1 Leaders often have charisma, an attractive quality that makes other people admire them and want to follow them. (Para.2). 领导者通常有魅力，一种吸引人的品质，使别人钦佩他们，并想追随他们。
2 A person who has a(n) brilliant mind can do extraordinary things that no one with a normal mind can imagine. (Para.2) 一个有聪明头脑的人能做常人无法想象的非凡的事情。
3 It matters little whether people are physically beautiful or ugly, Because people’s minds and souls are more important. (Para.2)
人的外表是美是丑并不重要，因为人的思想和灵魂更重要。 4 When faced with awkward questions in a conversation, we often get stuck. (Para.3)
当我们在谈话中遇到尴尬的问题时，我们常常会陷入困境。 5 Unfortunately, this apparently straightforward question turns out to be harder to answer than one might suppose. (Para,3)
不幸的是，这个显而易见的简单问题比人们想象的要难回答 6 We cannot attempt to predict all the tough questions children will ask.(Para.9)
我们不能预测孩子们会问的所有难题。 二、
1 using a counter-example to a proposition or claim is to use an example that proves that the proposition or claim is not true
对一个命题或主张使用反例就是用一个例子来证明这个命题或主张是不正确的
2 In order to challenge opinions on one issue and make yours reasonable ,you should debate their ideas.
为了在一个问题上挑战你的观点并使你的观点合理，你应该辩论他们的观点。
3 When you have to begin a conversation with nothing to talk about, you may ty to ask brief questions ,tell an interesting story or make some random comments.
当你不得不开始一段没有什么可谈的谈话时，你可以问一些简短的问题，讲一个有趣的故事，或者随意发表一些评论。
4 In order to question the assumption of Aristotle that the heavier object has a higher failing speed , Galileo did an experiment in the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
为了质疑亚里士多德的假设，即较重的物体有较高的失败速度，伽利略在比萨斜塔做了一个实验。
5 A paper published in Physics Today challenges how physics taught and states that teaching fails to reveal the limits of our understanding.
《今日物理学》上发表的一篇论文对物理学的教学提出了挑战，指出教学不能揭示我们理解的极限。
6 In London, where the family was reduced to poverty , Karl Marx continued writing his theories to explore and understand the nature of society.
在伦敦，这个家庭陷入贫困的地方，卡尔·马克思继续写他的理论来探索和理解社会的本质。 三、
1 Huxley was at first an opponent of any evolutionary change at all ,but after reading the Origin of Species he got tied (on ,in) knots and his reaction was \"How stupid of me not to have thought of that.\"
赫胥黎起初反对任何进化上的改变，但读了《物种起源》后，他感到很困惑，他的反应是“我真愚蠢，竟然没有想到这一点。” 2 Dr.Dewdney looked closely at eight problems that reveal the (limitations ,limits) of human understanding in his new book.
杜尼博士在他的新书中仔细研究了揭示人类理解的局限性的八个问题。
3 As Socrates' prized student , Plato came under Socrates' spell at about 20,decicling to devote himself (for ,to) philosophy. 作为苏格拉底的得意门生，柏拉图在20岁左右就被苏格拉底迷住了，决定献身于哲学。
4 Freudian scholar Donald Levy argues that some critics fail to understand the (nature , feature) and importance of the concepts of resistance and transference(移情），and that their critique of Freud's scientific credibility is incoherent. 4弗洛伊德学者唐纳德·利维认为,一些批评人士无法理解的性质和重要性阻力和移情的概念(移情),而他们批判弗洛伊德的科学信誉是不连贯的。
5 The role of the newly-built center is to provide a cross-disciplinary forum wherein scholars gather to exchange and (dispute ,debate)ideas generated from the areas of philosophy ,history ,politics ,sociology as well as international and cultural studies.
新成立的中心的作用是提供一个跨学科的论坛，在这里学者们聚集在一起交流和(争论、辩论)来自哲学、历史、政治、社会学以及国际和文化研究领域的观点。
6 Unlike those who came before him, Kepler questioned the(conception ,assumption) that planets moved in uniform circular motion, replacing it with elliptical(椭圆形的）
motion、
与那些出现在他面前,开普勒质疑(概念、假设),行星在匀速圆周运动中,代之以椭圆(椭圆形的)运动, Unit3 一、
1 Conversation skills are necessary in social interaction if you want others to react positively.
如果你想让别人做出积极的反应，在社交活动中使用会话技巧是必要的。
2 Children could not acquire a language solely on the basis of the linguistic input they receive.
儿童不能仅仅根据他们所接受的语言输入来习得一门语言。 3When you get hopelessly lost in city, you can only turn to others for help.
当你在城市里失去希望时，你只能向别人寻求帮助。
4 Language and human culture probably evolved together. 语言和人类文化可能是一起进化的。
5 some people believe that human being are instinctively
self-centered
有些人认为人类天生以自我为中心 二
1 A rude person can never gain respect and affection from other people.
粗鲁的人永远得不到别人的尊重和爱戴。
2 If you use language appropriately, the person you speak to may react to what you say more positively
如果你恰当地使用语言，与你交谈的人可能会对你说的话做出更积极的反应
3 Don't you think a polite way of asking for help give people warmer feelings ?
你不认为礼貌的请求帮助的方式会给人更温暖的感觉吗
4 A polite request will help you get a better response from others.
一个礼貌的请求会帮助你得到别人更好的回应。
5 Proper choice of words will enrich one's social conversation and help you make more friends.
适当的用词会丰富一个人的社交谈话，并帮助你交到更多的朋友。 三、
1 She used to be an elementary school teacher, and naturally gravitate toward children.
她曾经是一名小学教师，天生就喜欢孩子。
2 People tend to pull away from those who disagree with them. .人们倾向于远离那些不同意他们观点的人。
3 You cannot always translate what others have said into terms of\" what he wants to get from me.\"
你不能总是把别人说的话翻译成“他想从我这里得到什么”。 4 Being self-centered will make you lose friends and miss out on meaningful connections.
以自我为中心会让你失去朋友，失去有意义的联系。
5 The you-oriented principle in communication will help you establish a friendly rapport with other people. 沟通中以你为中心的原则会帮助你与他人建立友好的关系。 6 A powerful approach to learning to love is to practice putting others first
学习爱的一个有效方法就是把别人放在第一位
7 The ugliness of our self-centeredness is easily camouflage in the motives and methods for our success.
我们以自我为中心的丑陋很容易隐藏在我们成功的动机和方法中。
Unit4 一
1 in case of a(n) criminal medical emergency, you should call 911 in the United States. (Para.2)
在美国，如果发生刑事医疗紧急情况，你应该拨打911。
2 This study examines major newspaper coverage of infamous cases of school violence.
这项研究调查了主要报纸对臭名昭著的校园暴力事件的报道。(Para 6)
3 Treason was once, and should be still, the most shocking crime of which a person could be accused - worse than picking pockets or robbing banks, because t involves the betrayal of the entire society in which one lives. (Para.7)
叛国罪曾经是，现在也应该是，一个人可能被指控的最令人震惊的罪行——比扒窃或抢劫银行还要严重，因为叛国罪涉及对他所生活的整个社会的背叛。
4 If you come across an emergency situation that requires your immediate attention, the first thing to do is to stay back and check the area for danger, (Para.1)
如果你遇到紧急情况，需要你立即注意，第一件事是待在后面，检查该地区是否有危险
。5 should you feel in any way unsafe or observe an incident that concerns you , please report the matter to Campus Control.(Para.1)
如果你有任何不安全的感觉，或发现与你有关的事件，请向校园管理部门报告。
6 Since you may be faced with an emergency sometime in your life, it's important that you know how to recognize an emergency and how to respond. (Para.3)
由于你在生活中可能会遇到紧急情况，所以知道如何识别紧急情况并做出反应是很重要的。 二、
1 New York City Mayor called on President Obama to take immediate action on gun violence, following the shooting in Connecticut, which killed 28 people, including 20 children. 纽约市长呼吁奥巴马总统立即对枪支暴力采取行动。此前，康涅狄格州发生枪击案，造成28人死亡，其中包括20名儿童。
2 Seeing the aircraft in flames ,a fireman at the airport telephoned the fire brigade for more help and went to offer assistance
看到飞机着火了，机场的一名消防员打电话给消防队寻求更多帮助，并前去提供帮助
3 Mediators were standing by , prepared to the labor dispute, even intervene in though both sides had refused earlier offers of assistance.
调解员在一旁待命，准备处理劳资纠纷，甚至介入调解，尽管双方早先都拒绝提供援助。
4 Celebrity chef Nigella Lawson was photographed being gripped around the neck by a man believed to be her husband in a London restaurant, and everyone there was reluctant to get involved
名厨尼格拉·劳森被拍到在伦敦的一家餐馆里被一名据信是她丈夫的男子掐住脖子，在场的每个人都不愿参与其中
5 Researchers found that dolphins may not be afraid to endanger oneself to rescue trapped dolphins lifting an injured dolphin to the water's surface to help it breathe. 研究人员发现，海豚可能并不害怕冒险营救被困海豚，它们把受伤的海豚抬到水面帮助它呼吸。
6 Sometimes people turn their back to others' cry for help because they fear getting caught up\\in a situation beyond their control.
有时候，人们因为害怕陷入无法控制的境地而不理睬别人的求助。
Unit5 一、 A
1 By capturing the market place, the company will ensure survival and prosperity
通过占领市场，公司将确保生存和繁荣
2 To win all without fighting in the business world is to achieve market dominance
在商业世界中不战而胜，就是取得市场主导地位
3 Companies with dominant market share in an industry segment or an entire industry and are more able to set the industry's standards and define the playing field 在某一行业或整个行业中占有主导市场份额的公司更能制定行业标准，定义竞争环境 B
1 With higher customer loyalty the company will see customers
returning to purchase again and persuading others to use its products or services.
随着顾客忠诚度的提高，公司将会看到顾客再次购买，并劝说他人使用其产品或服务。
2 To sell goods in larger volumes is a common practice of supermarkets to increase sales revenue. 大批量销售商品是超市增加销售收入的一种常见做法。
3 Many companies seek to achieve better economies of scale by becoming large or even dominant producers of a particular type of product or service.
许多公司通过成为某一特定产品或服务的大型生产商，甚至是主要生产商来寻求更好的规模经济。
4 Leading firms of an industry are characterized by stronger distribution capabilities usually through more distribution channels and webs.
一个行业的龙头企业具有较强的分销能力，通常通过更多的分销渠道和网络。 二、
1 gain a position (Para.5) 获得一个职位(第5段)
2 establish an excellent competitive position (Para.6) 建立良好的竞争地位(第6段)
3 achieve a dominant position (Para.7) 取得优势地位(第7段)
4 create a strong defensive position (Para.9) 创建一个强大的防御位置(第9段) 5 find a defensible position (Para.9) 找一个可以防守的位置(第9段)
6 What other expressions with \"position\" do you know can be used to describe a company's situation in market competition? Hold a position \\get a position\\ maintain the position\\\\\\ 三、
d small companies 小公司
1They began as seedlings ,but used creative strategy to bring value to the marketplace, grew quickly, and continued doing business successfully for a number of years.
他们从幼苗开始，但运用创造性的策略为市场带来价值，迅速成长，并持续成功地经营了数年。
c are closely related 是紧密相关的
2 In addition , substantial data and research have shown that market share and profitability go hand in a number of industry environments
此外，大量的数据和研究表明，在许多行业环境中，市场份额和盈利能力是密不可分的
b set the standards. 制定标准。
3 Microsoft's dominance of the software market for personal computer operating systems has enabled it to call the tune that other computer system companies, application software companies and PC hardware firms have danced to for the last decade.
微软在个人电脑操作系统软件市场的主导地位，使得它能够像其他电脑系统公司、应用软件公司和个人电脑硬件公司在过去10年里所跳的舞蹈一样，掌握自己的节奏。
a take action 一个采取行动
4 Microsoft's CEO and chief strategist ,William H .Gates ll, has been able to influence the industry so effectively that it is difficult for any firm to make a move without considering
how Microsoft will react. 微软的首席执行官兼首席战略官威廉·H·盖茨能够有效地影响整个行业，任何公司在不考虑微软将如何反应的情况下都很难采取行动。 Unit 6 一、
1 Increasingly the traditional print has been supplemented by digital books and journals.
越来越多的数字书籍和期刊补充了传统的印刷形式。
2 The invention of paper displaced the use of bamboo and wood as writing material.
纸的发明取代了竹子和木头作为书写材料的使用。
3 The traditional Chinese brush was almost abandoned as a writing tool in daily use.
传统的毛笔在日常生活中几乎被放弃作为书写工具。
4 Can you imagine going back to quill pens as the major tool of writing?
你能想象回到羽毛笔作为主要书写工具的时代吗?
5 Digital products are now easily discarded by their owners due to high obsolescence rates(报废率）
现在数码产品容易被主人丢弃的由于高报废率(报废率)
6 Brushes have been replaced by fountain pens or pencils in Chinese classroom writing.
在汉语课堂写作中，毛笔已被钢笔或铅笔所取代。 二、
1 It is hard for elder people to make the transition from traditional handwriting to pressing a computer keyboard. 对于老年人来说，从传统的书写方式过渡到使用电脑键盘是很困难的。
2 Writing instruments have gone through many changes in human history.
书写工具在人类历史上经历了许多变化。
3 The term \"future shock\" refers to the perception of those who have experienced too much change within a short period of time.
“未来冲击”一词指的是那些在短时间内经历了太多变化的人的看法
。4 Personal computers have undergone major alterations over the decades.
个人电脑在过去的几十年里经历了巨大的变化。
三、
1 People in modern times tend to turn their backs on handmade products and embrace mass-produced ones,
在现代社会，人们倾向于拒绝手工制品，转而接受大批量生产的产品， 2 Some teachers are skeptical of technology-rich classrooms. 一些老师对技术含量高的教室持怀疑态度。
3 Electronic products are being repudiated by those people who lament the good old days.
那些哀叹过去美好时光的人正在否定电子产品。
4 The thought of shopping online has filled many senior people with dread.
一想到网上购物，许多老年人就充满了恐惧。 四、
The instruments used for writing have undergone great changes throughout human history .In ancient times ,man used a bone tool ,reed brushes and metal stylus（铁笔）to write on clay tablets ,papyrus(纸莎草纸）scrolls or sheets of wax .The (1) quill pen made from a bird feather was introduced around 700 and dominated for the longest period in history (over
1,000 years),By the late 19th century , the newly-invented (2) fountain pen had replaced quill pens. The modern version of the ballpoint pen was invented in the 1930s
用于写作的工具在整个人类历史上都发生了巨大的变化在古代,男人用骨工具,里德刷子和金属笔写在泥板(? ?),纸莎草(? ? ? ?)卷轴或张蜡,(1)介绍了羽毛笔一只鸟羽毛制成的约700 ?和主导历史上最长的时期(在1000年),到19世纪末,新发明的(2)钢笔吗?已经取代了鹅毛笔。
现代版的圆珠笔是在20世纪30年代发明的
With the development of technology ,new types of writing instruments were invented. After going into commercial production in the 18705, (3) typewriter quickly became indispensable tools for practically al writing other than personal correspondence .By the end of the 1980s,(4) word processor and personal computers had largely displaced typewriters in many parts of the world .As touchscreens and (5) keyboard make traditional writing instruments less and less necessary ,the latest (6) voice-recognition technology may further reduce our use of hands while keeping records.
随着科技的发展，新型书写工具被发明出来。进入商业化生产在18705年之后,(3)打字机迅速成为不可或缺的工具,实际上al写作以外的
个人信件。1980年代末,(4)文字处理软件和个人电脑在很大程度上取代了打字机在世界的许多地方。as触摸屏和键盘(5)使传统书写工具越来越有必要,最新的(6)语音识别技术可能会进一步减少我们使用手的同时保持记录。 Unit7 一、
1 doctor-prescribed suicide and euthanasia are now legal and widely practiced in the Netherlands.
医生处方的自杀和安乐死现在是合法的，并且在荷兰被广泛实施。 2 Legal and medical experts claim that the sick and disabled will be able to buy legally prescribed drugs at the chemist if the law is changed to allow assisted dying.
法律和医学专家声称，如果法律允许协助死亡，那么病人和残疾人将能够在药店购买到合法的处方药。
3 According to a new survey, more than one-fifth of doctors would be willing to assist patients in suicide if it were legal to do so.
根据一项新的调查，如果自杀是合法的，超过五分之一的医生愿意帮助病人自杀。
4 While public opinion polls show that a majority of Americans favor legalization of assisted suicide new research finds that
only about six percent of doctors who regularly treat terminally ill patients have helped them hasten their deaths 虽然民意调查显示，大多数美国人赞成协助自杀合法化，但是新的研究发现，在经常治疗绝症患者的医生中，只有大约6%的人帮助他们加速死亡
5 The Us Supreme Court has ruled that states can pass laws which permit physician- assisted suicide, and that individuals have a right to take advantage of these laws if they wish. 美国最高法院裁定，各州可以通过允许医生协助自杀的法律，如果个人愿意，他们有权利用这些法律。 二、
1 There is considerable evidence suggesting aspirin (阿司匹林) can reduce the risk of getting or dying from many different types of cancer.
有大量证据表明阿司匹林(阿司匹林)可以减少风险的或死于许多不同类型的癌症。
2 It was his family's intention that the boy should receive proper medical treatment or at the very least pass away with dignity
他的家人打算让这个男孩接受适当的治疗，或者至少带着尊严离开人世
3 According to the American Cancer Society, about one in six men in the United States will be diagnosed with prostate(前列腺）cancer during their lifetime.
根据美国癌症协会,六分之一的男性在美国被诊断为前列腺癌(前列腺)癌症一生中。
4 The organization Dignity in Dying has said it ultimately wants British law changed to allow the terminally ill the choice of assisted death.
“死亡尊严”组织表示，他们最终希望修改英国法律，允许绝症患者选择协助死亡。
5 Demonstrators planned a rally last Thursday to bring attention to \\spark interest in the debate of physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia.
上周四，示威者计划举行一场集会，以引起人们对医生协助自杀和安乐死辩论的关注。
6 Even though only a handful of countries allow certain individuals to take their own lives with a doctor's help ,most in the West now seem ready to move the needle on assisted suicide for the terminally ill.
尽管只有少数几个国家允许某些人在医生的帮助下结束自己的生命，但现在大多数西方国家似乎已经准备好为绝症患者实施协助自杀。
7 An 85-year-old Canadian woman in the early stages of dementia made headlines by choosing to end her own life before her symptoms progressed ,and brought attention to \\sparked interest in the long controversial issue of doctor-assisted suicide. 一名85岁的加拿大妇女因在痴呆症早期选择在症状恶化前结束自己的生命而登上头条，并引起了人们对医生协助自杀这一长期以来备受争议的问题的关注。 翻译 UNIT 1
The word “philosopher” comes from the Greek words meaning “love of wisdom”. The Western tradition in philosophy spread from ancient Greece across large parts of the world, at time cross-fertilized by ideas from the East. The kind of wisdom that it values is based on argument, reasoning and asking question, not on believing things simply because someone important has told you they are true. Wisdom for Socrates was not knowing lots
of facts, or knowing how to do something. It meant understanding the true nature of our existence, including the limits of what we can know. Philosophers today are doing more or less what Socrates was doing: asking tough questions, looking at reasons and evidence, struggling to answer some of the most important question we can ask ourselves about the nature of reality and how we should live.
“哲学家”一词（ philosopher）来源于希腊语，意思是“对智慧的热爱”。西方哲学的传统正是从古希腊发迹，传播到了世界的绝大多数地方，期间在历史上也曾若干次吸纳东方思想。西方传统哲学重视的是论点、推理与提问，而不是简单地相信权威人士如何说。智慧在苏格拉底看来不是知道多少事实，也不是了解如何做事。 智慧是了解我们存在的本质，包括我们能洞悉的事物的界限。现今的哲学家差不多和苏格拉底做的事一样：提出难以回答的问题，检验推理和证据，试图解答我们针对自身提出的最重要的一些问题，这些问题关乎现实的本质，关乎我们如何生活。
What made Socrates so wise was that he kept asking questions and he was always willing to debate his ideas. Life, he declared, is only worth living if you think about what you are doing . An unexamined existence is all right for cattle, but not for human beings.
苏格拉底之所以获得如此智慧，是因为不断地提问，而且始终愿
意与人辩论自己的观点。他说，生活，未经反思是不值得过的。未经推敲的存在对于一头牛来说没什么，但对于人却是不能接受的。 UNIT 3
Why is “you” such a powerful word? Because when we were infants, we thought we were the center of the universe. Nothing mattered but ME, MYSELF and I. The rest of the shadowy forms stirring about us (which we later learned were other people) existed solely for what they could do for us. Self-centered little tykes that we were, our tiny brains translated every action, every word, into, “How does that affect ME?” 为什么“你”是如此有力的一个词？因为当我们还是婴儿时，我们就以为自己是宇宙的中心， 没有什么能大过“我”。周围往来穿梭的一团混沌（后来我们才知道这是“其他人”）不过因其对我们的用处而存在。我们这些自我为中心的小不点儿，小脑瓜里把别人的一举一动、一言一行都解读为“这对我有什么影响？
Before answering, Jill is thinking to herself, “By ‘good’ does he mean the food or the atmosphere or both?” Her reverie continues, “Indian cuisine, I’m not sure. He says it’s good. However, will I like it?” While thinking, Jill hesitates. You probably take her hesitation personally, and the joy of the exchange diminishes. Suppose, instead, you had said to her,
“Jill, you will really love this new Indian restaurant. Will you join me there this evening for dinner?” Phrasing it that way, you’ve already subliminally answered Jill’s question and she’s more apt to give you a quick “yes.”
回答之前，吉尔暗忖：“他说‘不错’是指食物还是环境，还是两者都不错？”她接着想：“印度菜，我拿不准。他说好，可是我会喜欢吗？”想着想着，吉尔就犹豫了。她的犹豫可能会使你感到不快，交流的乐趣也因此而打了折扣。试想，你换一种问法：“吉尔，你一定会喜欢这家新开的印度馆子的。今晚和我一起去那儿吃怎么样？”这样措辞，你已经下意识地解答了吉尔的疑问，因此她更有可能会很快答复你“好啊。”
The pleasure-pain principle is a guiding force in life. Psychologists tell us everyone automatically gravitates toward that which is pleasurable and pulls away from that which is painful. For many people, thinking is painful.
“快乐—痛苦原则”是生命中的指引力量。心理学家告诉我们，每个人都会自动趋向于令其快乐的事物而远离令其痛苦的事物。对于很多人而言，思考便是痛苦的。
So big winners (when they wish to control, inspire, be loved by, sell to people, or get them to go to dinner) do the thinking for them. They translate everything that powerful little three-letter word, “you.” Thus, I call the technique
“Comm-YOU-nication.”
因此，真正的赢家（当他们想控制，想激励，想被爱，想向人兜售什么或想请人吃饭时）总是替别人考虑。他们把一切都转化为从对方的角度出发，尽可能多地以“你”这样一个简单而有力的字开头。因此，我称这种沟通技巧为“唯‘你’独尊”。
Therapists calculate inmates of mental institutions say “I” and “me” 12 times more often than residents of the outside world. As patients’ conditions improve, the number of times they use the personal pronouns also diminishes. Continuing up the sanity scale, the fewer times you use “I,” the more sane you seem to your listeners. If you eavesdrop on big winners talking with each other, you’ll notice a lot more “you” than “I” in their conversation.
心理医生计算，精神病院的囚犯说“我”和“我”的频率是外面世界居民的12倍。随着患者病情的改善，他们使用人称代词的次数也减少了。继续保持清醒的程度，你用“我”的次数越少，你在听众看来就越清醒。如果你偷听大赢家之间的谈话，你会发现在他们的谈话中，“你”比“我”更多。 UNIT 4
Two factors appear to be most important in understanding the reactions of bystanders to emergencies. 要理解旁观者对突发事件的反应，有两个因素似乎极为重要。
First is the level of ambiguity involved in the situation. Bystanders are afraid to endanger themselves or look foolish if they take the wrong action in a situation they are not sure how to interpret. A person lying face down on the floor of a subway train may have just suffered a heart attack and be in need of immediate medical assistance-or he may be a dangerous drunk.
第一个要素就是突发事件的事态明朗度。旁观者害怕在不确定事件的具体情况下采取了错误的举动，从而使自己陷入危险或看起来愚蠢。一个人脸朝下趴在地铁车厢的地板上，他可能因为心脏病发作而急需医疗帮助，也可能他只是一个危险的酒鬼。
Determining what is happening is especially difficult when a man is attacking a woman. Many times lovers do quarrel, sometimes violently. But they may strongly resent an outsider, no matter how well-meaning, intruding into their affairs.
当一个男人攻击一个女人的时候，搞清楚事情的真相尤其困难。情侣间很多时候会吵架，有时还会伴有暴力。但他们可能会很反感有旁观者干涉他们的私事，无论是多么善意的。
When a group of bystanders is around, interpreting an event can be even more difficult than when one is alone. Bystanders look to others for cues as to what is happening. Frequently other witnesses, just as confused, try to look calm. Thus standers can mislead each other about the seriousness of an incident.
有一群旁观者在场时，搞清楚事情的真相比只有一个旁观者在场时困难得多。旁观者会依赖其他人的暗示来弄清楚发生了什么，而情况经常是，其他的目击者也是一头雾水，只是努力保持镇定。因此，关于某一事件的严重程度，旁观者们可能会彼此误导。 The second factor in determining the reactions of bystanders to emergencies is what psychologists call the principle of moral diffusion. Moral diffusion is the lessening of a sense of individual responsibility when someone is a member of a group Responsibility to act diffuses throughout the crowd. When a member of the group is able to escape the collective paralysis and take action, others in the group tend to act as well. But the larger the crowd, the greater the diffusion of responsibility, and the less likely someone is to intervene. 理解旁观者对突发事件反应的第二个要素就是心理学家们所说的“道德分散原理”。“道德分散”是指当个体是群体中的一员时，个体的责任感会下降，即出手援助的责任感在整个人群中会有所分散。
若群体中的某一个人能够摆脱集体麻痹意识而采取行动，那么群体中的其他人也会随之行动起来。但群体的人数越多，责任感就会越分散，个体介入的可能性就会越低。
The more social scientists are able to teach us about how bystanders react to an emergency, the better the chances that we will take appropriate action when faced with one. Knowing about moral diffusion, for example, makes it easier for us to escape it. If you find yourself witnessing an emergency with a group, remember that everybody is waiting for someone else to do something first. If you take action, others may also help. 如果社会学家能够更多地教会我们作为旁观者如何应对突发事件，那么我们在遭遇此类事件时采取恰当行动的可能性就越大。例如，了解了“道德分散”可以帮助我们更容易地摆脱它。如果你发现自己和一群人目击了一起突发事件，那么请记住，每个人都在等待其他人先采取行动。如果你先行动，其他人或许也会给予帮助。 Unit 5
Businesses, like countries, have a unique history and a set of assets. But how does one judge whether a business has been successful? The Western view is that a business exists
primarily to provide a return on investment for stockholders. In contrast, the Asian view is that a business exists primarily to provide jobs for its employees. Although both views differ, there is one constant between them: To meet either goal, a business must survive and prosper. Therefore, successful businesses, like successful countries, are those that may have started small but ended up surviving and prospering over a long period.
企业和国家一样，有着独特的历史和一套资产。但如何判断一个企业是否成功呢？西方的观点认为，企业的存在主要是为了为股东提供投资回报。相反，亚洲的观点认为，企业的存在主要是为了为员工提供就业机会。尽管这两种观点都不相同，但它们之间有一个不变的事实：要实现这两个目标，企业必须生存和繁荣。因此，成功的企业，如成功的国家，是那些可能开始规模小，但最终在很长一段时间内生存和繁荣的企业。
There are many examples of companies that have done this. They began as seedlings, but used creative strategy to bring value to the marketplace, grew quickly and continued doing business successfully for a number of years. They had to be able to gain a position in their industry or niche that enabled them to protect themselves and shape the forces in their industry in their favor. They achieved relative market dominance.
有许多成功企业的例子可以用来证明这一点。这些企业从最初的萌芽状态，通过创造性的战略带来市场价值，迅速成长，商业成功经久不衰。它们不得不在行业里获得一席之地或占领专营市场，以保护自身并在行业里塑造于自身有利的势力。这些企业取得了市场相对优势地位。
Market dominance can appear in many forms, technology leadership, brand recognition or cost leadership are some signs of it. Market dominance can also be thought of in terms of market share. Companies with dominant market share in an industry segment or an entire industry are more able to influence the industry, direct its evolution and establish an excellent competitive position. Their powerful position allows them to set the industry's standards and define the playing field. Firms that have achieved dominant market share most likely also enjoy the advantages of higher customer loyalty, larger volumes, better economies of scale, and strong distribution capabilities. In addition, substantial data and research have shown that markets share and profitability go hand-in-hand in a number of industry environments. Those same advantages tend to increase revenues and lower unit costs, thus increasing
profitability. If a company can achieve relative market dominance properly, prosperity will eventually come. 市场优势地位依托多种形式来呈现。技术领先、品牌认可，或者成本领先是其中的部分标识。市场优势地位也可以从市场份额的角度来考虑。在某个行业分支或整个行业里有优势市场份额的企业更有能力影响所在行业，把控行业发展，取得有绝对竞争力的地位。有了强势地位，它们甚至可以制定行业规范、划定市场边界。占有优势市场份额的公司也更有可能获得更高的客户忠诚度、更大的销售额、更大的经济规模，和强大的分销能力。另外，有充足的数据和研究表明，在众多行业环境中市场份额和收益率是密不可分的。这些优势会带来销售额的增长、单件产品成本的降低，以及随之而来的收益率的增长。一个企业如果能以正当方式获得市场相对优势地位，最终将会走向兴旺。
Likewise, companies do exist with low market share that have found defensible positions in their industry along with sustained profitability. They too have done so by understanding their understanding their strengths and weaknesses and using strategy to create a place in which they can survive and prosper.
同样地，公司的市场份额确实很低，在他们的行业中找到了可防御的位置，并且持续盈利。他们也通过了解自己的长处和弱点，并利用战略创造一个生存和繁荣的地方来实现这一目标。 UNIT 6
I began writing my dissertation in 1984, and decided that a work of such scope might demand the transition to a computer,
an option that had only recently become available. None of my fellow graduate students in English were making this change, but it appealed to me, not least because I knew that significant revisions might at some point be called for and idea of retyping two or three hundred pages of text dismayed me.
我从1984年开始写论文，并决定这样一个范围的工作可能需要过渡到一台计算机，这是最近才出现的一种选择。我的英语研究生们没有一个人做出这样的改变，但这对我很有吸引力，尤其是因为我知道在某些时候可能需要进行重大的修改，而重印两三百页课文的想法让我很沮丧。
Not often in the history of writing have people gone through as many technological changes in one lifetime as I and most other people of my generation have. Of course, literacy itself has been rare throughout most of humanity’s history; and before the invention of the typewriter, literate people made the transition from printing to cursive writing-and that was it.
在书写的发展历史中，人们很少能见证我这一生或者说我们这代人所经历的技术变革。当然，读写能力本身在大部分的人类文明中就是罕有的，在发明打字机之前，受教育者完成了将字体从印刷体到草写体的转变，仅此而已。
Conversely, my teenage son began to write almost exclusively on computer several years ago; like most people of his age, his handwriting is poor because he uses it so rarely, and he has never laid hands on a typewriter. It is not certain, though,
that he will spend the rest of his life typing on keyboards: Voice-recognition software might someday relieve him of that burden, and as an old man he may well look back nostalgically on the days when people interacted with computers primarily through keyboards.
相反，我十几岁的儿子从几年前开始几乎只用电脑打字。和他的大部分的同龄人一样，他的手写体很难看，因为他很少手写，而且他也从没用过打字机。尽管如此，也说不准他今后是否会一生都依赖键盘打字：语音识别软件也许有一天会解救他，当有一天他老了，也许他会开始怀念当年人们主要依靠键盘打字互相交流的时光。
The question is: How should we regard the changes in the technologies of writing? History tells us that every new development in the technology of writing has generated a chorus of utopian celebrations and a counter-chorus of dystopian jeremiads. To think well about this matter we need to become visionaries not of the future but of the past.
问题在于：我们应该如何看待书写技术的改变？历史告诉我们，每一次书写技术的新发展都会激荡起理想主义者的高歌或反理想主义者的悲叹。为了仔细思考这个问题，我们需要成为一名关注过去而不是空想未来的有远见的人。
Very often, we tend to think that earlier critics were wrong simply because we cannot seriously imagine living in a world that lacks the technologies we now use every day. The thought of having to abandon my Macbook and go back to my old smith-corona fills me with dread-but should it? There’s no doubt that without a computer on which to write, and an Internet connection that enables me to do a great deal of research without rising from my seat, would have written and published
far less than have. I would have had to spend countless more hours in libraries, I would have had to take hundreds or perhaps thousands of pages of notes by hand; I would have had to type and retype my articles and books, using copious quantities of Wite-Out. All this I know. But what I do not know is whether I would have had a less successful career. I would have published fewer words, but perhaps those words would have been better chosen; perhaps my ideas would have been more carefully thought out. Who knows what might have occurred to me as I was walking to or from the library, or as I typed a particular page for the fourth time?
我们经常倾向于认为早期评论者是错的，仅仅因为我们无法认真想象出住在一个没有我们每天所使用的科技产品的世界。舍弃苹果电脑而回头去使用史密斯-科罗娜打字机的这种想法会让我充满恐惧感—但理应是这样吗？毫无疑问的是，没有一台可以打字的电脑，没有一个让我足不出户就可以做大量研究的网络，我所创作和发表的作品在数量上将远不如现在。我可能不得不在图书馆里耗上数不清的更多的时间；我也许不得不手写成百上千页的笔记；我也许不得不用大量的修正液，一次又一次的在打字机上敲入我的文章和书。这些我都知道。但是我不确定的是我是否会因此而拥有一份与我现在相比不尽如人意的事业。也许我发行的文字量会少，但或许这些文字更精雕细琢；或许我的想法更加深思熟虑。谁知道当我从图书馆进进出出或者当我为某一页文章第四遍打字的时候，会想到什么呢？ UNIT 7
The campaign to give terminally ill people the right to physician-assisted suicide had its most visible moment in years with the story of Brittany Maynard who made good on her very
public promise to end the suffering she faced from her lethal disease by way of legally prescribed drugs. Maynard-a young, vivacious woman who died Saturday was diagnosed with a brain tumor in January and eventually told she had a matter of months to live. In partnership with the Compassion & Choices, the 29-year-old launched a campaign to explain her decision to end her life under Oregon’s Death with Dignity Act.
为年迈病人提供医生协助自杀的权利的运动在多年以来最引人注目的时刻是布列塔尼梅纳德的故事，她善于表达自己非常公开的承诺，通过合法方式结束其致命疾病所面临的痛苦处方药。 梅纳德，一位年轻活泼的女性，星期六去世，1月被诊断为脑瘤，最终告诉她有几个月的时间可以生活。 这位29岁的男孩与慈悲和选择合作，发起了一场运动，解释她决定在俄勒冈州的尊严死亡法案下结束自己的生命。
Her candidness about her decision and the media interest that surrounded it
brought new attention to the decades-long debate over end-of-life decision- making. In 1997, Oregon became the first state to allow terminally ill people to receive lethal doses of medication from their doctors. The Supreme Court has ruled the decision to die is not a constitutionally protected
right but rather a matter to be settled by the states; in 2001, it upheld Oregon’s law.
她对自己的决定的坦率以及围绕该决定的媒体兴趣，引发了对数十年来关于生命末期决策制定的争论的新关注。 1997年，俄勒冈州成为第一个允许绝症患者从医生那里接受致命剂量药物的州。 最高法院裁定，死亡决定不是宪法保护的权利，而是国家要解决的问题; 在2001年，它维持了俄勒冈州的法律。
Only two other states Washington and Vermont have passed legislation like Oregon's, although Montana and New Mexico have had the legal pathway toward physician assisted suicide for the terminally ill cleared by court decisions. But even if Maynard's story sparked new interest, it will be a slow- going fight for proponents, experts say. “I doubt it's going to turn things around overnight, says Alan Meisel, a professor of law and bioethics at the University of Pittsburgh.
只有另外两个州华盛顿州和佛蒙特州通过了像俄勒冈州这样的立法，尽管蒙大拿州和新墨西哥州已经通过法律途径达成了医生协助自杀的法律途径。 但即使梅纳德的故事引发了新的兴趣，专家说，这对支持者来说将是一场缓慢的斗争。 匹兹堡大学法律和生物伦理学教授艾伦迈塞尔说：“我怀疑这会在一夜之间扭转局面。
Under Oregon’s specific protocols, patients must be over 18 and mentally competent, submit three separate requests, and
must be evaluated by two separate physicians to conclude they are terminally ill with six months or less to live. Patients also are required to become full-fledged residents of the state, which Maynard – who moved to Portland, Oregon, from California to become eligible for the law – noted isn’t always a possibility for people without her means or family support . Thus, groups like Compassion & Choices are campaigning to get laws like Oregon’s passed elsewhere, either legislatively or by ballot referendum. It has campaigns underway in California, Colorado, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Jersey, in addition to ongoing efforts in Vermont, New Mexico and Montana. 根据俄勒冈州的具体方案，患者必须年满18岁，精神状况良好，提交三份单独的申请，并且必须由两名单独的医生进行评估，以确定他们在6个月或更短的时间内病危。病人还需要成为该州的成熟居民，而梅纳德——从加利福尼亚州搬到俄勒冈州波特兰，成为符合法律要求的人——注意到，没有她的手段或家庭支持的人并不总是有可能的。因此，像同情与选择这样的团体正在努力使像俄勒冈这样的法律在其他地方通过，无论是通过立法还是通过投票全民公决。除了在佛蒙特州、新墨西哥州和蒙大拿州进行的努力外，它还在加州、科罗拉多州、康涅狄格州、马萨诸塞州和新泽西州开展活动。
Time will tell whether Maynard’s story will be enough to move the needle on debate. But Meisel, of the University of Pittsburgh, says he sees another demographic group the baby boomer generation-getting more involved \"You have a very large cohort of people who are dealing with long, drawn-out,
unpleasant deaths of their parents, and soon their spouses and siblings and themselves, \"he says. there's nothing like that to bring it home.
时间会告诉我们，梅娜德的故事是否会对医生协助式自杀的争论产生效应。但是匹兹堡大学的麦泽尔教授看到了卷入其中的另一个特定的人群，即婴儿潮一代。他说，“这是一个很大的群体，他们需要面对在长期疾病煎熬中死亡的父母，很快他们的配偶、兄弟姐妹甚至他们自己都会面临这个问题。没有什么更能让他们深刻地认识这个问题了。”
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