始工作。 I will write to you as soon as I get home. 我一到家就给你写信。 7.since 自„„以来 到现在 表示自过去的一个起点时间到目前(说话时间)为止的一段持续时间。主句一般用现在完成时,从句用一般过去时。 Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago. 自格林先生3年前来中国以来,他就在这所学校教书了。 (还可以用作介词,本句从句还可以用短语:since three years ago(自三年前以来)表示。) 8 till /until 都可以作连词,连接时间状语,也可以作介词,与其它词构成介词短语,在句中作状语。 They walked till /until it was dark. 他们一直走到天黑。 Xiao Ming didn’t leave home till / until his father came back. 小明直到他爸爸回来才离开家。 9. by the time 到„„为止 (所在句子的主句应用现在或过去完成时) By the time he gets there , his father has already gone. 他到那里的时候,他爸爸已经走了。 By the time I got to school, the class had already began. 我到校时,已经开始上课了。 一 .由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。例如: When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候,你就是在开始知道一些事物了。 When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers
such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候,它在生长,它感到压抑,它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量,一旦冒出,它就会炸破一切! Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。 Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的时候,请你照看一下我的衣服。 You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 当你的手在空气中挥动的时候,你就能感觉到空气在流动。 Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我们的校长边谈边笑。 a .when, while和as的区别 when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。 例如: When she came in, I was eating.她进来时,我在吃饭。(瞬时动词) When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时,我常常为他担水。(延续性的动词) We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开,就在那时他进来了。 While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如: While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词,was reading和was watching同时发生) I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球。(对比) b, As表示“一边„„一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as也可以强调“一先一后。例如: We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。(as表示“一边„„一边”) As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时,开始下雪了。(as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间) c, as when while的辨析 as when while都表示主、从句动作同时发生,三者差异如下: 表示“一边。。。一边"的意思 as 强调两个动作同时进行,并表示对比时 用于发生时间较段时 d when 1、还可以表示从句动词的动作在主几句动词的动作"之前 "或"之后"发生。 2、when=and then; at that moment (正在那个时候) 3.常用于常见搭配中 e while 1、用于时间较长时 2、 强调两个动作同时进行,并表示对比时 有时这三个连词可以互换,有时不可以。 lt was raining hard when (as) I got there. 我到那里时,正在下大雨。 ( 动作同时发生,when可换为as, 但不能换为while,因为get是点动词.) When I had read the article, he called me. 我看完这篇文章之后,她给我打了电话。( 从句动作发生在主句之前,注意时态表达,只能用when ) When I got to the cinema, the film had begun. (当)我到了电影院时,电影已经开演了。(从句的动作发生在主句之后,只能用when,并要注意时态) He was about to leave, when the telephone rang. 他正要离开,忽然电话响了。( 此时不能放在句首。主句动词一般表达 “正在” “即将”. while, as不能代替 She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter. 他以为我在谈她女儿,然而,实际上在谈论我女儿。(表转折,对比,when, as都不能代替它) While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police. 外星人买纪念品时,那女孩给警察打了电话。(表示主句,从句的动作同时发生,while后引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词不能是点动词,因为它表示较长时间) Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away. 妈妈担心,因为小爱丽丝病了,特别是他父亲不在家的时候。(此时as ,when, while可通用) 二 .由before和after引导的时间状语从句。 注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语,并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后,有时译成“就,才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时,从句总是用现在时;如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时,则主句动词多用过去完成时,这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如: It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。 Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。 My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。 They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了。 After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后,告诉我你是怎样决定的。 After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后,我们回家了。(从句用过去完成时,主句用一般过去时) 三 .由till或until引导的时间状语从句。 till和until一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同。例如: I didn't go to bed until(till) my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。 It was not until
the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。 I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。 I didn't work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。 Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。 四 .由since引导的时间状语从句。 since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is +时间+since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时。例如: I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来,我一直在北京了。 Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后,你到哪里去了? It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。 It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。 五 知识扩展 1. It is since从。。。以来多长时间了(因为since +从句或名词,表示一段时间) It is five years since we met last time.从我们上次见面已经五年了。 2. It is +before„(。。。才) It was a long time before I went to sleep again. 过了很长时间我才睡着。 It was an hour before(=until) the police arrived. 过了一个小时,警察才来。 3. 由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一„„就”。例如: I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭,我立即到那里去。 The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息,马上赶到了出事地点。 As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大,就给你来电话。 【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)„when / before, no sooner„than相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时,主句应用倒装语序。例如: He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家,就被邀请开始另一旅程。 No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起,他就起床劳动去了。 Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下,他就进来了。 He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.他刚要入睡时就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。 六 .由by the time引导的时间状语从句。 注意时态的变化:在一般情况下,如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词用过去完成时;如果从句的谓语动词用一般现在时,主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。例如: By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时,我已经写完这本书了。 By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天来这儿的时候,我将已经完成此工作了。 七 由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句。例如: Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次来哈尔滨,总是来看我。 Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每当那个人说“说实在话”的时候,我猜想他就要说谎了。 You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你,见你更年轻了。 八 .由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“有多久„„就多久”。例如: You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以随意到哪里去,只要在天黑以前回来就行。 I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存,我就要反对这种境况。
编辑本段地点状语从句
一 地点状语从句 (adverbial clause of place) 地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导,已经形成了固定的句型, 要点: 由连词where和复合关系词wherever (=no matter where )引导. 例如: 句型1:Where+地点从句,(there)+主句。 【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里„„哪里就„„”;主句在从句后面时,there可用可不用;如果主句在从句的前面时,一般都不用there。例如: Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方,耕作是困难的,或根本不可能的。 They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。 You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。 Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中国共产党,哪里人民得解放。 句型2:Anywhere/ wherever+地点从句,+主句。 【注意】anywhere本身是个副词,但是,常可以引导从句,相当于连词,意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是个连词,表示“在何处,无论何处”。例如: Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员。 二 知识扩展 1.Where there is a will , there is a way. 有志者事竟成。(谚语) 1.It will be
mixed school where not all the children are disabled. 它将是一所混合式学校,那里的儿童并不都是残疾。(在限定性定语从句中对先行词起着限定作用。) 2.Wherever you go , I go too. 无论你到什么地方,我都去。(wherever=no matter where)无论何处,多用于句首。 3.Wherever there is smoke , there is fire. 无风不起浪。(谚语) 4. While she was wondering where to go , she met a policeman. 疑问副词where后跟不定式,构成不定式短语.
编辑本段条件状语从句
要点: 表示状语从句由连词if, unless (=if not) 意思为除非引导。(让步) 1.If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking. 如果明天不下雨, 我们就去远足. 2.You will get good grades if you study hard. 如果你努力学习,就会取得好成绩. 3.I won't/ will not go to the party unless he goes there too.
我不会去参加聚会的, 除非他也去.(如果他不去,我也不去.) 4.You will be late unless you leave immediately. 如果你不马上走,你将会迟到的.(=If you don’t leave immediately, you will be late.) 难点提示:用条件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用,当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时. lHe will not leave if it isn’t fine tomorrow. 一般将来时, 一般现在时 lThey are going to have a picnic if it doesn’t rain next week. 一般将来时, 一般现在时
编辑本段原因状语从句
要点: 由连词because, since, as引导, 也可由for, now that 等词引导 1.I didn’t go to school
yesterday because I was ill. 我昨天没去上学,因为我生病了。 2. Since everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting. 既然大家都来了, 让我们开始开会吧. 3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late. 既然你身体不好, 你就不该熬夜. 4.I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her. 我请她留下来喝茶,因为我有事要告诉她. .难点——because , since , as , for,辨析 1) because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或 since。 I didn’t go, because I was afraid. Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 2) 由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗 号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。 He is absent today, becaus e / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today.
编辑本段目的、结果状语从句
要点: 目的状语从句由连词that, so that, so„that , in order that 引导。 结果状语从句由连词( so )that, so„that, such„that, so much/many„that引导。 1.so„that 如此„以至于 The scientist’s report was so instructive that we were all very excited. 科学家的报告很有教育性,我们感到很兴奋。 He always studied so hard that he made great progress. 他总是那么努力,所以他取得了很大的进步。 2.so that 以至于, 以便于 I’ll run slowly so that you can catch up with me. (目的) 我将慢慢跑以至于你能赶上我。 I opened the window so that fresh air might come in. (目的) 我把窗户打开以便于使新鲜空气可以进来。 3. such„that 如此。。。以至 It’s such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park. 天气是如此的好,我们大家都想去公园玩。 4.in order that=so that:为了 We shall let you know the details soon in order that you can/may make your arrangements. 不久我们将会让你知道详情,以便你们能够做出安排。(目的) 5.比较:so和 such 其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so 是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用,形成固定搭配。 so
foolish such a fool so nice a flower such a nice flower so many / few flowers such nice flowers so much / little money. such rapid progress so many people such a lot of people ( so many 已成固定搭配,a lot of 虽相当于 many,但 a lot of 为名词性的,只能用such搭配。) so„that与such„that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。 The boy is so young that he can’t go to school. He is such a young boy that he can’t go to school 难点 +形容词或副词 +形+a(an)+单数可数名词 so +many 或few+复数可数名词 +that +much或 little+不可数名词 so that ,such„that 都可以in order that两者皆可引导目的地状语从句和结果状语从句, 当他们引导目的状语从句时,从句的谓语里常常有can, could, may, might, will, would等次。 so +adj或adv.+ that, such +n.+ that 以上两种句型都表示结果,其中so为副词,后
接形容词,副词原型,当可数名词前有many, few;不可数名词前有much, little修饰时,应采用句型:so many (few, much, little )+n. 。 such为形容词, 后只能接名词。这名词既可以地可数的,也可以是不可数的。如果这名词是可数的,则必须在名词前加不定冠词a(an). 常见的形式是:such a (beautiful)garden, such(nice)people. 1。I’ve had so many falls that I’m black and blue all over. 我跌了很多跤,浑身数摔得清一块紫一块. 2。there are so few notebooks that I can’t give you any. 笔记本太少了,我一本也给不了你. 3。It is such nice weather that I’d like to take a walk. 天气是如此只好,以致于我想去散散步. 4。Mike is so honest a man that we all believe him. 麦克是如此诚实的一个人,以致于大家都相信他 (=Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him.) 5。The weather is so nice that I’d like to take a walk. 天气是如此之好,以致于我想去散散步.
编辑本段让步状语从句
要点: 表示让步的状语从句由连词 though, although引导. 难点: lthough, although当虽然讲, 都不能和but连用. Although,(though)„but的格式是不对的.但是他们都可以同yet (still) 连用. 所以thought (although)„yet(still)的格式是正确的. Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy. Right : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy. 虽然他很富有, 然而他并不快乐. Right : Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as children. Right : Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children. 尽管我们已经长大了,可是我们的父母仍把我们看作小孩. although, though 辨析 although 不能though 那样用作副词, 放在句末表示强调时要用even though. 1。He is looking fit, though. 但是,他看上去很健康. 考点 2。Even though I didn’t under a word, I kept smiling. 尽管我一个字也不懂,我还是一直微笑着。 3。He is quite experienced, he is young, though. 尽管他很年轻,他很有经验。 典型例题 1) ___she is young, she knows quite a lot. A. When B. However C. Although D. Unless 答案:C。意为虽然她很年轻,却知道许多。 2) as, though 引导的倒装句 as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前)。 Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. = Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do. 【注意】 a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词。 b. 句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. = Though he tries hard, he never seems„ 虽然他尽了努力,但他的工作总做的不尽人意。 c ever if, even though. 即使 We’ll make a trip even though the weather is bad. d whether„or- 不管„„都 Whether you believe it or not, it is true. e \"no matter +疑问词\" 或\"疑问词+后缀ever\" No matter what happened, he would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind. 替换:no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however 注意:no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。 (错)No matter what you say is of no use now. (对)Whatever you say is of no use now. 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句) (错)Prisoners have to eat no matter what they’re given, (对)Prisoners have to eat whatever they’re given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。
编辑本段比较状语从句 要点:比较状语从句主要运用于形容词和副词的原级,比较级及最高级的句子之中。 原级 1. as„as 和。。。一样 Jack is as tall as Bob. 捷克和汤姆一样高。 2. not so(as)„as „和不一样 She is not so(as)outgoing as her sister. 她不如她姐姐外向。 比较级 more„than (更) This book is more instructive than that one. 这本书比那本书由教育意义。 最高级 1.The most„in/of This book is the most interesting of the three. 这本书是三本中最有趣的。 2. the + 形容词+est„of/in This road is the busiest street in our city. 这条路是我们城市最繁忙的街道。 知识扩展 no more than只不过(嫌少的意思) 1。I have no more than two pens. 我只有两支笔。 2。It’s no more than a mile to the shops. 去商店不过一英里。 not more than不如。。。;(前者不如后者) 1。Jack is not more diligent than John. 捷克不如约翰勤奋。 2。one of the + 名词(复数)„.之一(用于最高级) Han Mei is one of the
best students in our school. 韩梅是我们学校最好的学生之一。
编辑本段方式状语从句
1) 方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as„so„, as if, as though引导。 as, (just) as„so„引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后,但在(just) as„so„结构中位于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是\"正如„\",\"就像\",多用于正式文体,例如: 1。Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你,你就要怎样待人。 2。As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水。 3。Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样,我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。 2) as if, as though 两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作\"仿佛„„似的\",\"好像„„似的\",例如: 1。They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实,就仿佛它不存在似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。) 2。He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。) 3。It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大,谓语用陈述语气。) [说明]as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语,例如: 1。He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我,就像第一次看见我似的。 2。He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子,像要说什么似的。 3。The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石,好像很愤怒。
编辑本段状语从句在写作中的运用
写作中能合理、正确地使用状语从句,不但能地道的表达英文习惯,而且还能使文体结构更加严谨、美观。例如下文: My hobby The hobby I enjoy most is fishing. I started fishing (1)when I was five years old. I’ll never forget the day (2)when my father first took me fishing with him. On that day, I was holding a fishing rod (3)when a fish suddenly started pulling on the line. (4)I was so shocked that I fell into the water. But
experience didn’t put me off and I have been fishing ever since. Now I still go fishing with my father. And we often go out on Sundays and spend the whole day fishing in the river. (1)是由when引导的时间状语从句,这列从句的使用频率很高。 (2)句是由I’ll never forget the day .及when my father first took me fishing with him.两局组成。When在从句中做时间状语。 (3)句也是由when 引导的时间状语从句。When 常与suddenly 连用,主句常用过去进行是。译为 “正在„„, 忽然„„”. (4)是以 so„that„ (太„..以致于„„)引导的结果状语从句.
语,又称受词,是指一个动作(动词)的接受者。宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语两大类,其中直接宾语指动作的直接对象,间接宾语说明动作的非直接,但受动作影响的对象。一般而言,及物动词后面最少要有一个宾语,而该宾语通常为直接宾语,有些及物动词要求两个宾语,则这两个宾语通常一个为直接宾语,另一个为间接宾语。
宾语
宾语是动作、行为的对象,是动作的承受者。宾语由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任。英语的及物动词后必须有宾语。宾语一般放及物动词之后,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。说明,除及物动词有宾语之外,英语介词后面也要有宾语。另外,某些形容词如worth,careful等后也可有宾语。宾语有直接宾语和间接宾语之分。即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语,这两个宾语称为“双宾语”。及物动词后面加宾语
编辑本段用法
宾语一般用在及物动词的后面,表示行为动 词所涉及的对象。 一. 名词作宾语 Show your passport, please. 请出示护照。 二. 代词作宾语 She didn't say anything. 她什么也没说。 三. 数 词作宾语 How many do you want? - I want two. 你要几个?- 我要两个。 四. 名词化的形容词作宾语 They sent the injured to hospital. 他们把伤员送到医院。 五. 不 定 式或ing形 式作宾语 They asked to see my passport. 他们要求看我的护照。 I enjoy working with you. 我和你们一道工作很愉快。 六. 从
句作宾语 Did you write down what he said? 你把他的话写下了没有?
编辑本段语法
1) 宾语的格: Ich packe meine Buecher in die Mappe. (第四格,最常见) 我把书装进书包。 Ich helfe meiner Mutter. (动词宾语第三格) 我帮妈妈的忙。 Wem gehoert das Fahrrad. (动词宾语第三格) 这车是谁的? Hol bitte ein Bier aus dem Kuehlschrank. (介词宾语第三格,常见) 请从冰箱拿一瓶啤酒来。 Dieses Gesetz bedarf der Zustimmung des Bundesrats. (动词宾语第二格,极罕见) 此法律须联邦议会同意。 Des Geldes wegen arbeitet sie noch immer. (介词宾语第二格,常见) 为了钱,她还得工作。 2) 宾语的复合形式: Ich schenke meiner Freundin einen Mantel. (间接/第三格宾语 + 直接/第四格宾语) 我送了我女友一件大衣。 Der Lehrer lehrt uns die deutsche Sprache. (第四格宾语 + 第四格宾语) 老师教我们德文。 Ich wasche mich morgens und abends. (第四格反身代词) 我早晚洗脸。 Ich kauf mir einen Mantel. (三格反身代词 + 第四格宾语) 我给自己买了件大衣。 sich naehern, sich ergeben, sich entziehen等接第四格反身代词 + 第三格宾语 Das Semester naehert sich dem Ende. (第四格反身代词 + 第三格宾语) 学期即将结束。 Er ergibt sich dieser Arbeit. (第四格反身代词 + 第三格宾语) 他致力于这项工作。 Man hat ihn der Freiheit beraubt. (第四格反身代词 + 第二格宾语) 人们剥夺了他的自由。 Sie hat mich an mein Versprechen erinnert. (第四格宾语 + 介词结构) 她提醒我许下的诺言。 Wir beginnen zu arbeiten. (不定式做宾语) 我们开始工作。 3) 能担任宾语的词类或形式: Ich repariere das Fahrrad. (名词) Ich will ihn rufen. (代词) 还有名词化了的形容词,分词,数词,副词等 Wir wollen dem Kranken helfen. (形容词) Er beobachtet die Voruebergehenden. (第一分词) Glaubt er an seinen Erfolg? Er glaubt daran. (副词) Von vier Fuenftel der Leute in Afrika sind arm. (数词做介词宾语)
编辑本段区别
双宾语和复合宾语的区别 双宾语就是有些动词后面跟直接宾语和间接宾语. 直接宾语指的是动词所涉及的物,间接宾语是指受益于动词所表示的行为的人. 例如: They gave him a watch. 这里的him 是间接宾语, a watch 是直接宾语, 这种间接宾语和直接宾语同时出现的情况叫双宾语. 在英语中,有些动词接了一个宾语后句子意思仍不完整,还需要再加上一个词或短语放在宾语之后来补充说明其身份、特征、状态或所做的动作,这种“宾语+宾语补足语”结构称为复合宾语. We call him Jack . 我们叫他杰克。 这里him 是宾语, Jack 是宾语补足语 They appointed him chairman. 他们任命他为主席. 这里的him是宾语, chairman 是宾语补足语. 如何区分双宾语和复合宾语 某些及物动词后面能跟双宾语(即:间接宾语+直接宾语)或复合宾语(即:宾语+宾语补足语),这两种宾语的形式虽然相似,但结构与意义却不同。那么如何区分双宾语和复合宾语呢? (1)从动词上区分。 一些动词后面常跟双宾语,这类动词有give,show,bring,read,pass,lend,tell,leave,teach,write,buy,sing等。例如: The teacher gives each of them an eraser.老师给他们每人一块橡皮。 一些动词后面常跟复合宾语,这类动词有let,see,watch,hear,help,feel,keep,call,make,find,tell,ask,think,want等。例如: We must keep the classroom clean.我们必须保持教室清洁。 (2)从充当这两个成分的词的词性上来区分。 在双宾语中,能充当间接宾语或是直接宾语的一般是名词或代词。而在复合宾语中,能充当宾语补足语成分的则较多,如名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)和分词(短语)。例如: She showed us(pron.)a new TV set(n.).(双宾语) We call him Lao Li(n.).(复合宾语) They must keep their hands behind their backs(介词短语).(复合宾语) I won’t let you try again(不定式短语).(复合宾语) The other students in the class keep their eyes closed(过去分词).(复合宾语) (3)从构成宾语的间接宾语和直接宾语之间与构成复合宾语的宾语和宾语补足语之间的关系上区分。 在双宾语中,两个宾语间的关系比较松散,有的句子去掉其中一个宾语,句子仍然成立。双宾语一般表示“为谁(forsb.)或给谁(to sb.)„„”,即“及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”的结构可以改写为“及物动词+直接宾语+for sb.或to sb.”的结构。例如: Please show me your new book.→Please show yournew book to me.请给我看看你的新书。 She bought me some tomatoes.→She bought sometomatoes for me.她给我买了一些西红柿。 宾语和宾语补足语之间关系比较紧密,去掉其中一个成分,句子就不能成立或句意不完整。而且当名词、形容词、副词、介词短语作宾语补足语时,和宾语之间具有“主系表关系”;
当不定式(短语)或分词(短语)作宾语补足语时,和宾语之间具有“主谓关系”。例如: We made Tom monitor.(Tom is monitor.) We will make our country more beautiful.(Our countrywill be more beautiful.) You should keep your dog in.(Your dog should be in.) I found him in Room 201.(He was in Room 201.) He makes us work ten hours a day.(We work ten hoursa day.) we heard her singing in the room.(She was singing inthe room.)
编辑本段复合宾语
概念 在英语中,有些动词接了一个宾语后句子意思仍不完整,还需要再加上一个词或短语放在宾语之后来补充说明其身份、特征、状态或所做的动作,这种“宾语+宾语补足语”结构称为复合宾语. 例如: We call him Jack . 我们叫他杰克。 这里him 是宾语, Jack 是宾语补足语 They appointed him chairman. 他们任命他为主席. 这里的him是宾语, chairman 是宾语补足语.
定语
定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。 主要有形容词此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。 汉语中常用‘„„的’表示。定语和中心语之间是修饰和被修饰、限制和被限制的关系。在汉语中,中心语与定语二者之间有的需要用结构助词“的”,有的不需要,有的可要可不要。 “的”是定语的标志。
编辑本段英语中的定语
The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy;blue修饰名词pen.)/小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。 Tom is a handsome boy.(handsome修饰名词boy)/Tom是个英俊的男孩。 There is a good boy.(good修饰名词boy)/有个乖男孩。 数词作定语相当于形容词:Two boys need two pens.(two修饰名词boy:two修饰名词pen)/两个男孩需要两支钢笔。 The two boys are students.(two修饰名词boy)/这两个男孩是学生。 There are two boys in the room.(two修饰名词boy)/房间里有两个男孩。 代词或名词所有格作定语: His boy needs Tom's pen.(his修饰名词boy;Tom’s修饰名词pen)/他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。 His name is Tom.(his修饰名词name)/他的名字是汤姆。 There are two boys of Tom's there.(two修饰名词boy;of与物主代词连用做定语修饰名词boy)/那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。
介词短语作定语
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.(in the classroom 修饰名词boy;of yours修饰名词pen)/教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。 The boy in blue is Tom.(in blue修饰名词boy)/穿蓝色衣服的孩子是汤姆。 There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.(two,three,of 9和of10修饰名词boy)/有两个9岁的,三个10岁的男孩。
名词作定语
The boy needs a ball pen.(ball修饰名词pen)/男孩需要一支圆珠笔。 It is a ball pen.(ball修饰名词pen)/这是一支圆珠笔。 There is only one ball pen in the pencil box.(the pencil box修饰名词ball pen )/这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。
副词作定语
The boy there needs a pen.(there修饰名词boy)/那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。 The best boy here is Tom.(best修饰名词boy)/这里最棒的男孩是Tom。
不定式作定语
The boy to write this letter needs a pen.( to write this letter 修饰名词boy)/写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。 The boy to write this letter is Tom.(to write this letter 修饰名词boy)/将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。 There is nothing to do today.(to do 修饰名词nothing)/今天没有事要做。
分词(短语)作定语
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.( smiling 修饰名词boy;bought by his mother修饰名词pen)/那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。 The pen bought by her is made in China.(bought by her 修饰名词pen;bought by her 修饰名词pen)/她买的笔是中国产的。 There are five boys left.(five修饰名
词boy;left修饰名词boy)/有五个留下的男孩。
定语从句
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.(who is reading 修饰名词boy;which you bought yesterday修饰名词pen)/那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。 The boy you will know is Tom.(you will know 修饰名词boy)/你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。 There are five boys who will play the game.(who will play the game修饰名词boy)/参加游戏的男孩有五个。 定语的位置一般有两种:用在所修饰词之前的叫前置定语,用在所修饰词之后的叫后置定语。 单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语。 1)定语前置 在英语里,一般定语前置时的次序为:限定词,形容词、分词、动名词和名词性定语。但当几个形容词同时出现在名词短语之前,我们要注意其次序。其形容词遵循的词序为:限观形龄色国材,指:限定词(一般指数量);外观(美丽等);形状(大小,高矮,肥瘦);年龄;颜色;国籍;材料;用途。如: 1限定词 2 外观 3形状 4年龄 5颜色 6国籍 7材料 8用途 A famous American university. An interesting little red French oil painting. A new
plastic bucket. A purple velvet curtains An elegant German clock 另外,有些形容词也有特殊的次序: (1) 描述身体特征的形容词先于表示情感和性格特征的形容词 例如:a small lovely girl , a long patient queue , a pale anxious patient ; (2) 表示颜色的形容词放在表示情感和性格特征的形容词之后 例如:a kindly black teacher ,an inquisitive brown dog ; (3) little ,old 和young 有时可以作为名词短语不可分割的一部分,所以可以直接放在名词之前, 例如:a lovely little girl (4) 表示性格特征的形容词可以放在old young 之前,也可放在old young 之后,例如: a young ambitious man (强调年龄) ,an ambitious young man(强调雄心勃勃) 。 当然,三个以上形容词连用作定语,就显得累赘,因此上面所说的情况一般较少出现. 2)定语后置 (1)短语作定语一般后置 It was a conference fruitful of results. 那是一个硕果累累的会议。 He gave me a basket full of eggs. 他给我一个装满鸡蛋的篮子。 English is a language easy to learn but difficult to master. 英语是一门容易学但是难精通的语言。 The boys hardest to teach are all in his class.最难教的男生都在他的班里了。 (2)修饰some,any,no,every等词构成的不定代词的定语都后置 Let’s go somewhere quiet. 咱们去找个安静一点的地方吧。 There is nothing important in today's newspaper. 今天报纸上没有什么重要的东西。 Do you have anything more to say? 你还有什么话要说吗? (3)副词作定语 The people here are very friendly. 这里的人很友好。 They lived in the room above.他们住在楼上的房间。 (4)动词、名词转化而来的以-able,-ible 结尾的形容词作定语 He is a person dependable. 他是一个可以依靠的人 This is the only transportation means available. 这是唯一可行的交通工具。 (5)起强调用的单个分词 Everybody involved should stay here. The college mentioned. (6)特殊词 Could you tell me something imporpant. 3) 定语从句 英语里有大量的定语从句,而汉语里却没有定语从句的说法。英语中定语从句中甚至还可能包含定语从句,即多重定语从句。如: A healthy diet includes enough but not too many kinds of foods that provide the body with the nutrients that it needs to function properly. (健康的饮食包括的食物应该充足但又不过多。这些食物提供身体正常活动所必需的营养) (1)英语的复合句中,分句以其主句为基干,通过连接手段,一层一层地展开,就好像一棵树的树干上长出大枝子,大枝子上再长出小枝子。汉语的分句则更多按照时间发生的顺序出现,依次展开。 如: “伟大领袖和导师毛主席领导中国共产党进行了艰苦卓绝的斗争,建立了新中国,人民得到了解放,科学得到了解放。”这句话,译成英语便成了With the founding of new China (which was) born of arduous struggles (which were) waged by the Chinese Communist Party (which was) under the leadership of our great leader and teacher Chairman Mao , our people , and science as well , won emancipation.(王良兰,2003) (2)英语中的非限制性定语从句所表达的信息,在汉语里一般由另一个小句来表达。用非限制性定语从句时,前应加逗号,并且非限制性定语从句引导词只能用which,不能用that。 例如:She asked for his help which he gladly gave. 她要求他帮忙,他愉快地帮助了她。 再如: It was a century during which the country suffered continuously from wars. 一个世纪过去了,在这期间这个国家不断遭受战乱之苦。
相关语法
(A)名词定语探析 在现代英语中,名词作定语的用法日趋普遍。因为这种用法有助于形成一种
简炼紧凑的文体风格,因而成为现代英语的发展趋势之一。 一、名词作定语与形容词作定语的区别 英国安南普顿大学的英语研究专家 Brian Foster 指出:“„ the whole tendency of the modern language is doing away with adjectives, or at least, using nouns as epithets ” .( 现代英语的总体趋势是倾向于取消形容词,或至少说倾向于名词作修饰语 ) 。作为这种语言变化的一种表现,人们注意到以前某些形容词作定语的结构现今已演变成名词作定语的词组了。如: atomic bomb---atom bomb 原子弹、 luxuious hotels---lusury hotels 豪华饭店、
psychological problem ---psychology problem 心理问题、 a dangerous zone---a danger zone 危险区、 mysterious man--- mystery man 神秘人物。在以上这些词组中作定语用的名词,无论在意义上或功能方面,基本上与其相对应的形容词相当。这种语法功能给语言学习者也带来了很大的困惑。人们难以选择到底是使用名词作定语还是选用形容词作定语。不可否认的是,语言的表现形式是错综复杂的,语言有规律可言,同时又存在数不清的意外。一方面,我们知道名词可以代替形容词作定语,但这并非意味着所有的名词均可以作定语,在一些情况下,名词作定语和形容词作定语在意义和功能方面有很大的区别。另一方面,当二者只能选其一时,我们只能按照英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是用形容词作定语,这种情况就属于“意外”,此时,只能靠语言使用者对该语言的积累和语感了。 简言之,在比较名词与形容词作定语时,一般有两种情况:第一种情况是两种词类均可以使用,而且含义相同;第二种情况是两种均可以使用,但是含义不相同。下文将针对这两种情况分别进行探讨。 1 、名词和形容词均作定语,含义没有区别 在另外一些场合,我们会看到名词与同根形容词不仅仅都作定语,而且含义几乎没有区别。如要表达某人说话时带英国伦敦的口音,我们可以使用名词 Liverpool 作定语,构成的短语 a Liverpool accent, 也可以使用形容词 Liverpudlian, 构成短语 a Liverpudoian accent 。其它词例还有: “迷人的女孩”: a glamorous girl, a glamour girl “玻璃带状物”: a grassy strip, a grass strip “美丽的场景“: a beautiful spot, a beauty spot 但是,在个别情况下,名词和形容词均可作定语,虽所构成的短语字面含义相同,但却含有不同的感情色彩。人们普遍认为名词 Jew( 犹太人 ) 作定语用于像 Jew lawyer 和 Jew ethics 这样的短语中,给人的感觉既粗俗又冒犯他人,因此,形容词 Jewish 是唯一的选择。 2 、名词和形容词均作定语,含义不同 我们经常发现,名词可以作定语,而同根的形容词也可以作定语,但是含义不相同。如: an obesity specialist 和 an obese specialist 这两个词组里分别用了名词 obesity 和形容词 obese 作定语。然而从前者的深层结构来看,它表示的是 a specialist who is specialized in obesity, 指的是专门治疗肥胖病的专家;而后者中的 obese 作形容词只表明它所修饰的那个名词的特征、属性,所以该词组意为“胖专家”。由此不难看出,在这种情况下,名词与形容词作定语涵盖的意义大不相同。一般说来,形容词表现的是人物、物体和事件的特性、形状、颜色等;而名词表现的则是质地材料、内容、原因理由、时间地点等。简而言之,形容词作定语着重描写事物的外在表现,而名词着重表现事物的内在含义。又如: colour film 彩色胶卷与 colourful dresses 色彩鲜艳的服装, economy measure 节约措施与 economic measure 经济措施, peace talk 和平谈判与 peaceful construction 和平建设, production plan 生产计划与 productive labour 生产劳动等在意思上都有所区别。 而且我们发现名词还常用在多词定语中,尤其是在报刊杂志、科技论文中更为流行多用,以求言简意赅的效果。这时的名词定语我们称之为“复杂名词定语”。 二、复杂名词定语的辨析 由于名词定语现象日益普遍,人们在使用这类定语时的限制越来越小。因此便出现了重叠式名词定语,而且得到了语法家的认可;由两个或两个以上的名词作定语叫复杂名词定语 ( complex
attributive noun) 。复杂名词定语相当于作定语的介词短语,因为“在大多数情况下,名词定语相当于后置修饰的介词短语” (Quirk et al 1985:1330) 。下面名词短语中的名词定语相当于后置修饰的介词短语;例如: the foreign languages department → the department of foreign language ( 外语系 ) , water pollution situation → the situation in water pollution( 水污染的局面 ) 。 由以上例子我们发现,复杂名词定语由于其名词定语的重迭性,可能会使人们在理解上产生一些困难,甚至引起误解。要正确理解其含义我们必须从以下两个方面着手。 1 、掌握复杂名词定语与中心词之间的修饰关系 名词定语与名词中心词之间的修饰关系主要有以下两种。 the State Health Commission 州健康委员会 在这个名词短语中, the State 和 health 是复杂名词定语,
commission 是中心词,在这个名词定语中, the State 修饰 commission , health 也修饰 commission 通常,复杂名词定语的词项越多,它们与名词中心词之间的修饰关系就越复杂。 2 、辨析复杂名词定语的语义 对于复杂名词定语,必须在了解了定语与中心词关系的基础上对其多层语义进行分析,弄清该结构内部的多层
次语义修饰关系,才能辨明它欲表达的含义。例如:对于“ U.S. Air Force aircraft fuel systems equipment mechanics course” 。 这个复杂名词定语很长,不易一下子分清词语之间的相互关系,因此对意义的正确理解和把握有
一定的困难。我们可以按照修饰关系,一步一步地来剖析它的内部结构,以揭示词与词之间存在的不同联系。 总之,名词定语的使用,使文章结构紧凑、简明,有助于形成一种简炼紧凑的文体风格。但其结构灵活,往往给读者带来理解上的困难,特别是复杂名词定语的使用。所以,对于名词定语这种现代英语里客观存在的语言现象,还需要我们多观察、多分析、多研究,力求掌握语言变化与发展的特点与规律,从而使之更好地服务于国家建设。 (B)定语从句 定语从句即指在主从复合句用作定语的从句。定语从句通常修饰名词或代词,对它进行限制、描绘和说 定语从句
明。受定语从句修饰的词语叫先行词,引导定语从句的词语叫关系词。关系词按其性质又分关系代词和关系副词。根据从句与主句关系的紧密程度,定语从句又分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。 关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有: when, where, why等。 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1)who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下: Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语) 2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如: They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3)which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如: A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)
编辑本段汉语中的定语
1.在汉语中,定语常由形容词、数量词、名词、代词充当,也可有其他词或短语充当。定语用来修饰主语和宾语。 例如:(暖和)的阳光照着(平静)的湖水。(形容词作定语) 我给大家讲(一个)故事。(数量词作定语) (今天)的报纸看过吗? (名词作定语) (我们)的历史有(自己)的特点。(代词作定语) 2.几点说明: A 在句子中,结构助词“的”前用来修饰、限制名词的词或短语就是定语。也就是说,结构助词“的”是定语的标志。 例如:(海南)(形容词作定语)的工业发展很快。 B 有时定语后可不带“的”。 例如:这里盖起了(一座)(数量词作定语)房子。 C 名词前有时定语不止一个。 例如:(我们学校)的(两位)(数量词作定语)(有三十年教龄)(形容词作定语)的(语文)(名词作定语)老师当上了代表。 D 定语的位置在主语前面,和宾语前面。 例如:(代词作定语)(小明)的爸爸是(一名)(数量词作定语)教师。
编辑本段古代汉语里的定语
在古代汉语里,为了突出和强调定语,有时也会把定语放在中心词之后,这种情况叫做“定语后置”。译成现代汉语时,一般都应提到中心词前边来。另外,定语后置时,往往在中心词和定语之间加“之”字,有时也在定语后面加“者”字。 1.用“者”结句,形成“中心词+后置定语+者” 2.用之.“中心词+之+后置定语”的形式。如:“其嵌然相累而下者,若牛马之饮于溪;其冲然角列而上者,若熊罴之登于山。”
宾语补语 英语中句子成分之一。在宾语后面补充说明宾语的性质,状态,动作,特征。简称宾补。名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,动词不定式,分词等可作宾语补语。 We call him Lao Wang. 我们叫他老王。(名词作宾补) We must keep our classroom clean. 我们必须使教室保持干净。(形容词作宾补) She advises me to listen to the English program every day. 她建议我每天收听英语节目。(动词不定式作宾补) I found myself in the park when I woke up. 我醒来时发现自己在公园里。(介词短语作find的宾补) I saw him playing football yesterday afternoon. 我看见他昨天下午在踢足球。(现在分词作宾补) We must let the air in,
since it's very stuffy inside. 我们要通通风,里面太闷热了。(副词作宾补)
同位语
薄冰语法一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰,限定或说明,这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致,并常常紧挨在一起。
用法1
由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,句法功能也相同,后项是前项的同位语。 Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. 我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。 (Mr. Smith是主词our new teacher的同位语,指同一人。) Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's. 昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。 a friend of my brother's是受词Tom的同位语,指同一人。
用法2
如同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开;如同位语对其同位成分只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开。 He told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor. 他本人对我讲,他的兄长约翰是一位世界闻名的医生。 (brother和John都是单一的字作同位语,与其同位成分之间不用逗点隔开。) Yesterday I talked to my English teacher, Mr. James. 昨天我与我的英语老师詹姆斯先生谈过了。 (同位语Mr. James补充解释my English teacher,同位语与其同位成分之间可用逗点隔开。)
用法3
同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外,还可以表示部分意义。 We Chinese people are brave and hardworking. 我们中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 He is interested in sports, especially ball games. 他喜欢运动,特别是球类运动。
编辑本段同位语从句 先行词 1.定语从句的先行词是名词或代词;而同位语从句的先行词只能是名词,而且仅限于idea,plan,fact,theory,promise,hope,news,doubt,truth,information,suggestion,question, thought,belief,conclusion等少数名词。 例如: ①The boy who is playing football is my classmate. ②Those who work hard will succeed. ③The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. ④The fact that you are talking about is important. 在①句中,划线部分是定语从句,其先行词是名词 boy,它不能用作同位语从句的先
行词。 在②句中,划线部分也是定语从句,其先行词是代词those,代词不能用作同位语从句的先行词。 在③句中,划线部分是同位语从句,其先行词是名词fact,它同样可以用作定语从句的先行词,④句便是一例。 由以上分析可见,同位语从句的先行词一定可以用作定语从句的先行词,但定语从句的先行词不一定能用作同位语从句的先行词。 2.when,where,why引导的定语从句的先行词一定分别是表示时间、地点和原因的名词,而三者引导的同位语从句的先行词则肯定不是表示时间、地点和原因的名词。 例如: ①I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. ②I have no idea when she will be back. 在①句中,划线部分是when引导的定语从句,其先行词day是表示时间的名词; 在②句中,划线部分是when引导的同位语从句,其先行词idea则不是表示时间的名词。
引导词
定语从句和同位语从句共同的引导词有四个:that,when,where,why。下面把四个引导词分成两类说明它们在两种从句中的不同用法。 1.引导词that 引导定语从句的that叫做关系代词,它除了起连接作用,还在定语从句中充当一定成分,并且在意义上代表先行词;引导同位语从句的that叫做从属连词,它只起连接作用。不能省略。 例如: ①The news that you told me yesterday was really exciting. ②We heard the news that our team had won. 在①句中,划线部分是定语从句,that在从句中作宾语,在意义上指代先行词news。 在②句中,划线部分是同位语从句,that没有任何意义,只起连接作用。 2.引导词when,where,why 引导定语从句时,它们叫做关系副词,在从句中充当状语,可以转换成\"介词+关系代词\"的形式;引导同位语从句时,它们叫做连接副词,在从句中充当状语,但不能转换成\"介词+关系代词\"的形式。 例如: ①I will never forget the day when I joined the army. ②We have no idea when she
was born. 在①句中,划线部分是定语从句,when在从句中作状语,它可以转换成on which的形式; 在②句中,划线部分是同位语从句, when在从句中充当状语,但不能转换成\"介词+关系代词\"的形式。 ③This is the house where I lived two years ago. ④He put forward to the question where the meeting would be held. 在③句中,划线部分是定语从句,where在从句中作状语,它可以转换成in which的形式; 在④句中,划线部分是同位语从句, where在从句中充当状语,但不能转换成\"介词+关系代词\"的形式。 ⑤This is the reason why she will not attend the meeting. ⑥The teacher had no idea why Jack was absent. 在⑤句中,划线部分是定语从句,why在从句中作状语,它可以转换成for which的形式;在⑥句 中,划线部分是同位语从句,why在从句中充当状语,但不能转换成\"介词+关系代词\"的形式。
同位语从句、定语从句区别
that 既可引导同位语从句又可引导定语从句,其区别在于:1.同位语从句由连接词that引导,连接词that本身无意义,在同位语从句中不充当任何成分,不可省略,不可以用其他词替代;2.定语从句由关系代词that引导,关系代词that在从句中充当一定的成分,作宾语时可省略. 由when,where,why引导的 同位语从句和定语从句的区别在于: 同位语从句由连接副词只起连接作用,没有指代作用; 定语从句由关系副词引导,关系副词具有指代先行词的作用,常用一个介词加关系代词替换。例如:I will never forget the day when we first met. (同位语从句, when为连接词) That is the special day (which/that) I will never forget. (定语从句,which/that为关系副词) This is the house where we lived fifteen years ago. (同位语从句, where为连接词) This is the house which we sold fifteen years ago. (定语从句,where为关系副词).
编辑本段例句
1.由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,句法功能也相同,后项是前项的同位语。 Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. 我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。 our new teacher是主词Mr. Smith的同位语,指同一人。 Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's. 昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。 a friend of my brother's是受词Tom的同位语,指同一人。 2.如同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开;如同位语对其同位成分只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开。 He himself told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor. 他本人对我讲,他的兄长约翰是一位世界闻名的医生。 himself和John都是单一的字作同位语,与其同位成分之间不用逗点隔开。 Yesterday I talked to my English teacher, Mr. James. 昨天我与我的英语老师詹姆斯先生谈过了。 同位语Mr. James补充解释my English teacher,同位语与其同位成分之间可用逗点隔开。 3.同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外,还可以表示部分意义。 We Chinese people are brave and hardworking. 我们中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 He is
interested in sports, especially ball games. 他喜欢运动,特别是球类运动。 同位从句一般跟在某些名词如answer(答案),hope(希望),fact(事实),belief (信仰),news(消息),idea(主意;观念),promise(承诺),information(信息),conclusion(结论),order(命令), suggestion(建议),problem(问题),thought (想法)等后面。例如: He always works hard even if he knows the fact that he is not in good health. His failure was due to the fact that he had not practised for a long time. I had no idea that you were here. She told us her hope that she would become a pianist. He made a promise that he would never come late. 注意: that 既可引导同位语从句又可引导定语从句,其区别在于:同位语从句由连接词that引导,连接词that本身无意义,在同位语从句中不充当任何成分,不可省略,不可以用其他词替代;定语从句由关系代词that引导,关系代词that在从句中充当一定的成分,作宾语时可省略,由when, why, where引导的 同位语从句和定语从句的区别在于: 同位语从句由连接副词只起连接作用,没有指代作用; 定语从句由关系副词引导,关系副词具有指代先行词的作用,常用一个介词加关系代词替换。例如:I will never forget the day when we first met. (同位语从句, when为连接词) That is the special day (which/that) I will never forget. (定语从句,which/that为关系副词) This is the house where we lived fifteen years ago. (同位语从句, where为连接词) This is the house which we sold fifteen years ago. (定语从句,where为关系副词)
编辑本段同位语高考考点聚焦
同位语是必学的内容。但教材及练习所涉及的范围有限,多半集中在同位语从句上,或者侧重于如何区别于定语从句上,其余的大都被忽略了。因此当近几年高考题出现多种形式的同位语时,不少考生叫难。这
表明同位语的教学目前或多或少还是一个被遗忘的角落。在这里我们从以下几个方面进行讲解: 定义:一个名词或代词后面有时可以跟一个名词(或起类似作用的其他形式),对前者进一步说明它指的是谁,什么等,那么这一部分就叫做同位语。同位语与被它补充说明的词的格要一致,并常常紧挨在一起。 一、单词作同位语: This is my friend Harry. We both come from Hunan. We Chinese are brave and
hardworking. You three take these seats. 二、短语作同位语: (1) 使用不定式作同位语。如: He says that Computertown UK was formed for just the opposite reason, to bring computers to people and make them “people-literate”. (2) 使用介词短语作同位语。如: Wang Li, just back from the training class, was made director of the Maternity Home. (3) 有时可用形容词作同位语,作用接近定语,但放在所同位名词的后面,且有逗号把它们分开。如: People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade. 三、从句作同位语: 同位语从句是一种在平常的学习中经常出现的从句形式,我们应从以下三点掌握并予以运用: (1) 什么是同位语从句 某些名词后面,可以跟that或连接代词(副词)引起的从句作同位语,说明其内容时,该从句就称为同位语从句。 (2)同位语从句的先行词有:idea, fact, news,hope, belief, thought, doubt, promise, truth, agreement, decision等。如: I have no idea that you were here. The news that our team has won the match is true. 注意:有时这种同位语不紧跟在它说明的名词后面。如: The order soon came that all the soldiers should go to the front. (3) 区别同位语从句和定语从句 从意义上讲,前者对名词加以补充说明,而后者对名词进行修饰和限定。 从结构上讲,前者由连接词引导,后者由关系代词引导。 从内涵上讲,前者所说明的名词与从句没有逻辑关系,后者所限定的名词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语等。 引导同位语从句的连词不可省略,而引导定语从句的关系代词作宾语时常可省略。 同位语从句说明的名词大都是抽象名词,而定语从句所修饰、限定的名词则没有限制。 试比较: The news that he was married is not true. (同位语从句。that在从句中不作任何成分,和从句没有逻辑关系) The news that you told me yesterday is true. (定语从句。that 在句中作宾语,可以省略) 【考例1】 Some researchers believe that there is no doubt________ a cure for AIDS will be found. ( 2005广东) A. which B. that C. what D. whether 解析:答案B。 在“there is no doubt”后常跟that引导的同位语从句,表示“毫无疑问”之意。 【考例2】 A warm thought suddenly came to me ________ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my
mother's birthday. (2006安徽) A. if B. when C. that D.which 解析:答案C。that 引导同位语从句,来进一步解释说明thought。 【考例3】 Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ________ he had to meet his uncle at the airport. (2006重庆) A. why B. that C. where D. because 解析:答案B。that 引导同位语从句,进一步解释reason。句意为:没有人相信他不来上课的原因——他必须到机场去接他的叔叔。
主语补足语 百科名片
对于主语补足语,语法家们各有不同的看法。有的把连系动词后面的部分称作主语补足语;有的又把被动语态后的补足语称作表语,与被动语态一起称作复合谓语。笔者通过教学体会到,还是把被动语态后面的补足语称作主语补足语好些。这是因为学生很容易接受“宾语补足语”,而如果把带有宾语补足语的句子变成被动句,原来补充说明宾语的部分就变成补充说明主语了。
主动语态中的宾语补足语,可以转化为被动语态中的主语补足语。 eg. They caught boy stealing.
(stealing 作为宾语补足语) 转化为被动语态 The boy was caught stealing. (stealing转化为主语补足语)
编辑本段关系
被动语态的主语补足语与主动语态的宾语补足语是密切相关的。例如: (1) I saw him playing basketball yesterday. (2) He was seen playing basketball yesterday. 句(1)中的含义不是我看见他,而是我看见他正在打篮球。playing basketball是宾语him的补足语。所以叫宾语补足语。 句(2)中的含义也不是他被看,而是别人看见他正在打篮球。这里的playing basketball是主语he的补足语,故称作主语补足语。主语和主语补足语一起称作复合主语。所以含有主语补足语的句子一般是被动语态,谓语动词是可以接复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)的及物动词。句首的主语就是主语补足语的逻辑主语。
编辑本段主语补足语形式种种
1. 动词elect, call, name, make, find, leave等后面常接名词用作主语补足语。例如: ① The dog is called Karl. ② Coal is sometimes called stored-up sunlight. ③ He was found the right man for the job. 2. 动词keep, make, paint, cut, burn, beat, wash, find, consider, wipe等后面常接形容词用作主语补足语。例如: ① The door was painted white. ② The old man was found weak. ③ The classroom is always kept clean every day. 3. 动词see, watch, hear, feel, listen to, look at, imagine等后面接分词用作主语补足语。例如: ① He is often heard reading English. ② The professor was seen making an experiment in the chemistry lab. ③ The glass was found broken. ④ The classroom was found crowded with people. 4.感官动词see, watch, hear, notice, feel, make等后面接带to的不定式用作主语补足语。例如: ① He was seen to come upstairs. ② Ice is known to be in a solid state. ③ The spy was ordered to be hanged. 5. 介词短语用作主语补足语。例如: ① The books in the study must be kept in good order. ② He was found in good health. ③ English is considered of great importance for us. 6. as后面接名词、形容词、分词等用作主语补足语。例如: ① English is taken as a useful means for research work. ② The news is considered as true. ③ The stool is usually thought as having four legs ④ The vase is thought as broken. 7. 由what引导的名词性从句用作主语补足语。例如: The boy has been made what he is.
编辑本段主语补足语的判别
1.看句中的动词是不是可接复合宾语,而且是不是被动语态,与此同时还要看其后部分的逻辑主语是不是句子的主语。 2. 另一种最简单的方法是:如果还不能看出来就可以把全句改成主动语态,加上一个主语we或people等。改成主动语态后,看后面是不是变成了“宾语+宾语补足语”了,这样我们就可以判别原句后面是不是主语补足语。例如: 被动句:She was found reading in the library. (主语补足语) 主动句:We found her reading in the library. (宾语+宾语补足语)
编辑本段被动语态
一、 被动语态的用法: 1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成:is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. I am asked to study hard. Knives are used for cutting things. 2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成:was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 A new shop was built last year. Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago. 3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成:has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 This book has been translated into many languages. Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成:will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year. 5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成:情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 Young trees must be watered often. Your mistakes should be corrected right now. The door may be locked inside. Your homework can be handed in tomorrow. 6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成:am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now. They are planting trees over there. → Trees are being planted over there by them. 7. 不定式的被动语态:to + be + 及物动词的过去分词 There are two books to be read. → There are twenty more trees to be planted. 二、 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态? 把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单,可以遵循以下几个步骤: 1. 先找出谓语动词; 2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语; 3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语; 4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。 例:1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week. 2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was
mended by Li Lei this morning. 3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far. 4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now. 6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave. 三、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题: 1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 This pen writes well. This new book sells well. 3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to
的动词不定式,主动语态中不带to ,但变为被动语态时,须加上to 。 例:make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)作主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。 He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him. My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 We can’t laugh him. →He can’t be laugh by us. He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
编辑本段补充说明
系动词连接了主语和补语。这种结构中的补语是说明主语性状的,所以称为主语补足语。系动词作为实义动词的一类,具有本身的意义,但是在起到桥梁作用的同时,有些系动词会保持本身具有的意义,有些意义则会减弱或消失。例如: 1. I tasted the soup. ( taste 为及物动词,意思为“品尝”。) 2. The soup tastes wonderful. (taste 为系动词,意思为“尝起来,吃起来”,意思基本未变。) 3. He went to the cinema yesterday evening. ( go 是不及物动词,意思为“去,走”。) 4. At the news, he went mad. (go为系动词,失去了“go”的原义,意为“变得”。) 另外,英语中还有一定数量的不及物动词,完全保留了本身的词汇意义,同时又发挥着系动词的功能。它们与主语补足成分连用,所以这类词被称为“准系动词”(quasi-linking verb or half-linking verb)。用于“S+Vi+Cs”(S代表主语,Vi代表不及物动词,Cs代表主语补足语)这一句式的动词都属于这种用法。有时,主语补足语不紧跟系动词,有可能被其它状语成分隔开。以“go”为例: 5. At twenty-four, Tom went half-bald. ( go 为系动词,失去原义。) 6. After midnight, Tom went home bored.( go 为准系动词,保留原义,但同时又连接主语“Tom”和主补“bored”,“home”为副词,表示地点状语。) 用于这一句式的补语可以为各种形式,如名词词组(NP),形容词词组(AP),介词词组(Pr.P),和分词短语(PP)等。现举例如下: Type1: S + Vi +Cs (NP) 7. We parted the best friends. = We were the best friends when we parted. 8. I stand before you today the representative of a family in grief. = I am the representative of a family in grief when I stand before you today. 类似的动词包括: come (back), die, fall, go, leave 等。 Type2: S + Vi +Cs (AP) 9. They were born poor, lived poor, and poor they died. = They were poor when they were born; they were poor when they lived; they were poor when they died. 10. She married young. = She was young when she
married. 11. The morning dawned fresh and clear after the storm at night. = When the morning dawned after the storm at night, it was fresh and clear. 类似的动词包括:arrive, come (back), dawn, fall, leave, lie, marry, return, sit, stand, turn out 等。 Type3: S + Vi +Cs (Pr.P) 12. The parcel arrived in good condition. = When the parcel arrived, it was in good condition. 13. They separated with feelings alienation. = They had feelings alienation when they separated. 类似的动词包括:come, die, fall, go, leave, lie, part, return, sit, stand等。 Type4: S + Vi +Cs (P.P) 14. They stood listening to him. = They stood while they were listening to him. 15. He came home convinced that she was telling the truth. = He came home and he was convinced that she was telling the truth. 类似的动词包括:arrive, die, fall, go, leave, lie, return, sit 等。
补语
补语是述补结构中补充说明述语的结果、程度、趋向、可能、状态、数量等的成分。补语与述语之间是补充与被补充、说明与被说明的关系。
补语是动词或形容词后面的连带成分,述补结构中补充说明述语的结果、程度、趋向、可能、状态、数量等的成分。 补语与述语之间是补充与被补充、说明与被说明的关系。
补语的构成
补语主要由谓语性词语、数量短语和介词短语充当。 ①谓语性词语作补语 形容词:变好 压低 抬高 抓紧 煮熟 走得快 睡得早 洗干净 说清楚 动词:写完 改成 听懂 学会 拿走 推倒 抹掉 看得见 走
回去 听得出来 主谓短语:高兴得眼泪都快流出来了 气得脸都白了 述宾短语:急得想哭 说得没有分寸 述补短语:痛得昏了过去 乱得睡不着 联合短语:长得又精干又潇洒 累得筋疲力尽 状中短语:起得很早 窜得比天还高 连谓短语:他气得流着眼泪跑了出来 羞得转身就跑 兼语短语:奇怪得令人无法捉摸 忙得使人喘不过气来 比况短语:痛得钻心一般 急得热锅上的蚂蚁似的 ②数量短语作补语 看了三遍 成立五年 走了一趟 看了两眼住了半个月 ③介词短语作补语 出生在上海 钻到衣领里 写于20年代初期 始于上个世纪
补语的语义类型
补语可以用来说明动作、行为的结果、状态、趋向、数量、时间、处所、可能性或者说明性状的程度、状态等。 ①结果补语 结果补语表示述语的结果。 结果补语主要由形容词来充当,也可由少数单音节动词来充当。 结果补语与述语之间不加“得”。 例如: 写错 变好 压低 抬高 抓紧 煮熟 哭肿 踢坏 做完 洗干净 说清楚 说完 改成 听懂 学会 拿走 推倒 抹掉 打死 拉住 撞翻 叫醒 结果补语与述语结合得比较紧密,其间不能加入别的成分。结果补语后面可以带动词助词“了”和“过”,也可以带宾语。 例如: 抓紧时间 压低标准 抬高价格 哭肿了眼睛 踢坏了足球 洗干净衣服 叫醒他 抹掉痕迹 推倒了围墙 写完了作文 拿走了工资 学会了上网 ②趋向补语 趋向补语表示事物运动的方向,主要由趋向动词“来”、“去”、“出”、“上”、“下”、“回”、“上来”、“出来”、“回来”、“上去”、“下去”等充当。趋向补语和中心语之间不加“得”。例如: 走进 流进 取回 跑回 送来 拿来 交上 贴上 脱下 换下 走出去 跑进来 拿出来 蹲下来 爬起来 扔过去 缩回去 坚持下去 由趋向动词“来”、“去”作补语的格式里,宾语可以放在述补短语之后,也可以放在述补短语之间。例如“送来两本杂志”可以改为“送两本杂志来”。但宾语是表示处所的,只能放在“来”、“去”之前,“进”、“出”、“上”、“下”、“回”、“过”之后,例如“进门来”、“回家去”、“跑回家”、“走进里屋”。 有时趋向动词并不表示动作的真正趋向,而是趋向动词的引申用法。例如: 夜晚久久地平静不下来了。 他慢慢变得坚强起来。 动词“了”一般加在补语后面、宾语前面,例如: 他匆忙走进了办公室。 “了”也可以出现在补语之前,这时述语后面就不再出现宾语,例如: 叫声使楼道里过往的人聚了过来。 周围的人都“轰”地笑了起来。 ③可能补语 可能补语表示能怎么样或不能怎么样。 可能补语主要有两种表示方法: Ⅰ在述语和结果补语之间加入“得”或“不”,表示动作的结果、趋向可能或不可能出现。例如: 写得(不)完 听得(不)懂 出得(不)去 解决得(不)好 看得(不)清楚 Ⅱ“得”或“不得”用在述语之后作补语,表示结果可能实现或不能实现。例如: 去得(去不得) 吃得(吃不得) 认得(认不得) 丢不得 去不得 大意不得 耽误不得 此外,“得了(liǎo)”或“不了(liǎo)”也可以用在述语后面作补语。例如: 走得了(走不了) 办得了(办不了) 决定得了 ④数量补语 数量补语表示述语动作行为的数量。 数量补语可由表动量的数量短语来充当,表示动作发生的次数。例如: 看了两眼 说过三遍 来过三次 打了一下 数量补语还可以由表示时量的数量短语来充当,表示动作持续的时间。例如: 等了三年 来了一个月 忧郁了半天 坐了三分钟 ⑤状态补语 状态补语表示由于动作或性状而呈现出来的状态。述语和补语之间一般加助词“得”。例如: 来得猛 变得殷红殷红 想得太简单 讲得眉飞色舞 气得脸都发青 说得上气不接下气 激动得说不出话来 高兴得眼泪都流了出来 状态短语在一定的语境里可以省略。这种句子表示的是,或者含有无须形容的意味,或者有让对话者自己体会的意味。例如: 你急得 看你的头发乱得 你看她的脸红得 有时状态补语前不用“得”,而用“个”、“得个”。例如: 雨下个不停 说个没完 拼个高低 打了个稀巴烂 闹得个鸡犬不宁 ⑥程度补语 程度补语表示述语所达到的程度或状态。 充当程度补语的词主要有两类: Ⅰ表示程度很高的“极”、“很”、“透”、“慌”、“死”、“坏”、“多”、“万分”。例如: 热得很 坏透了 憋得慌 讨厌死了 乐坏了 舒服多了 痛快极了 常用的还有“不得了”、“要命”、“要死”、“不行”等。 例如: 简单得不得了 疲乏得要命 喜欢得不行 Ⅱ表示程度较轻的“一些”、“一点”。 例如: 少一些 快了一些 心安一点 稍慢一点 程度补语没有否定形式。 ⑦时间、处所补语 时间、处所补语主要由介词短语来充当。 例如: 发生在北京 等到昨天 写于20年代初期 生于六十年代
补语与宾语的区别
①补语、宾语与述语之间的语义关系不同。补语与述语之间是补充说明关系,回答“怎么样”的问题;述语与宾语之间是支配关系,回答“什么”的问题。 例如“说英语”中“英语”是述语动词“说”支配的对象,可以回答“说什么”的问题,二者之间是述宾关系;“说清楚”中“清楚”用来补充说明述语动词“说”,可以回答“怎么样说”的问题,二者之间是述补关系。 ②短语作宾语时,述语和宾语之间不能出现结构助词“得”,而短语作补语时,述语和补语之间必须出现结构助词“得”(表示否定的可能补语例外)。例如: 他倒在地上,假装晕了过去。 她兴奋得几乎晕了过去。 ③述宾短语中的述语一般可以用肯定否定的形式提问,而述补短语中的述语不能这样提问。例如: 说英语—→说不说英语 说清楚—→*说不说清楚 ④宾语有时可以移至述语前,构成受事主语句或把字句。例如: 我洗完了衣服—→我把衣服洗完了 他浪费了两个小时—→他把两个小时浪费了。 补语的位置比较固定,只能出现在述语后面。 此外,如果述语后出现动量成分,一般是补语,例如“看了两眼”、“读了三遍”;如果述语后出现物量成分,一般是宾语,例如“买了三双”、“写了一半”。
补语与宾语的顺序
补语和宾语的顺序,有时取决于补语与述语的结合程度;有时取决于宾语,不同宾语要求不同的位置。补语和宾语的顺序有三种情况: ①补语在前,宾语在后 补语在宾语前面是两者之间最常见的顺序。 结果补语、可能补语与述语动词关系密切,总是放在宾语的前面。例如: 她或许会在工作中慢慢抹掉心中的伤痕。(可能补语+宾语) 这儿离的太远,看不清黑板上写的字。(结果补语+宾语) 数量补语和趋向补语有时出现在宾语之前。例如: 他抽空回了一趟家。(数量补语+宾语) 她噙着泪珠一步一步走进了房间。(趋向补语+宾语) ②宾语在前,补语在后 宾语由代词或指人名词充当,数量补语放在宾语的后面。例如: 我们在机场等了你好几个小时了。(宾语+数量补语) 数量补语中表示动量的补语也可以出现在宾语的后面。例如: 他去过北京两次。(宾语+数量补语) 趋向补语有时出现在宾语之后。例如: 外面太冷,你还是回屋去吧。(宾语+趋向补语) ③宾语出现在补语中间 如果趋向补语是双音节的,宾语有时出现在补语中间。 例如: 返上山来 收回成本来 冲出两个人来 拿出一盒香烟来 但应注意的是,被宾语隔开的趋向补语应算作两层补语,例如“收回成本来”中“回”是述语动词“收”的补语,“来”是“收回成本”的补语。
补语与状语
补语和状语有时可以互相转换。例如: 骏马奔驰在辽阔的草原上。—→ 骏马在辽阔的草原上奔驰。 “在辽阔的草原上”分别作补语和状语,表示的意义略有不同。“奔驰在辽阔的草原上”重在表明行为动作在什么地方延续;“在辽阔的草原上奔驰”重在表明动作行为发生的处所。又如: 我没有去过一次。—→ 我一次也没有去过。 “一次”作补语,表示动量;作状语含有夸张意味,表明动作行为没有发
编辑本段英语补语 概念
英语补语的作用对象是主语和宾语,具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的。补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。
主语的补语
它用在系动词后,是句子的一个基本成分。常用主-系-表结构。 1.I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her. 我看到她和他们在一起,至少,至少我认为是她。(her做宾语,with做介词宾语,them做主语补语) 2.. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶? -- Me. --我。 (me做主语补语= It's me.) 3.John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. (she做主语补语) 约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。
宾语的补语
1.不定式(to do) Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。 We made him copy the sentence. He is made to copy the sentence. I felt my hands tremble. 2.名词 At the meeting we elected him monitor. I think your
brother is a clever boy. 3.形容词 What you said made Xiao Wang angry. I found the classroom empty 4.副词 Please call the students back at once. He was seen to take his cap off. 5.现在分词 We hear him singing in the hall. I found him lying in bed, sleeping. 6.过去分词 He saw his face reflected in the water. I heard it spoken of in the next room. 主语补足语与宾语补足语的联系 1、主动语态中的宾语补足语,可以转化为被动语态中的主语补足语。 eg. They caught boy stealing. (stealing 作为宾语补足语) 转化为被动语态 The boy was caught stealing. (stealing转化为主语补足语) 2、被动语态的主语补足语与主动语态的宾语补足语是密切相关的。例如: (1) I saw him playing basketball yesterday. (2) He was seen playing basketball yesterday. 句(1)中的含义不是我看见他,而是我看见他正在打篮球。playing basketball是宾语him的补足语。所以叫宾语补足语。 句(2)中的含义也不是他被看,而是别人看见他正在打篮球。这里的playing basketball是主语he的补足语,故称作主语补足语。主语和主语补足语一起称作复合主语。所以含有主语补足语的句子一般是被动语态,谓语动词是可以接复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)的及物动词。句首的主语就是主语补足语的逻辑主语。
谓语
谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明,指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”. 谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。
谓语[predicate verb] 谓语由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词+主要动词)构成,依据其在句中 谓语动词介绍
繁简程度可把谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。不论何种时态,语态,语气,凡由一个动词(或动词词组)构成的谓语都是简单谓语。 谓语动词一般由动词的各种时态来体现。例如: I (like) walking.我喜欢走路。(一般现在时主动语态) I (made) your birthday cake last night..昨晚我做好了你的生日蛋糕。 (一般过去时主动语态) It is used by travelers and business (people all over the world).全世界旅行者和商人都使用它 (一般现在时被动语态)
编辑本段复合谓语
可分为两种情况: 第一种是由情态动词,助动词+不带to的动词不定式构成的重复谓语: What does this word mean? 这个单词是什么意思? I won’t do it again. 我不会再做它(指这件事)。(旧译“我没有再次赢得它.”为 \"I didn't win it one mor-e time\")。 I’ll go and move away the bag of rice with Lin Tao. 我会同Lin Tao(一起)移开那袋米的。 You’d better catch a bus. 你最好乘坐公交车。 第二种是由连系动词+表语构成的复合谓语。例如: You look the same. 你(们)看起来一样. We are all here. 我们都在这儿。 The weather gets warmer, and the days get longer. 天气变的暖了,白天变的长了. Keep quiet and listen to me. 保持安静并听我说. He looked worried. 他看起来很忧愁. We have to be up early in the morning. 我们必须在早上早起。 Is Bill in? 比尔在吗?(*旧译“帐单在吗?”对应英文为 \"Is the bill here?\" \"bill\"为特指,前应加定冠词\"the\",且 \"bill\" 应为小写开头)。 School Is over. Let’s go home. 课上完了,我们回家吧。 My pen is in my bag. 我的钢笔在我的书包里。 I fell tired all the time. 我整天感到疲惫. He seemed rather tired last night. 他昨天看起来相当的累. 连系动词和表语在意思上紧密联系,不宜分割。
编辑本段谓语种类
动词谓语 以动词或动词为中心的词组作为谓语最常见。 他约我去迪士尼。老鼠爱大米。 形容词谓语 在汉语中,形容词和动词在文法上表现很相似,很多语法学家都把它们归入谓词(predicative)一类。汉语中的形容词或其词组可以直接充当谓语,而无需另外添加系词(copula,相当于英语中的 be)。 (汉)她很漂亮。 (英)She is very beautiful. 名词谓语 名词或名词性的词组也可以充当谓语。 今天星期四。 主谓谓语 一个完整的主谓结构也可以充当谓语。这一类的句子,主语和谓语之间的关系有好几种情况: 主语表示主谓谓语的发生时间、地点。 明天我回来。 主语表示主谓谓语中的受事。 这本书我早就看过了。 主语受主谓谓语描述。 这个人心肠很好。(以主谓谓语描述主语的性质。) 我一只手抱着孩子,一只手扶著老妈。(以主谓谓语陈述主语的动作、事件。)
编辑本段谓语中动作的方向
在汉语中,由于主语和谓语之间的关系是主题和解释,这种松缓的关系常常导致谓语的动作方向不很清楚。看似相同的句子,动作的方向可以不同;看似相反的句子,动作方可却又可以相同。例如 他改变了我的想法。 他变了脸色。 第一句中,动作的方向是自主语外发至宾语。可是,第二句中到底是他自己主动改变了脸色,还是他的脸色(可能因为愤怒、惊慌)而自己变了。在第一种情况,动作是自主语外发,在第二种情况却不是。又例如 你借我一本书。 我借你一本书。 这两个句子可能陈述相同的事件,要判断动作的方向得靠语境来提示。
编辑本段谓语语法
谓语(predicate),是句子中的必不可少的成分.谓语是由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词+主要动词)构成.谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语.现分别举例如下(例句中的谓语用大写体打出): 一.简单谓语由一个动词或短语动词构成的谓语,就是简单谓语.不管这些谓语动词是什么时态,语态,语气,都是简单谓语.例如:我们每年春天都种许多树. 飞机已在7点起飞. 二.复合谓语 复合谓语由两部分构成,其有不同的情况,现分别举例如下: 1.由情态动词加一个不带to的不定式构成 这些学生明天将去参观博物. 2.由个别情态动词和一个动词不定式构成许多带复合宾语的句子在变成被动结构后,也包含了一个复合谓语 Jack WAS SEEN TO
SWIM across the river. 有人看到杰克游过河了. 4.由连系动词加表语构成 < 台湾是一个岛屿>The weather has turned cold. 天气已经变冷了. 5.由情态动词和连系动词构成 . 他一定是搞错了.谓语说明主语的动作,状态或特征。 一般可分为两类:1),简单谓语由动词(或短语动词)构成。可以有不同的时态,语态和语气。如:We study for the people. 我们为人民学习。 2),复合谓语:情态动词+不定式
编辑本段谓语的辨别
谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别 1) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语,而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。 Miss Mary teaches us English. 玛丽教我们英语。(teaches 动词作谓语) Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week. 维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。 (to have a talk.... 不定式作状语) 2) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制,而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。 Larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜欢流行音乐。 (动词用单数第三人称形式) Larke has nothing to do today. 拉克今天没什么事要做。(do 用原形) 3)非谓语动词的特征:如果非谓语动词是及物动词,后面须跟宾语。 Studying English is my favorite. 学习英语是我的爱好。(studying 后跟宾语) 2 非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。 Working under such a condition is terrible. 在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。(under such a condition 是 working 的状语) It's too difficult for him to master English in such a short time. 他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。(for him 作不定式的逻辑主语) 3 非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。 I am sorry to have kept you waiting long. 对不起让你久等了。(to have kept...是不定式的完成形式) Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful. 从山上看,这座城市美丽多了。(Seen from...是分词的被动形式) 4 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。 Our coming made him happy. 我们的到来使他很高兴。(coming 起名词作用) There are two big swimming pools here. 这儿有两个大型游泳池。(swimming 起形容词作用)
编辑本段中文谓语
谓语概念在语文语法中作用是表明主语怎么样、有什么性质、处在什么状态等等,是用来陈述主语的由常常有动词、动词性短语,形容词、形容词型短语,名词、名词性短语,主谓短语充当谓语。 例如: 他们正在排练节目。(排练,动词作谓语) 鱼儿在河里遨游。(在河里遨游,动词性短语作谓语) 山上的树又绿了。(绿,形容词作谓语) 这里的黎明静悄悄。(静悄悄,形容词短语作谓语) 外面热,别中暑了。(热,做谓语)
编辑本段汉语中的谓语
在传统汉语语法里,谓语是一个句子里两个主要部份的其中一个部份。另一个是主语,由谓语来修饰。谓语提供了有关主语的资讯,如主语做了什么或是什么。 有一种说法说一个句子可以有主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、系语、表语等。还有一个说法是除了主语及其修饰的部分之外其余部分都是谓语。按照前一种说法,“我们家两口人。”中主语是“我们家”,宾语是“两口人”,谓语“有”被省略。按照后一种说法,“我们家两口人。”中主语是“我们家”,谓语包括被省略的述语“有”和宾语“两口人”。 按照前一
种说法,一个句子根据其结构可以分成:叙事句、有无句、表态句、判断句等。 叙事句:主语+谓语,或者主语+谓语+宾语 如:“我编辑维基百科”,或“我正在编辑”。 有无句:主语+谓语+宾语 如:“我有维基百科的账号”。 表态句(也叫描写句):主语+表语 如:“维基百科的内容不够全面”。 判断句:主语+断语 如:“维基百科是一个互联网上的应用软件”。
间接宾语 当看到句子中有两个宾语时,其中指物或指事的就是直接宾语,指人(或动物)的就是间接宾语。(不能按宾语离动词的远近来判别) 比方有一句话:“我教他英文。”I teach him English.在这句话里“him”是间接宾语,“English”是直接宾语。 另外有一句话:“昨天我给父亲写了一封信。”I wrote Father a letter yesterday.在这句话里“Father”是间接宾语,“a letter”是直接宾语。 直接宾语,就是跟在及物动词(或相当于及物动词的词组)后面的宾语。例如: We launched the first man-made satellite in 1970.(我们在1970年发射了第一颗人造卫星。)其中,“the first man-made satellite”就是及物动词“launched”的直接宾语。 I opened the door.(我开了门。)其中,“the door”就是及物动词“opened”的直接宾语。 间接宾语,紧跟在某些及物动词之后(并不是所有的及物动词都有间接宾语)。一般指“受益于”动词所表示的行为的人,如:你把什么东西给了某人,或者为某人买东西等。例如: Mr.Smith gave me a watch as my birthday present.(史密思先生给我一块手表作为我的生日礼物。)其中,紧靠及物动词“gave”的“me”,就是间接宾语,而离得远一点的“a watch”就是直接宾语。 Our teacher tells us some stories today.(我们的老师今天给我们讲了一些故事。)其中,“us”就是间接宾语,“some stories”是直接宾语。 可以有间接宾语的及物动词不是很多,主要有:give,pay,tell,show,send,bring,allow,wish,teach,write,make,buy, pass,lend,return,等等。 有时,间接宾语还可以是介词“to”或“for”的宾语。例如: He gave her a book.(他给她一本书。) =He gave a book to her. I have bought you a drink.(我已为你买了这份饮料。) =I have bought a drink for you.
1 Who? Which? What? 2 Action 3 Who? Which? What? 4 How? 5 Where? 6 When?
1 Who? Which? What? 2 Action 3 Who? Which? What? 4 How? 5 Where? 6 When?
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