自考《英语二》资料汇总

1.自考英语（二）不规则动词表 中文 原形动词 过去式 arose began blew broke chose did drew drank drove ate fell flew froze gave went grew knew mistook outgrew rode rang rose saw shook sang sank spoke stole swore swam took tore 过去分词 arisen begun blown broken chosen done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen flown frozen given gone grown known mistaken outgrown ridden rung risen seen shaken sung sunk spoken stolen sworn swum taken torn 1 出现，升起 arise 2 开始 3 吹 4 打断 5 选择 6 做 7 画 8 喝 begin blow break choose do draw drink 9 开车,驾驶 drive 10 吃 11 落下 12 飞 13 冻结 14 给 15 去 16 长大 17 知道 eat fall fly freeze give go grow know 18 误解 , 弄错 mistake 19 成长速度超 outgrow 20 骑 21 响铃 22 上升 23 看 24 摇 25 唱 ride ring rise see shake sing 26 下沉，沉没 sink 27 说 28 偷 29 发誓 30 游泳 31 拿 speak steal swear swim take 32 撕，扯破 tear 33 扔 34 穿 35 写 throw wear write threw wore wrote thrown worn written 现在分词为：writing 以下各词过去式与过去分词相同 36 弯曲 37 捆 38 带来 39 建造 40 买 41 抓住 42 挖 43 喂 44 觉得 45 找到 46 打仗 47 有 48 听 49 抓 拿 50 保持 51 放 52 领导 53 离开 54 借出 55 丢失 56 制做 57 意思是 58 遇见 bend bind bring build buy catch dig feed feel find fight have hear hold keep lay lead leave lend lose make mean meet bent bound brought built bought caught dug fed felt found fought had heard held kept laid led left lent lost made meant met bent bound brought built bought caught dug fed felt found fought had heard held kept laid led left lent lost made meant met misunderstood panicked paid said sought sold sent 59 误解，误会 misunderstand misunderstood 60 恐慌 61 付钱 62 说 63 寻求 64 卖 65 送 panic pay say seek sell send panicked paid said sought sold sent 66 射击 67 坐 68 睡 69 花费 70 站 71 扫 72 教 73 告诉 74 想 75 知道 76 哭泣 77 赢 shoot sit sleep spend stand sweep teach tell think understand weep win shot sat slept spent stood swept taught told thought understood wept won wound shot sat slept spent stood swept taught told thought understood wept won wound 78 吹风，绕 wind 下列各词的原形、过去式、过去分词都一样 79 爆炸 80 投 扔 burst cast burst cast cost cut hit hurt let put read shed shut split spread thrust upset burst cast cost cut hit hurt let put read shed shut split spread thrust upset 81 价值 花费 cost 82 切 83 打击 84 伤害 85 让 86 放 87 读 88 流出 89 关闭 90 分离 91 伸开 92 插 刺 cut hit hurt let put read shed shut split spread thrust 93 弄翻 心烦 upset 下列各词的原形和过去分词相同 94 变得 成为 become 95 来 96 跑 come run became came ran become come run 97、98是特殊变化 97 击打 beat beat beaten 98 忍受 出生 bear bore born / borne 98以后各词的过去式或过去分词为两可型 99 咬 100 忘记 101 得到 102 躲藏 103 证实 104 缝 bite forget get hide prove sew bit forgot got hid proved sewed showed struck awoke / awaked bet / betted bit / bitten forgot/ forgotten got / gotten hid / hidden proved / proven sewed / sewn showed / shown struck / stricken awoke / awaked bet / betted 105 出示 展示 show 106 打击 107 唤醒 108 打赌 109 广播 110 燃烧 111 做梦 112 适合 113 * 处死 113 悬挂 114 倾斜 115 学习 116 * 撒谎 116 躺 117 摆脱 118 发光 strike awake bet broadcast burn dream fit hang hang lean learn lie lie rid shine broadcast/broadcasted broadcast/broadcasted burnt / burned dreamt/dreamed fit /fitted hanged hung leant / leaned learnt / learned lied lay rid / ridded shined / shone smelled / smelt sped /speeded spelt / spelled spilt / spilled woke / waked wet / wetted burnt / burned dreamt / dreamed fit / fitted hanged hung leant / leaned learnt / learned lied lain rid / ridded shined / shone smelled / smelt sped / speeded spelt / spelled spilt / spilled woke /waked / woken wet / wetted 119 嗅 , 闻 smell 120 加速 121 拼写 122 溢出 123 醒 124 弄湿 speed spell spill wake wet

2. 自考英语（二）复习词组

词组按照第一个词的字母顺序排列。动词不定式前的符号to均略去，形容词前面也不加系动词be A

1.a few 几个

2.a good deal 许多 3.a good many 许多 4.a great amount of 大量的 5.a great deal 大量的 6.a great many 很多 7.a little 一些，一点点 8.a lot of 许多，大量的 9.a number of 若干，许多

10.a variety of 种种，若干不同的 11.above all 首先，首要 12.according to 根据 13.after all 毕竟，终究 14.ahead of 在……前 15.all at once 突然

16.all but 几乎，差一点，除了……都 17.all in all 总的说来 18.all of a sudden 突然 19.all over 到处，遍及 20.all right 行，可以 21.all the better 更好，愈加 22.all the more 更加，愈加 23.all the same 仍然，尽管如此 24.all the time 一直，始终 25.all together 同时，一起

26.along with 与……一道，与……同时 27.among other things 除了其他方面，此外 28.and so forth 等等 29.and so on 等等

30.and the like 等等，诸如此类 31.anything but 除……外什么都 32.apart from 除去，撇开，除……之外 33.as a matter of fact 事实上，其实 34.as a result 作为结果，因此（插入语） 35.as a result of 作为……的结果

36.as a rule 通常，一般来说

37.as a whole 总的来说，作为一个整体 38.as far as 就……而言，至于

39.as far as…be concerned 就……而言 40.as follows 如下 41.as for 至于，关于 42.as if 好像，似乎，仿佛

43.as long as 只要，如果，既然，由于 44.as regards 在……方面，关于 45.as soon as 一 …… 就 46.as such 像这样的，就这点而论 47.as though 好像，似乎，仿佛 48.as to 至于，关于

49.as usual 照理，像平常一样 50.as well 也，又，同样地

51.as well as 除……之外（也），既……又 52.as yet 到目前为止，到当时为止 53.aside from 此外，除……还有 54.at a disadvantage 处于不利地位 55.at a guess 凭猜测

56.at a loss 困惑不解，茫然不知所措 57.at a stretch 连续不断地 58.at a time 同时，一次

59.at all 丝毫（不），一点（不） 60.at all costs 无论如何，不惜任何代价 61.at all events 不管怎样，无论如何 62.at all times 时常，有时 63.at any rate 无论如何，至少 64.at best 最多，充其量 65.at ease 舒适 66.at first 起初，最初 67.at first sight 一眼看去 68.at first thought 乍一想 69.at hand 在附近，近在手头

70.at intervals 不时，处处

71.at large 普遍地，一般地，自由地 72.at last 最终，终于

73.at least 至少，起码，无论如何 74.at length 终于，详细的 75.at most 至多，不超过 76.at no time 从不，决不 77.at once 立刻

78.at present 现在，目前 79.at one time 曾经，有一时期 80.at random 随机地，任意地

81.at sea 在海上，在航海中，迷惑，茫然 82.at what 而且

83.at the cost of 以……为代价

84.at the mercy of 受……支配，受……控制 85.at the moment 此刻，目前 86.at the rate of 以……速度或比率 87.at the same time 同时，然而，不过 88.at the sight of 一看见就 89.at times 有时候 B

1.back and forth 来回地，反复地 2.back up 支持 3.bear… in mind 记住 4.because of 因为，由于 5.before long 不久 6.long before 很久以前 7.beyond （all） doubt 无疑

8.beyond question 毫无问题，无可争辩 9.both…and （两者）都 10.break away 破除，脱离 11.break down 把…分解为 12.break in 打断（说话），闯进 13.break into 强行进入

14.break…into 分成（部分） 15.break off 弄断，打断 16.break out 突然发生，爆发 17.break through 突破，打通

18.break up打碎，结束，驱散，散开，分解 19.bring…into effect 使…发生作用

20.bring…into play 发挥，发扬，调动（积极性等） 21.bring about 带来，造成，引起 22.bring down 降低，减少，击落

23.bring forward 提出（建议论据等）把…提前 24.bring out 使显现，显示，生产，使产生 25.bring over 把…带来，使转变 26.bring up 抚养 27.build up 建立，增强 28.but for 倘没有，要不是 29.by accident 偶然地 30.by all means 尽一切办法 31.by and by 不久，迟早 32.by chance 偶然 33.by far 最， …得多 34.by hand 用手，用体力

35.by means of 通过，利用，用… 36.by mistake 错误地

37.by nature 生来，天生，就其本性而言 38.by no means 决不 39.by reason of 由于

40.by the way 顺便（说），附带地说 41.by virtue of 借助，由于

42.by way of 经过，经由，通过…方法 C

1.call for 要求；邀请 2.call off 取消 3.call on 拜访，访问

4.call up 打电话；召集；使想起

5.can not help but 禁不住 6.carry on 经营；进行；继续 7.care for 照顾；喜欢 8.carry off 拿走

9.carry out 执行，贯彻；进行到底 10.carry over 延期；运输

11.catch one‘s breath 喘息；屏息 12.catch one‘s eye 引人注目 13.catch sight of 看见，发现 14.catch up with 赶上 15.check in 办理登记手续 16.check out 办理结帐手续 17.cheer up 高兴，振作起来 18.chear up 清理 19.come about 发生 20.come around 顺便过来 21.come into force 开始有效 22.come into play 开始起作用 23.come into power 上台；开始掌权 24.come off 从…离开；进行 25.come on 来吧 26.come out 出版，发表 27.come round 顺便过来 28.come though 经历 29.come to 苏醒，共计

30.come to terms with 达成协议 31.come true 实现 32.come up 出现

33.come up against 碰到 34.come up to 达到 35.come up with 追上，提出 36.comment on 对…评论

37.concerned with 关于；涉及；忙于；关心；关切 38.contrary to 与…相反

39.convict…of 证明…有罪，宣判…有罪 40.cope with 对付；处理 41.count on/upon 指望，依靠 42.cover up 掩饰，掩护

43.cut down on 减少对…之消耗量 44.cut in 打断，插嘴

45.cut off 切去，割掉；切断；使孤立 46.cut out 删掉

47.cut short 缩短，打断…（谈话） D

1.day by day 日复一日 2.deal with 对待，处理 3.die down 枯萎，凋谢 4.die out 消失，灭绝 5.dig into 深入钻研 6.dig out 发掘出，发现 7.do away with 废除

8.do one‘s best 尽全力；尽量 9.do with 处理；忍受

10.do without 没有…也行，将就 11.draw in 进站

12.draw on 吸收；依靠；临近 13.draw up 起草，制订 14.drop by 顺便访问 15.drop in 顺便访问 16.drop off 减弱 17.drop out 退出 18.due to 因为 E

1.each other 彼此

2.either…or 或者…或者，不是…就是 3.end in 以…告终 4.end up 结束 5.even if 即使

6.even though 即使

7.every now and then 时时，不时的 8.every other 每隔一个

9.except for 除了…外；除去；撇开 F

1.face to face 面对面 2.fall apart 四分五裂；崩溃 3.fall back on 依靠，求助于

4.fall by the way 半途而废，中途退出 5.fall in with 偶尔遇到；同意 6.fall out 脱落

7.far from 远非，离…很远 8.feel like 喜欢

9.feel bitter at 对…怀恨 10.figure out 弄清楚，算出 11.fill in 填空，填写 12.fill out 填空，填好

13.find fault （with） 找茬，挑错 14.first of all 首先，第一 15.for a moment 一会儿 16.for ever 永远

17.for ever and ever 永远 18.for good 永远

19.for example 举例，例如 20.for instance 例如，比如 21.for noting 无故地，白白地

22.for one reason or another 因某种理由 19.for example 举例，例如 20.for instance 例如，比如 21.for noting 无故地，白白地

22.for one reason or another 因某种理由 23.for short 简称，缩写

24.for some reason （or other）由于种种原因 25.for the moment 目前，现在

26.for the most part在很大程度上，多半 27.for the present 目前，暂时

28.for the sake of 为了…的目的，为了…好处 29.for the time being 目前，当时 30.free from 没有…的，不受…的 31.from behind 从……后面 32.from now on 从现在起 33.from then on 从那时起

34.from time to time 时时，不时地 35.from under 从下面 36.from within 从里面 G

1.get across 使…穿过，渡过 2.get along 有进展

3.get along with 在…有进展，与…交往 4.get at 获得，领会 5.get away 离开，逃脱 6.get by 从…走过，从…通过 7.get down 下来，写，记下 8.get down to 认真对待 9.get hold of 抓住，理解 10.get in 进入

11.get into 进入…状态，研究 12.get off 起飞，离开 13.get on 获得进展

14.get on with 在…获得成功，于…友好相处 15.get out 离去，退出

16.get over 克服困难，从（疾病中）恢复过来 17.get rid of 除去，摆脱 18.get the better of 胜过 19.get through 结束，通过 20.get together 聚集一起 21.get up 起床，站起来 22.give away 分配，颁发

23.give back 归还，送回 24.give full play to 充分发挥 25.give in 屈服，让步

26.give off 发出（光，气体等） 27.give out 用尽，用完 28.give rise to 产生 29.give up 放弃 30.give way 让步，让路 31.go after 追逐，追求 32.go ahead 开始，进行

33.go along with 赞同，附和，支持 34.go around （消息等）流传

35.go in for 从事，以…为兴趣，爱好 36.go into 进入，调查 37.go off 爆炸 38.go on 进行，继续 39 go over 越过，仔细检查 39.go through 经过，经历，审查 40.go without 没有…也行 41.go wrong 出毛病 H

1.had better 应该，还是…好 2.had rather 宁肯，宁愿

3.had rather…than 宁肯…也不愿 4.hand down 把…留下来 5.hand in 交来，交上 6.hand on 依次传递 7.hand on to 把…传递给 8.hand out 分发 9.hand over 交出，转交

10.hang on 抓住不放，（电话不挂）等一会儿 11.hang up 把…挂起来，挂断（电话），延迟，拖延 12.have…in mind 记住…，考虑到 13.have an advantage over 胜于，优于

14.have an edge 具有优势

15.have nothing to do with 与…无关 16.have…at heart 对…甚为关心 17.head for 朝…方向走去

18.heart and soul全心全意地，全身心地 19.hold back 退缩，阻止 20.hold on 坚持，继续 21.hold on to 抓住，抓牢 22.hold out 维持，坚持 23.hold up 举起，提出 24.hurry up 匆匆完成 I

1.if only 只要…就好了 2.in a hurry 匆匆，匆忙 3.in a moment 立即，立刻 4.in a sense 在某种意义上 5.in a way 在一定程度上 6.in a word 简而言之

7.in accordance with与…一致，依照，根据 8 in addition 另外，加之

9 in addition to 加之，除…之外，并且 10.in any case 无论如何，不管怎样 11.in any event 无论如何，不管怎样 12.in between 在中间，每间隔，在…期间 13.in case 若，万一，如果 14.in case of 假如，防备 15.in charge of 负责，主管

16.in common（with） 与…共同，与…一样 17.in conclusion 最后，在结束时 18.in consequence 因此，结果 19.in consequence of 由于 20.in contrast 成对比 21.in contrast to 和…成对照 22.in contrast with 和…成对照

25.in debt 负债 26.in depth 深入地 27.in detail 详细地

28.in due course 在适当的时候 29.in due time 在适当的时候 30.in effect 实质上，实际上，有效 31.in fact 实际上

32.in favour of 赞成，支持，有利于 33.in front of 在…前面 34.in general 一般说来 35.in hand 手头上有

36.in hono（u）r of 为纪念，为庆祝 37.in large measure 很，大半，大部分 38.in （the） light of 根据 39.in line with 与…相一致 40.in memory of 纪念 41.in need of 需要 42.in no case 决不 43.in no time 立即，马上 44.in no way 决不

45.in one‘s mind’s eye 在…脑海里 46.in order that 为了 47.in order to（+inf.） 为了

48.in other words 换句话说，也就是说 49.in part 部分地，在某种程度上 50.in particular 特别，尤其 51.in passing 顺便 52.in person 亲自 53.in place of 代替 54.in power 掌权的，执政的 55.in practice 实际上

56.in proportion to 与…成比例 57.in public 公开地

58.in pursuit of 追求，寻求

59.in quantity 大量地

60.in question正在被谈论，被争论，成问题 61.in reality 实际上，事实上 62.in regard to 关于 63.in relation to 有关，涉及 64.in return 作为报答

65.in return （for） 报答，回报 66.in search of 寻找，寻求 67.in series 串联电路的，成串联的 68.in short 简言之 69.in sight 在视线之内 70.in spite of 尽管，虽然 71.in step （with） 与…同步 72.in terms of 根据，按照，在…方面 73.in that 在于，原因是 74.in the end 最终，终于 75.in the event of 万一

76.in the face of在…面前，当着…的面，不顾 77.in the final analysis 归根结底 78.in the first place 首先 79.in the last analysis 归根结底 80.in the least（用于否定句）一点，丝毫 81.in the long run 从长计议，从长远来看 82.in the meantime 在此期间，与此同时 83.in the running 参赛，参加竞选 84.in the short run 短期看来

85.in the strict sense 在严格的意义上 86.in the way 挡住路，碍事 87.in time 及时，终于 88.in touch 与…联系

89.in turn 依次，轮流， 反过来 90.in unison（with） 与…完全一致 91.in vain 无效地，无结果地，徒然 92.in view of 鉴于，考虑到

93.inasmuch as 因为，由于

94.in so far as 在…范围内，到…程度 95.instead of 代替，而不是 K

1.keep off 挡住，防止进入，不进入 2.keep on 继续，保持 3.keep…out 防止，不让…入内 4.keep one‘s word 守信用 5.keep pace （with） 跟上…步伐 6.keep to 坚持，固守（习惯）

7.keep up赶上，不落后，遵守，继续，保持 L

1.last but not least 最后但并不是最不重要的（一点） 2.lay aside 搁置一旁 3.lay down 铺设，规定 4.lay off 划分

5.lay out 安排，设计，展开 6.learn by heart 记住，背诵 7.learn by rote 死记硬背 8.leave alone 不管，听其自然 9.leave behind 丢弃，留下 10.leave off 停止 11.leave out 遗漏，省略 12.let alone 不打扰，更别提 13.let go （of） 松手放开 14.let off 排放，开枪，开炮 15.let out 放掉，发出 16.line up 排队，排成一行

17.little by little 一点一点地，逐渐地 18.live on 靠…生活

19.live up to 符合，达到…要求 20.look after 照看，目送，寻求 21.look at 看着，对待 22.look back 回头看，回顾

23.look down on/upon 轻视 24.look for 寻找，寻求

25.look forward to 向前看，期待，预料 26.look into 观察，调查 27.look on 旁观，观看 28.look out 留神，注意 29.look over 仔细察看，巡视 30.look through 浏览，详细核查

31.look up向上看，（在字典中）查找，向上看 32.lose heart 灰心，泄气

33.lose sight （of） 看不见，忽略 34.lots of 很多 M

1.make a difference between 区别 2.make a guess at 猜测

3.make certain 弄确实，查明；确信 4.make for 有助于，有利 5.make fun of 嘲弄 6.make one‘s way 前进 7.make out 弄清，认出

8.make over 转让，移交；改造，重做 9.make sense 讲得通，有意义 10.make sure 弄确实，查明；确信 11.make the best of 充分利用 12.make the most of 充分利用 13.make up 组成，构成；编造；化妆 14.make up for 补偿，弥补 15.make up one‘s mind 下定决心 16.make use of 利用 17.make away前进，获得成就 18.make way for 让路给… 19.many a 许多

20.mistake…for 错把…当做… 21.more or less 或多或少

N

1.needless to say 不用说 2.neither…nor 既不…也不 3.no less than 不少于 4.no longer 不再 5.no matter how

（what，who，when，where，whether/if）不论怎样（什么，谁，何时，何处，是否） 6.no more （…） than 至多，不多于，仅仅 7.no other…than 除…外没有，只有，正是，就是， 8.no sooner…than 一…就

9.none other than 不是别的…而正是

10.not （never） for a moment决不，从来没有 11.not only … but（also） 不仅… 而且 12.not so much … as 与其…不如 13.not that 并不是说

14.not that…but that 不是因为…，而是因为 15.nothing but 只有，只不过 16.now and then 时而，不时 17.now that 既然，由于 O

1.of course 当然 2.of late 近来

3.of little account 不重要的，价值不大的 4.of no avail 无效，无用 5.of on's own accord 自愿 6.of…importance 有…重要性 7.of…value 有…价值

8.off and on 不时，断断续续地，间歇地 9.off duty 下班

10.on （an） average 平均 11.on account of 由于，因为

12.on and off 不时，断断续续地，间歇地 13.on any account 无论如何 14.on behalf of 代表

15.on board 在船（车，飞机）上 16.on business 因事，因公

17.on condition that 如果，在…条件下 18.on earth 究竟，到底

19.on hand 在手头，在近处，现有 20.on no account 决不 21.on occasion 有时，间或

22.on one's head 归罪于某人，（责任）落到某人身上 23.on one's own 靠自己，独立完成 24.on purpose 故意地 25.on sale 出售，廉价出售 26.on schedule 按计划

27.on second thoughts再次考虑，仔细考虑 28.on the average 平均 29.on the contrary 相反地 30.on the ground（s） of 根据 31.on the （one） hand 一方面 32.on the other hand 另一方面 33.on the part of 就…而言 34.on the point of 就要…的时候 35.on the spot 在现场，当场 36.on the whole 整体来看，总的来说 37.on time 准时

38.once （and） for all 一劳永逸地，永远地 39.once again 再次 40.once in a while 偶尔 41.once more 再一次，又一次 42.once upon a time 曾经，以前 43.one another 彼此 44.or else 否则，不然 45.or so 大约，左右 46.other than 不同于，除了 47.out of 从，来自，由 48.out of breath 喘不过气来

49.out of control 失控 50.out of date 过时 51.out of doors 在户外 52.out of doubt 无疑

53.out of order 出故障，秩序混乱 54.out of place 位置不当，不相称的 55.out of power 丧失权利 56.out of sight 看不见

57.out of step 步伐不一致；不协调 58.out of the question 不可能的，办不到的 59.out of touch 脱离接触，失去联系 60.over and above 在…之上；在…之外（还） 61.over and over（again） 反复，一再 62.owing to 由于，因为 P

1.pass away 去世 2.pass on 把…传给别人 3.pay attention to 注意 4.pay back 偿还，回报

5.pay off 还清（债务）；取得成功 6.pick out 挑出，拣出；辨认出 7.pick up 拾起；（中途）搭车；学会 8.play…part 起…作用

9.play into sb‘s hands 为某人谋方便；有利于某人 10.play…role 起…作用 11.plenty of 大量的；丰富的 12.point of view 观察点；观点 13.prior to 在…前，先于

14.pro or con 正面或反面的理由；赞成或反对 15.provided that 假如，在…条件下 16.pull down 拆除，推翻

17.pull in （车）进站，（船）到岸 18.pull out 抽出；（车，船）驶出 19.pull up 提出；插入；实行

20.put an end to 结束，终止，废除 21.put aside 放在一边，撇开；储存 22.put down 放下，记下；镇压 23.put forward 提出 24.put in 花费，付出 25.put into effect 实施 26.put into operation实施 27.put into practice实施 28.put off 延期；消除 29.put on 穿上，戴上；上演 30.put out 扑灭；关灯；公布，出版 31.put to use 使用 32.put up 举起；建造；张贴 33.put up with 忍受 Q

1.Quite a few 不少，相当多 R

1.rather than 与其…（不如）；不是…（而是） 2.regardless of 不顾；不管 3.result from 由…造成 4.result in 导致，产生 5 right away 立即，马上

6 run into偶然碰上；遇到（困难）；共计 7 run out （of） 用光

8 run over 跑过去；撞倒；溢出 9 run through 刺穿，贯穿 S

1.set…off 送别，送行 2.see…through 看透，看穿 3.see to 负责，注意，照料 4.send for 派人去请；召唤；索取 5.send in 递送；呈交，提交 6.send off 寄出；为…送行；解雇 7.serve as 用作

8.set about 开始，着手 9.set apart 使分离；使显得突出 10.set aside 搁置一旁；留出，拨出 11.set back 推迟；阻碍 12.set down 记下 13.set free 释放

14.set off 出发；激起，引起 15.set out 动身，启程；开始 16.set up 建立，树立，创立 17.settle down 定居；沉淀 18.side by side 一起，肩并肩地 19.sit down on 反对 20.slow down 减速

21.so as to （+inf.） 以便 22.so…as to （+inf.） 这样…以致 23.so far 迄今为止；就此范围来说 24.so far as…be concerned 就…而论 25.so far as…know（s） 就某人所知 26.so long as 假如；只要 27.so that 为了，以便

28.sooner or later 迟早；终归 29.stand for 代表；主张，支持 30.stand out 突出，引人注目 31.stand up to 抵制，抵抗 32.stand up for 支持，为…辩护 33.step by step 一步一步地，逐步地 34.stick to 坚持，忠于；紧随 35.stick with 坚持；继续 36.straight away 立即 37.such as 例如，诸如 38.sum up 总结，概括 T

1.take advantage of 利用，占…便宜 2.take after 与（父母）相象

3.take apart 拆开，拆卸 4.take care of 照管

5.take charge 开始管理；接管 6.take （a） delight in 以…为乐 7.take down 取下，记下；拆开 8.take in 欺骗，愚弄；领会，理解 9.take effect 生效，起作用

10.take…for granted 认为…理所当然 11.take…into account 考虑

12.take on 具有；担任（工作等）；雇佣 13.take one's time 不着急，不慌忙

14.take over 接管，接任；把…从…处运到另一处 15.take part （in） 参加 16.take place 发生 17.take the place of 代替

18.take the trouble to （+inf.） 不辞劳苦，费力 19.take to 开始从事；养成…的习惯；培养 20.take turns 依次，轮流 21.take up 开始从事；占据 22.thanks to 由于 23.that is 也就是说，即 24.that is to say 也就是说 25.the instant （that） 一…就 26.the moment （that） 一…就 27.the same as 与…一样 28.think of 想起；考虑；关心 29.think of…as 认为…是 30.think over 仔细考虑 31.throw away 仍掉，抛弃

32.throw doubt on/upon 对…产生怀疑 33.throw off 仍掉；摆脱 34.throw light on/upon 阐明 35.time and again 一再 36.to advantage 有利地，有效地

37.to excess 过分，过度，过量 38.to no avail 完全无用，毫无效果 39.to the advantage of 对…有利 40.to the best of 就…所及

41.to the fore 在前面，到前面；在显著地位 42.to the point of 到…程度 43.to the point that 到…程度 44.to…degree 达到…程度 45.touch on./upon 触及，涉及 46.true of 符合于…，对…适用 47.try on 试穿（衣服） 48.try one's best 尽力而为 49.try out 试用，试验

50.tune in （to） 调谐，收听（电台） 51.turn down 翻下；调小或调低；拒绝 52.turn in 上交，交还

53.turn loose 放开，释放；听凭，放纵 54.turn off 关掉（灯，水管等）；拐弯 55.turn on 打开（灯，水管等）

56.turn out 关掉（收音机，灯等）；生产，制造；驱逐；结果是 57.turn out （to be） 结果（是） 58.turn over 仔细考虑 59.turn to 转向，求助于

60.turn up 出现，出席，来到；开大，调大（灯火等） U

1.unaware of 不知道…，没觉察到… 2.under way 进行中

3.up to 多达；直到；取决于，决定于

4.up to date最新的，新式的；切合目前情况的 5.upside down 颠倒，倒置 6.use up 用完，耗尽 W

1.wait for 等待 2.wait on 服侍

3.warm up 热身，使暖起来 4.watch out （for） 密切注意 5.watch over 看守，照管，监视

6.wear out 穿破，用坏；耗尽；（使）疲乏 7.what about…？ （征求意见时用语）怎么样？ 8.what if…？ 如果…将会怎么样？ 9.whether…or 不管是…还是 10.wipe out 消灭

11.with a view to 以…为目的

12.with a （the） view of 以…为目的 13.with a view towards （to） 以…为目的 14.with regard to 关于，对于 15.with relevance to 与…有关 16.with respect to 关于，至于

17.with the exception of 除了…，除…之外 18.without question 毫无疑问 19.word for word 逐字地 20.work at 从事，致力于 21.work on 从事；对…有影响 22.work out 作出；制定出 23.work up 详细研究；引起，激起 24.work with 对…行得通，对…起作用 25.would rather 宁可，宁愿 26.would rather…than 宁愿…而不 Y

1.year in and year out 一年一年地，年复一年

3. “英语（二）”常考词汇

第一单元 1.常考单词：

goal，objective，accomplish，predict，accompany，implement，tendency，achievement，argue，budget，define，entity 2. 常考词组：

in the way，in part，point of view，contribute to，to apply for，in hand，to turn down 3. 常考句子：

1）A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.

2）Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance. 3）If there is no choice，there is no decision to be made.

4）For managers every decision has constraints based on politics，procedures，laws，precedents and the like. 5）For example，managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion.

6）Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is，which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.

7）In the larger scheme of things，however，increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.

8）Some of these objectives are more important than others，but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department. 第二单元 1.常考单词：

escape，explode，collapse，shrink，gravity，measurement，basis，launch，convincing，companion，speculation，swallow，operate，to make use of，a great many，above all 2. 常考句子：

1）Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape.

2）The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point. 3）Some people think that the Start of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.

4）If a man fell into a black hole，he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. 5）It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.

6）On the other hand，scientists have suggested that every advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. 第三单元 1.常考单词：

weaken deteriorate debate legal request criterion ensure oppose tradition consideration disabled burden vulnerable prohibition sensitive 2. 常考词组：

to debate on to make request for be opposed to to take … into account 3. 常考句子：

1）Affected with a serious disease，van Wendal was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.

2）Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final，lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands.

3）The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown，it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.

4）What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right. 第四单元 1.常考单词：

demestic statistics diplomat exploit campaign execute convict despite deserving shelf minimum status deport 2. 常考句子：

1）There are estimated to be more than 20，000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain. 2）Of these 20，000，just under 2，000 are being exploited and abused by their employers.

3）The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases.

4）A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder，despite protests form various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established.

5）She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka.

6）Because she found it difficult to feed her four children，she accepted a job working as a domestic in London. 7）So if they do complain，they risk being deported. 第五单元 1.常考单词：

Musician，rhythmic，distinct，consciousness，originate，readily，instrument，electronic，thereby，passive，participant 2. 常考词组：

to take place to take over to take on in a sense at a stretch to serve as in advance for the sake of 3. 常考句子：

1）The new music was built out of materials already in existence. 2）Folk music，old and modern，was popular among college students. 3）They freely took over elements form jazz，from American country music.

4）With records at home，listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could. 第六单元 1.常考单词：

efficiency increasingly install personnel expose reduction completion specific switch critical intensity scale defective 2. 常考词组：

in that in question plenty of 3. 常考句子：

1）Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry，where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies.

2）Robots，already taking over human tasks in the automotive field are beginning to be seen，although to a lesser degree，in other industries as well.

3）The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials，preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation.

4）Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task，they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one.

5）Engineers skilled in microelectronics and computer technology are developing artificial vision for robots. 6）With the ability to “see”，robots can identify and inspect one specific class of objects out of a stack of different kinds of materials.

7）Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. 第七单元 1.常考单词：

research attach underlie relevant positive possession desirable relaxation occupation urban acquire participation 2. 常考词组：

be concerned with be relevant to to set … as objective 3. 常考句子：

1）People in advanced industrial societies are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure.

2）The importance people attach to paid holidays and the rapid development of services for mass entertainment and recreation are signs of this increasing concern.

3）The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual.

4）Since leisure is basically self-determined，one is able to take to one's interests and preferences and get involved in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.

5）Basically，such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area of life and a belief that Leisure can and should be put to good use.

6）For example，the degree to which and the ways in which a school encourages participation in games，sports and cultural pursuits are likely to contribute to the shaping of leisure attitudes on the part of the students.

7）Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment of a balanced development of the person. 8）The more seriously this is sought，the more likely positive attitudes towards leisure as well as academic work will be encouraged. 第八单元 1.常考单词：

flight negotiation transport overcome internal external rhythm feasible assumption promote 2. 常考词组：

effect on to blame… on to advantage now that out of step to leave … alone 3. 常考句子：

1）The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time. （para.1） 2）The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize. （para.2） 3）He later blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag. （para.3）

4）Now that we understand what Jet lag is，we can go some way to overcoming it.（para.4）

5）The other belongs in our internal clocks which，left alone，would tie the body to a 25 hour - yes，25 - rhythm.（para.5）

6）In time the physiological system will reset itself，but it does take time. （para7）

7）One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors. （para.8） 8）It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone. （para.9） 第九单元 1.常考单词：

classify approximate proportion appreciation acknowledge alter lengthen wealthy neglect expectation 2. 常考词组：

to approximate to resistance to to cope with attribute … to 3. 常考句子：

1）Nation classified as “aged” when they have 7percent of more of their people aged 65 or above. （para.1） 2）The nearer a society approximates to zero population growth，the older its population is likely to be - at least，for any future that concerns us now.

3）The older you are now，of course，the greater this proportion will be，and greater still if you are a woman. 4）If you are now in your thirties，you ought to be aware that you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60. 第十单元 1.常考单词：

election vote certainty loyalty decline democrat strategy pursue impact headquarters economy stir congress representative 2. 常考词组：

to identify……as impact on 3. 常考句子：

1）Candidates try to project a strong leadership image. （para.4）

2）Whether voters accept this image，however，depends more on external factors than on a candidate's personal characteristics. （para. 4）

此句注意主语从句作主语。

3）A year later，with the nation's economy in trouble，Bush's approval rating dropped below 40 percent. 4）Candidates are particularly concerned with winning the states which have the largest population.

5）Clinton received only 43 percent of the popular vote in 1992，compared with Bush's 38 percent and Perot's 19 percent. 第十一单元 1.常考单词：

disorder irrelevant misleading irresponsible eventual replace partly undergo suitable to do research into be central to be irrelevant to to aim for 2. 常考句子：

1）The use of animals has been central to the development of anaesthetics.

2）Animal research is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results.

3）People and animals are different in their reactions to drugs and in the way their bodies work.

4）It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people that had not been thoroughly tested on animals. 5）The eventual aim of computer modeling is to reduce the number of animals used in experiments.

6）Many other new techniques are now available that enable more research to be done in the test tube to see if chemicals produce harmful biological effects.

7）The number of animals used in laboratory tests has declined over the last 20 years.

8）This is partly due to alternatives and partly to the fact that experiments are better designed so fewer need to be used.

9）Professor David Morton of the department is involved in animal research and is concerned with reducing animal suffering as much as possible.

10）This includes keeping them in more suitable cages. include 后面接动名词作宾语。

11）In the US，one experiment in nerve regeneration involves cutting a big nerve in a rat's leg. involve 后面接动名词作宾语。

12）When it comes to research into heart disease and its effects on the body，or diseases of the brain for example，we do not have adequate substitutes for the use of animals. When it comes to 当提到 … 的时候 第十二单元 1.常考单词：

symptom intellectual detail initial inventor confront sensitivity reflection

creativity character trace modest investment to substitute … for be contrary to to put off be confronted with to gaze at be unaware of to impress…on be free from be beneficial to 2. 常考句子：

1）At its best，daydreaming was considered a compensatory substitute for the real things in life. 2）There are always those who would substitute fantasy lives for the rewards of real activity.（para.2） 3）Most people suffer from a lack of daydreaming rather than an excess of it. （para.2）

4）Not only are they less able to deal with the pressure of day-to-day existence，but also their self -control and self-direction become endangered. （para.2）

5）But its beneficial effects go beyond this. （para. 3） Go beyond 表示“超越 …，不仅仅是 … ”

6）Historically，scientists and inventors are one group that seems to take full advantage of relaxed moments. Take advantage of 利用

7）Whenever confronted with a task which seemed too hard to be dealt with，he would stretch out on his laboratory sofa and let fantasies flood his mind. （para.7）

8） Picture yourself as winning and that will contribute remarkably to success.

The important thing to remember is to picture these desired objectives as if you had already attained them.

第十三单元 1.常考单词：

compel voluntary undertake coincide manual

efficiency compulsion division eliminate boring amusement so far as …knows to coincide with attitude toward to go in for 2. 常考句子：

1）He cannot be really happy if h is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing.

2）Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends，not on the job itself，but on the tastes of the individual who undertake it.

3）The difference does not，for example，coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job.

4）So that it is natural for him to imagine that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring，and the more hours he is free to play，the better. 第十四单元 1.常考单词：

device compassion grab belonging threatening convince foster persuasion avail suspect profound to convince sb. to do sth. to comment on 2. 常考句子：

1）It was a microcassette found in Kathleen Weinstein's shirt pocket that not only led police to her alleged killer but also revealed the New Jersey teacher to be a woman of extraordinary courage and compassion. 本句是个强调句，另外注意 found 的用法

2）It was there，police believe，that Weinstein was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag. 本句是强调句。 3）Weinstein's body，with hands and feet bound，was discovered by a hiker on March17.

4）But before she died she somehow slipped the microcassette into her pocket without her killer knowing it. 第十五单元 1.常考单词：

solely content sensible persist vital logic evaluate raw ultimate functional

extension undue concrete conquer error prolong technician proof possess to pull down to mistake…for to distinguish between to come to terms with to end in to reflect on to come about to speculate on

2.常考句子：

1）Electronic brains can reduce the profusion of dead ends involved in vital research.

2）Nor do they connect a man to the things he has to be connected to - the reality of pain in others. 注意本句的倒装形式。并且注意“ connect … to ”表示“把 … 与 … 连接起来”。

3）The reason these matters are important in a computerized age is that there may be a tendency to mistake data for wisdom. 本句中注意“ tendency ”后面要接动词不定式作定语。另外“ mistake … for ”表示“把 … 错认为 … ” 4）For the danger is not so much that man will be controlled by the computer as that he may imitate it.

4. “英语（二）”复习资料

一、历年习题按语法总结 1. 动词

———谓语动词的时态和语态，非谓语动词，虚拟语气

1. Lots of empty beer bottles were found under the young man's bed； he __________ heavily. A. must have drunk B. must drink C. should drink D. had to drink 2. __________ home， she found that she had left the key at the office. A. To have arrived B. To arrive C. While arriving D. Arriving

3.In deciding __________ a course of action,the candidates tried to estimate its likely impact on the voters. A. what to pursue B. which to pursue C. whether to pursue D. if to pursue 4. __________,they began to get down to business. A. The holidays are over B. The holidays were over C. The holidays being over D. The holidays had been over 5. __________ nothing to say,the boy shied way from the crowd. A. Have B. Having C. Had D. Having being

6. The young doctor could not sleep at night,the worsening condition of a patient __________ him. A. disturbing B. disturbed C. being disturbed D. to disturb 7. Should she come tomorrow,I __________ take her to the museum. A. can B. will C. would D. must

8.If we __________ everything ready by now， we should be having a terrible time tomorrow. A. hadn't got B. didn't get C. wouldn't have got D. wouldn't get

9. __________ for your help,I would not have over come the psychological pressures and tensions. A. Not been B. Without being C. Had it not been D. Not having been

10.Would't you rather your child __________ successful with his study and won the scholarship？ A. became B. become C. would become D. becomes

11.You needn't __________ him about this since he could find out for himself. A. tell B. be telling C. have told D. have to tell

12. If you ______ my advice,you wouldn't be in such trouble now. A. took B. takes C. has taken D. had taken

13. The meeting ______,we left the room quickly for dinner. A. over B. was over C. is over D. been over

14. All the money ______,Frederick started looking for work.

A. having spent B. has been spent C. having been spent D. had been spent 15. ______ his talk when Mary ran out of the lecture hall.

A. Hardly had be begun B. Hardly he had begun C. Hardly he has begun D. He hardly had begun

16. Much of the carbon in the earth __________（come）from things that once lived. 17. China is not what she __________（use）to be.

18. In the past two decades,research __________（expand）our knowledge about sleep and dreams. 19. Television ads __________ usually __________（repeat）over and over again.

20.Some proverbs _______ （be）in the language for 1,000 years,for example,A friend in need is a friend indeed. 21.The nations that __________ actively __________ （involve）in earthquake prediction programs include Japan, China,Russia,and the United States.

22.In 1991,after the Gulf War,Bush's approval rating reached 91 percent,the highest level recorded since polling __________（begin）in the 1930s.

23.Seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day __________ （make）us tolerate crime more than we should.

24.All the worries they might have felt for him __________ （drive） off by the sight of his cheerful face. 25.Little did they realize that they __________（make）an important discovery in science.

26. Some people think relations between people _____ （deteriorate） so much that understanding and friendship are almost impossible.

27. Let's hurry up. She _____ （must， wait） for us.

28. Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what _____ （happen） to her.

29. Many a writer of newspaper articles __________ （turn） to writing novels during the past decade.

30. There __________ （estimate） to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain in 1995. 31. So far， Irving __________ （live） in New York City for ten years. 32. The patient __________ （send） to another hospital before we got there.

33. Coffee delays the body clock in the morning,and __________ （advance） it at night. 34.Cancer research __________ （make） all over the world in the past twenty years. 35.There was a mistake on my paycheck. I __________ （receive） 10more.

36.The second half of the nineteenth century __________ （witness） the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi.

37. Once harm __________ （do） to the environment,it takes years to have the system recovered.

38. This project __________ （accomplish） by the end of 2006 will greatly improve the basic facility of the city. 39. Investigations into the cause of the shipwreck show that the ship _________ （sink） the moment it hit the rock . 40. If that sounds like far-fetched fantasy,consider these interesting findings that __________ （emerge） from eight years of sleep and dream research at the VA Hospital.

41. A great number of the body's events __________ （schedule） to occur at a certain time of day. 42. It is these messages that __________ （form） the basis of the child's self-esteem. 43. With all this done,I __________ （free） from all troubles and responsibilities.

44.If you cannot understand,ask:\"Would you mind __________（rephrase）the question,please？\"

45. Many preschool teachers do not like to have commercially make toy weapons __________ （bring） into the classroom. 46. Robots， already taking over human tasks in the automotive field， are beginning __________（see）in other industries as well.

47. Let us consider the earth as a planet _________（revolve）round sun.

48.A man cannot be really happy if what he enjoys __________（do）is ignored by society as of no value or importance. 49.Anyone _________（want）to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.

50.It is a well-know fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes ________（control）his direction. 51.As research techniques become more advanced,the number of animals ____（use）in experiments may decrease. 52.Robots， __________ （become） increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed world,are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervention. 53.They were often compelled __________ （work） twelve or fourteen hours a day.

54.It has been proved that their best ideas seem __________ （occur） when they were relaxing. 55.Her body,with hands and feet __________ （bind）,was discovered by a traveler early in the morning. 56.Anyone __________ （want） to live in the new century will have to know about the computer.

57.It has been proved that some people's best ideas seem __________ （occur） when they are relaxing and daydreaming. 58.They may have their passports __________ （remove）, making leaving or \"escaping\"actually impossible. 59.This poem,if __________ （translate） word for word into Chinese,will make no sense.

60.Robots， already taking over human tasks in the automotive field， are beginning __________ （see）, although to a lesser degree， in other industries as well.

61.Anyone __________ （want） to understand the industry of the future will have to know about IT （information technology）. 62.__________ （tell） that some guest were coming, she shopped all morning in the supermarket. 63.It is said the conference is __________（hold）in this hall next month.

64.As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals used in experiments may decrease, but stopping _________（test）on animals altogether is a long way away.

65.A life __________（live）without fantasy and daydreaming is a really poor life indeed.

66. When _____ （present） with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems and production managers see production problems.

67. Would you mind _____ （rephrase） the question,please.

68. They used to _____ （work） twelve or fourteen hours a day at that time.

69. An organization is a group of people, and a decision __ （make） today may have consequences far into the future. 70. For managers, every decision has constraints _____ （base） on policies, procedures and laws. 71. As I'll be away for a year, I'd appreciate _____ （hear） from you now and then.

72. What developed was a music readily _____ （take） on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression. 73. Many other new techniques are available that enable more research _____ （do） in the test tube. 74. _____ （not, get）enough hands, she had great difficulty in accomplishing the task.

75. A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after _____ （convict） of murder. 76. With apples at 25 cents a pound, we couldn't resist _____ （take） four pounds.

77. When _____ （give） the chance, it is quite possible for him to fulfill the task within ten days. 78. I‘ll be only too pleased _____ （help） out those who are in difficulty.

79. Television is another major instrument of communication, _____ （permit） us to see as well as to hear the performer. 80.There are several means _____ （measure） the length and width of the gap.

81. _____ （seize） Jane by the collar, they dragged her out of the vehicle and locked her up in the dark room. 82.I couldn't help but _____ （feel） this is a very strange life.

83. _____ （use ） economically， one tin of oil will last at least three months.

84.It seems reasonable to assume that, other things _____ （be） equal, they would prefer single to shared rooms. 85. With the strike _____ （settle）, the work on the new assembly line went ahead like wildfire. 86. People appreciate _____ （talk） with him because he is knowledgeable and humorous.

87. Since the author did not stick to the topic, I found his article very _____ （confuse） and hard to follow. 88. You may find yourself _____ （face） one interviewer or panel.

89. _____ （understand） the effects of apartheid it is necessary to think of the daily lives of the people. 90. The domestics can have their passports removed， _____ （make） leaving or \"escaping\" virtually impossible. 91. Miss Hannah Arent was the first person _____ （define） the difference between work and labor. 92. I would rather he _____（buy）the house next year.

93.They demanded that the right to vote _____（give）to every adult person.

94.The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we _____ （meet） them before. 95.If it hadn't been for your help, we _____ （be） in real trouble.

96.If you had come earlier, you _____ （not miss） the first act of the play. 97.He would have given you more help, if he _____ （not be） so busy.

98. I would recommend that you _____ （think） about doing something similar for yourself. 99. She treats me as if I _____ （be） a stranger.

100. It‘s time something _____ （do） about the traffic problem downtown.

101. It was imperative that students _____ （finish） their papers before July 1st. 102. It is high time that we _____ （take） firm measures to protect our environment. 103. Had he been treated well, he _____ （get over） this disease.

104. If only the board _____ （approve） the proposal and put it into effect.

105. If thalidomide _____ （invent） today, it would never be released for human use because new tests on pregnant animals would reveal the dangers.

106. He _________（write） her 10 letters since he met her last years. 107. I think it necessary for him ________ （finish） the work in time.

108. The house is ______ （complete） before his brother's wedding ceremony. 109. You had better ________ （bring） enough money with you.

110. If I hadn't listened to you, I would _______ （make） such a silly mistake. 111. The three players repeatedly denied ________ （take） any drug. 112. People who are entitled to ________ （vote） should be over eighteen. 113. If she ______（catch） the 10 O'clock train, she can get there by lunch time. 2. 从句

———定语从句,名词从句和状语从句

1.It was there, the police believe, _____ she was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag. A. until B. which C. that D. when

2.It is not yet known _____ computers will one day have vision as good as human vision. A. whether B. if C. that D. how

3.Such attitudes amount to a belief _____ leisure can and should be put to good use. A. which B. if C. whether D. that

4. Many of us visited the industrial exhibition, , to our disappointment, we saw very few high-tech （高技术） products. A. where B. which C. as D. that

5. On the other hand concern is also growing about the possibility of a new economic order _____ resource-rich nations of the Third World would combine to set high commodity prices. A. which B. what C. that D. in that

6.Studies have shown _____ teenagers often suffer from depression. A. that B. which C .in which D. in that

7. It is becoming increasingly clear to policy-makers schools cannot solve all the problems of the larger community. A. that B. what C. when D. who

9. There is no doubt _____ a large number of people have benefited from heart surgery. A. what B. of C. if D. that

10. Such people _____ you describe are nowadays. A. as B. that C. who D. which

11. Was it in that school _____ he developed his interest in physics？ A. which B. from which C. where D. that

12. Why do you blame him for his poor judgment on the matter _____ he really needs is encouragement？ A. when that B. since that C. when what D. now that 13. _____, I couldn't get a job in this company.

A. Try as I might B. As I might try C. Try though I might D. I might try

14. It is a well-known fact ____ a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control his direction.

A. that B. if C. when D. whether

15. Very few people understood this contract, _____was very obscure. A. the language B. the language of which C. all it said D. which it had said 16. Management often works hard to set up a situation _____work is done in series. A. that B. where C. which D. what

17. Although Tom is satisfied with his academic achievement, he wonders ____will happen to his family life. A. it B. that C. what D. this

18. We cannot leave this tough job to a person _____.

A. who nobody has confidence B. in whom nobody has confidence C. for whom nobody has confidence D. who everyone has confidence of

19. Six out of every ten prisoners in chains are black, which is _____ the chain gangs call up images of slavery in centuries gone by.

A. where B. when C. what D. why

20.Robots differ from automatic machines _____ after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one.

A. so that B. in which C. given that D. in that

21. His name will be crossed out from the list _____ he makes the same mistake again. A. if B. unless C. because D. though

22. Five minutes earlier, _____we may have caught the gunman. A. and B. but C. or D. so

23. _____ I'm supposed to work by myself, there are other people who I can interact with. A. If only B. So long as C. Even if D. As far as

24. We hope that all the measures against sandstorms, _____ was put forward by the committee, will be considered seriously at the meeting .

A. while B. after C. since D. as

25. You are the best for the job _____ you apply your mind to it. A. until B. if only C. in case D. unless

26. Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable, _____ there is no \"absolute\" time and space. A. so that B. even if C. in case D. in order

27. In a sense, men of this kind begin not so much with a musical theme _____ with a completed composition. A. but B. than C. as D. that

28. You must push away the many temptations that are always present _____ your schedule is useless. A. and B. but C. or D. for 3. 比较级和最高级

1. The more time you waste, the _____（easy）it is to continue wasting time.

2.The _____ （far）away we get from the earth, the thinner the air becomes.

3.The greenest and _____ （plentiful） leaves are the leaves of grasses living all over the world.

4.We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the _____ （old） its population is likely to be.

5.Large or fat people who want to look _____（small）than they are usually wear dark clothes. 6. As Jane was the _____ （old）, she looked after the other children in the family.

7. The effect of rapid travel on the body is actually far _____ （disturb） than we realize. 8. The _____ （far） away we get from the earth, the thinner the air becomes. 9.He was unable to sit still for _____ （long） than a few minutes. 10.The more stress you are under, _____ （likely） you are to catch a cold.

11. Is this because pupils from Britain's private schools are more intelligent than those from state schools, or are they simply _____ （well） prepared？

12. They are too easily regarded as evaluated certainties rather than as _____ （raw） of raw materials crying to be processed into the texture of logic.

13. The _______ （good） he feels, the more work he will do. 4. 词形转换

1.The continuing professional education of _____ （high） educated adults will become a third level in addition to undergraduate and professional or graduate work.

2.The explorers were puzzled over what to do next because they were in a _____ （trick） situation.

3.These electric appliances are all similar in construction but each one is _____ （specialize） in its function. 4. The child was playing _____ （danger） near the edge of the swimming pool.

5.We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere _____（appreciate）of your help. 6.Robots, becoming ___（increase）prevalent in factories, are programmed and engineered to do more jobs. 7.The author of the text expresses a strong _____（disapprove）of working on and off frequently. 8. The government has taken measures to reduce the total energy ______（consume）. 5. 词汇和短语

1.Almost everything a manager does _____ decisions； indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. A. imposes B. improvises C. involves D. indicates

2.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space _____which matter has fallen and _____ which nothing can escape.

A. towards … towards B. into … from C. out of … from D. through … through

3.American men don‘t cry because it is considered not _____ of men to do so. A. characteristic B. tolerant C. symbolic D. independent

4.At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measures to help _____ domestic workers from abuse by their employers.

A. protect B. suspect C. expect D. inspect

5.The specific use of leisure _____ from individual to individual. A. ranges B. distinguishes C. varies D. covers

6.Nations are _____ as \"aged\" when they have 7 per cent or more of their people aged 65 or above. A. limited B. classified C. originated D. processed

7.It is touching to see how a cat or dog - especially a dog - _____ itself to family and wants to share in all its goings and comings.

A. attributes B. applies C. assigned D. attaches 8.She was more _____ than frightened.

A. surprising B. interested C. hated D. surprised

9.The attention of the public was continually _____ to new possibilities in scientific fields and the discovery of new knowledge.

A. applied B. drawn C. referred D. thrown

10.Few, _____ any,live their lives without some degree of unhappiness and suffering. A. like B. except C. if D. when

11.Many women are too concerned _____ staying thin and they believe that vitamins are some kind of magic cure to replace food.

A. of B. by C. with D. on

12.In education, there should be a good balance among the branches of knowledge that contribute _____ effective thinking and wise judgment.

A. at B. in C. for D. to

13. _____ the numbers in employment, the hotel industry was the second largest industry in this country last year. A. In line with B. In terms of C. In accordance with D. In proportion to

14.Air travel is so quick nowadays that we can leave London after breakfast and arrive in New York ____ eight hours. A. in B. for C. after D. until

15.It is also true that the effect of a drug is much _____ upon youngsters than adults. A. bigger B. fewer C. greater D. little

16.Because the reading _____ in most college courses are very heavy, students should plan to read every day. A. assignments B. schedules C. activities D. programs

17.For long-time efficiency and happiness it is best to observe the _____ of health and sound working conditions. A. principles B. ideas C. elements D. factors

18. _____ their differences, they fell passionately in love with each other. A. As for B. Owing to C. Despite D. Through

19. _____ yourself to the job in hand, and you‘ll soon finish it. A. Reply B. Imply C. Apply D. Supply

this because pupils from Britain‘s private schools are more intelligent than those from state schools, or are they simply _____ （well） prepared？

12. They are too easily regarded as evaluated certainties rather than as _____ （raw） of raw materials crying to be processed into the texture of logic.

13. The _______ （good） he feels, the more work he will do.

14.Air travel is so quick nowadays that we can leave London after breakfast and arrive in New York ____ eight hours. A. in B. for C. after D. until

15.It is also true that the effect of a drug is much _____ upon youngsters than adults. A. bigger B. fewer C. greater D. little

16.Because the reading _____ in most college courses are very heavy, students should plan to read every day. A. assignments B. schedules C. activities D. programs

17.For long-time efficiency and happiness it is best to observe the _____ of health and sound working conditions. A. principles B. ideas C. elements D. factors

18. _____ their differences, they fell passionately in love with each other. A. As for B. Owing to C. Despite D. Through

19. _____ yourself to the job in hand, and you'll soon finish it. A. Reply B. Imply C. Apply D. Supply

20.This will not only keep the study habit alive but also keep you up to ___ on your class assignments and projects. A. day B. date C. number D. time

21.I can't _____ the meaning of his poem because it's too vague. A. turn out B. put out C. figure out D. look out

22.Some people think that animal research is irrelevant _ our health and that it can often produce misleading results. A. with B. at C. on D. to

23. These networks are on the _____ for warning signs that show the weakening of rock layers that can precede an earthquake. A. eagerness B. alarm C. alert D. guard

24. _____ it was raining, many international tourists were having picnics in the woods. A. In spite B. In spite of

C. In spite of that D. In spite of the fact that

25. The students would not have made so much progress under less _____conditions. A. popular B. welcome C. favorable D. prosperous

26.The party has failed to _____ the majority of voters that it is capable of governing the country. A. trust B. credit C. convince D. believe

27. _____ driving around all day looking for somewhere to park,why don't you take a bus to town？ A. In spite of B. Rather than C. In place of D. Other than

28.The kids are _____ be hungry when they get home-they always are.

A. obliged to B. bound to C. desired to D. motivated to

29.All the characteristics that distinguish birds _____ other animals can be traced to prehistoric times. A. to B. between C. for D. from

30.When the city was _____, everyone knew that total defeat was certain. A. cut off B. cut down C. cut across D. cut out

31.In his composition there were no other errors _____ a few misspelled words. A. beside B. except C. then D. than

32. Is a phone conversation a good substitute _____a face-to-face talk？ A. for B. to C. of D. by

33. When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, _____ we should not play it. A. instead B. otherwise C. nevertheless D. either

34. He asked Julia to marry him but she _____ his proposal. A. turned up B. turned on C. turned over D. turned down 35. He said he wouldn't _____what would happen next. A. guarantee B. speculate C. oppose D. promise

36. The literary critics should be as _________ as possible in analysis and judgment. A. positive B. negative C. subjective D. objective

37. It took a long time for her to _____ the fact that her husband was dismissed. A. come up against B. come up to C. come up with D. come to terms with

38. As activity carried _____ as one thinks fit in one's spare time, leisure has several functions. A. on B. out C. off D. over

39. The other timing system belongs in our internal clocks, which, left ___ would tie the body to a 25-hour rhythm. A. behind B. alone C. out D. aside

40. It has been years _____I returned home. A. after B. that C. since D. when 41. We' ll keep you _____ any news.

A. up to date with B. in step with C. in line with D. in terms of 42. I'd like to go to the cinema, but I' m _____to. A. enable B. disable C. unable D. able

43. I‘m wondering why he hasn't turned _____ at the meeting. A. down B. up C. out D. over

44. Contrary _____popular belief, moderate exercise actually decreases your appetite. A. on B. at C. against D. to

45. _____ the storm, we have to postpone the flight.

A. Owing to B. Thanks to C. Because D. As

46. By using both ears one can tell the direction _____ a sound comes. A. in which B. from which C. over which D. with which

47. When she worked with the government, she _____ the difficult task of monitoring elections. A. overworked B. overtook C. underwent D. undertook

48. Apparently, it wasn't an accident. Someone must have done it on _____. A. intention B. determination C. purpose D. reason

49. _____ conclusion, walking is a cheap, safe and enjoyable form of exercise. A. In B. On C. By D. As

50. Julie went to the _____ to buy a pair of shoes.

A. shoes store B. shoe's store C. shoe store D. shoes' store

51. He has called a meeting of all parties with a _____ to form a new government. A. purpose B. reason C. view D. goal

52. Gazing into his eyes, she seemed to have _____ all he said. A. taken up B. taken over C. taken off D. taken in

53. In every major city there are more _____apartments than there are homeless people. A. blank B. vacant C. empty D. bare

54. They claim that _____$150 million is to be spent on improvement. A. sufficiently B. approximately C. considerably D. properly

55. These two areas are similar _____that they both have a high rainfall during summer. A. except B. so C. now D. in

56. It offers us a fuller sense of being intensely alive from _____ to moment.

A. time B. moment C. period D. instant 57. It may be worth remembering that _____ John Major didn‘t himself go to Oxford, most of his ministers did.

A. after B. since C. while D. if

58. The effects of rapid travel _____ the body are far more disturbing than we realize. A. on B. in C. for D. to

59. Her powers of persuasion were _____ no avail. A. for B. by C. with D. to

60. There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go through the _____of all shaking hands with you. A. process B. prospect C. precedent D. presence

61. It is the right to change employers which _____employment from slavery. A. distinguishes B. derives C. releases D. relieves

62. It is touching to see how a cat or dog _____ itself to a family and wants to share in all its goings and comings.

A. sacrifices B. opposes C. exposes D. attaches

63. A healthy self-esteem is a resource for coping when difficulties _____. A. rise B. raise C. arise D. arouse

64. The challenge is not one of expansion _____. the rapid growth in enrollment over the last 40 years has come to an end.

A. As a result B. By all means C. In contrast D. On the contrary 65.Hey, leave _____！I hate people touching my hair. A. behind B. out C. off D. over

66.I thought the problem of water shortage would _____ at the meeting but nobody mentioned it. A. come up B. come up to C. come over D. come to

67.There is a deadlock （僵局） in the discussion when neither side gives _____ to the over . A. a way B. way C. the way D. its way

68. This type of desk and chair can be adjusted _____ the height of students at different ages. A. with B. for C. to D. in

69. The next generation of robots will have a sense of _____. A. feel B. touch C. contact D. grasp

70. Scientists believe that you usually _____ to one idea at a time. A. attend B. tend C. pretend D. extend

71. from a systems point of _____, problems have multiple causes. A. sight B. idea C. perspective D. view

72. To these now familiar facts a number of further facts may be _____, some of them only recently recognized. A. shown B. proposed C. derived D. added

73. He argues that euthanasia doesn't take into _____ that there are ways of caring for the dying. A. opinion B. thought C. mind D. account

74. Two-thirds of the nation's voters still identify themselves _____ Democrats of Republicans. A. for B. as C. by D. over

75.Since we have a focused subject, we should not talk _____. A. at once B. at hand C. at intervals D. at random

76. It would be better to make a decision now, ______ leave it until next week. A. other than B. rather than C. less than D. more than 77. We'll inform you as soon as tickets become ______. A. valuable B. capable C. acceptable D. available

78. The foreign company has been______ running this factory for decades. A. enormously B. effectively C. infinitely D. extremely

79. The two sisters are _____ in many ways, not only in appearance but also in temperament. A. like B. likely C. alike D. lively

80. The purpose of the program is to provide training for employees so that they can work ______. A. late B. later C. lately D. latest

81. I hope my boy friend will be handsome, strong and ______ kind. A. above all B. in all C. at all D. after all 二、汉译英重要句型 1. 状语从句

1） 如果你坚持不听我的话,我就是要惩罚你。

If you persist in ignoring what I （have） said, I will punish you. 2） 如果你不努力学习,你就没有可能在竞赛中取胜。

If you do not study hard／work hard at your studied,you will stand no chance of winning / it will not be possible／it will be impossible for you to win in the contest. 3） 如果他被迫去做他不乐意做的事,他不可能高兴。

If he is compelled to do what he does not enjoy doing, he cannot be happy. 4） 不论他怎么说,我也不相信他

Whatever he says, I won't believe him.

5） 有些星辰的密度（density）达到某一点就会爆炸。

Some stars explode when their density increases to a certain point. 6） 直到最近我才意识到语言与文化密切相关。

I didn‘t realize that language was closely related to culture until （quite） recently that language and culture were so closely related to each other.

Not until （quite） recently did I realize that language was closely related to culture. 7） 我工作了一整天,所以你来看我时,我很疲倦。

I was very tired / exhausted when you came to see me, for I had been working the whole day. 8） 随着研究技术变得更加先进,用于实验的动物数量将会大大减少。

As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals used in experiments will greatly decrease / decline / reduce / lower.

9） 虽然管理者不能预测未来,但他们的许多决策还是要求他们考虑到未来可能发生的事情。Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider/take into account possible future events. 10） 爱因斯坦声称物质和能量是可以相互转化的,因此没有绝对的时间和空间。

Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable, so there is no absolute time and space/so time and space are not absolute.

11） 我因打破了眼镜,所以看不清当时发生了什么事。

I had broken my glasses （,） so I couldn't see what was happening.

I couldn't see what was happening because I had broken my glasses. / because of my broken glasses.

Because I had broken my glasses, I couldn't see what was happening. 12） 我更喜欢住在乡村,因为那里空气污染不太严重。

I prefer to live in the country in that the air pollution there is less serious. 2. 名词从句

2） 不用说,我们现在已不是生活在传统社会。

It goes without saying that we are not living in a traditional society. 3） 你是否把所有的钱都从银行里取出来由你自己决定。

It's up to you whether you will withdraw all your money form the bank. 4） 他们是怎样按计划完成这项工程的仍然是个谜。

How they had completed the construction in time / as planned remained / is still a mystery. 5） 他能否按时到达,现在还不得而知。

It is not yet known／It is hard to say whether／if he will arrive／come on time. 6） 人们认为饭后散步有助消化。

It is believed that taking a walk after meals promotes digestion / is good to your stomach. 7） 他说的与事实完全相反。

What he said was totally opposed to the facts.

8） 科学家正在研究为什么白日梦（daydreaming）会有益于人们的健康。

Scientists are studying why daydreaming is beneficial/conducive to people's health. 9） 他的肤色与他是否是个好教授没有关系。

The color of his skin is irrelevant to whether he is a good professor or not. 10） 那位生物学家相信某些动物物种正受到灭绝的威胁。

The biologist is convinced / believes that some animal species are faced with the danger of extinction. 11） 我不知道他是否能够提供有力的证据。 I wonder if he can provide positive proof.

12） 爱因斯坦声称物质和能量是可以相互转化的,因此没有绝对的时间和空间。

Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable, so there is no absolute time and space/so time and space are not absolute.

13） 最新的研究成果表明,白日做梦是日常生活的一部分。

Recent research indicates that daydreaming is part of daily life. 14）你所说的与我们正在讨论的豪不相干。

What you said has nothing to do/has no relevance with what we are discussing. 3. 定语从句

1） 一个具有文学艺术欣赏力的人能胜任这项工作。

A person who appreciates / A person with appreciation of art and literature is qualified for the job.

2） 处理这项事务的政府部门没有做统计。

The government department that deals with this does not keep statistics. 3） 短缺并未严重到你报道的那种程度。

The shortage do not exist to the extent that you report. 4. 比较级和最高级

1） 快速旅行对人体的影响比我们意识到的要大得多。

The effects of rapid travel on the human body are much greater than we realize. 2） 一个社会的人口增长率越接近零,其人口便越老龄化。

The nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population is. 3） 近年来,计算机在各个领域的应用越来越广泛。

In recent years, the computer is finding wider and wider application in all fields. 4） 时间是世界上最容易浪费也是最难以把握的东西。

Time is the easiest thing in the world to waste and the most difficult thing to control. 5）男人的平均身高比女人高几英寸。

On the average, men are higher than women by several inches/several inches higher than women. 6）这次考试比我们预想的要难得多。

The test was much more difficult than we had expected. 5. 动词

1） 众所周知,即使同样的休闲活动,不同的人可能使用的方式也不相同。

It is well known that even the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. 2） 据说那个病人曾要求医生助他一死。

The patient is said to have asked the doctor to help him die. 3） 几年前被认为不可能实施的手术现在医院都能做。

Operations that were considered impossible a few years ago can now be performed in many hospitals. 4） 绝大多数医学上的重大进步都是建立在动物研究基础上的。

Most of the major medical advances are based on animal research. 5） 演唱者是由他的学生担任钢琴伴奏的。

The singer was accompanied on the piano by his pupil. 6） 我们匆匆忙忙地赶回学校,生怕天会下雨。 We hurried back to school lest it should rain. 7） 三年前她曾在伦敦一家茶厂工作,工资很低。

Three years age she used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in London. 8） 将来还会有脑力劳动和体力劳动的区别吗？

Will there be any difference between the mental and the manual labor in the future？

9） 警察已着手对这个案子进行细致、全面的调查。

The police have taken a detailed and comprehensive investigation into the case. 10） 人们对于如何达到这个目标有不同的看法。

People have different ideas／views about how to attain the goal. 11） 现在的问题不是读什么书而是怎样读书。

The problem now is not what to read,but how to read. 6. 强调句

那时在大学生中流行的正是民间音乐。

At that time it was folk music that was popular among college students.

5. “英语（二）”汉译英应试技巧

1.事先筹划，再来做题

在翻译每一个句子时，一定要事先筹划：先要想好译成什么样的英语句子结构，是简单句还是复合句，或者是强调句、倒装句。如果选用了复合句，那么要明确哪部分是主句，从句采用的形式，是定语从句、状语从句还是其他的从句。在一个句子内，主语是什么，谓语用什么时态，是主动还是被动，要不要虚拟语气，这些都要事先筹划好。然后动笔进行翻译。遣词造句过程中，要格外注意一些细节问题：1）仔细斟酌、选用最能确切表达原文意思的英文单词或词组；2）名词的复数形式，动词的不规则变化，主谓语的一致性：3）单词的拼写，标点符号，大小写，冠词的使用等。任何一个细节注意不到都可能出错丢分。 2.灵活处理，提高把握

在翻译过程中，有时可能碰到一些英语单词不会写，这时千万不能灰心丧气，甚至放弃整个句子。这时可以寻找意思相近而自己熟悉的词或词组来代替。最好不要把那个词空着，更不要用汉字去替代。

对句子的结构同样也可以灵活处理，有些没把握的结构，可以用比较有把握的结构来代替。例如，复合句没有把握，可以用两个简单句来表示；分词做状语没有把握，可以用状语从句来代替等等。比如：这个由10人组成的委员会一致支持这一决定。 The panel/committee/board consisting of / which was composed of which was made up of which consist of

10 members supported the decision with one voice /all supported the decision . 3.注意书写和卷面整洁

这个问题本来可以不提，但常常被考生忽略。有的考生在考试中信手写来，一些不良的书写习惯也带了进来，例如“r”“V”，不分，“i” “l”，不分……，有的常常遗忘标点符号，从而造成不必要的丢分。

在对此题进行备考复习时，首先对以往做过的“汉译英”作业进行复习，特别是作业中的错误之处，要进行思考，以求提高水平和技巧。

其余的，则可和总复习一起进行，如语法复习、课文复习、单词复习等。但在复习过程中，对一些重点句、重点语法现象，除了记忆之外也要往“汉译英‘这方面想一想，自己给自己提问题：若要考汉译英，这部分可能出什么类型题？这样就会印象更深。

从最近几年的考试情况来看，汉译英主要包括定语从句、形容词或副词的比较级、被动语态、虚拟语气、it作形式主语或形式宾语、强调句型等。当然，汉译英的目的是将汉语的句意用规范的英语表达出来，用什么语法结构和词语是手段问题，只要译文的句意与原文一致，不出现重大的语法错误，拼写正确，就符合翻译的要求。

五、英译汉（Translation from English into Chinese） 应试技巧 1.准确理解

1）了解英汉表达手段的重大差别

A）英语习惯用被动语态，而汉语习惯用主动语态。汉语句子时常没有主语，而英语句子除了个别特殊情况（如祈使句、感叹句）以外，不能没有主语。所以，在翻译时，-定要把握英汉两种语言的不同表达习惯，既要忠实于原文，又要符合汉语的表达习惯。 例如：Something must be done to protect our environment from further pollution. （必须采取措施，使我们的环境免受进一步的污染。）

B）英语习惯用从句（长句），而汉语习惯用单句（短句）。在考试中要善于运用分译法，用汉语的短句来表达英语长句的内容。 例如： In warmer areas primitive man could use branches to make a framework which be then covered with leaves. （ 在气候较为温暖的地方，原始人类能用树枝搭建屋架，外面用树叶遮盖。） C）英语习惯用名词表示行为动作，汉语则往往相反。

例如：He paid a visit to an exhibition of advanced science and technology on Sunday. （星期天他参观了一个高科技展览。）

D）表达时间、空间时，英语习惯先小后大，汉语则往往相反。

例如：He was born in an out -of- way mountain village in South China at 2 a.m .on May6,1968. （他于1968年五月六日凌晨两点出生于中国南部一个偏僻的小山村里。） 2）通过语境吃透全文

词语的理解离不开上下文，这是我们在翻译中必须时刻牢记的一条。英语中一词一义的情况极为罕见，只有通过上下文才能了解单词的确切的含义。在翻译中，要特别注意以下三个问题： A）认真把握多义词在语境中的特定含义

例如：What you said sound reasonable.（你的话听起来有道理。） His father gave him a sound beating.（他爸爸痛打他一顿。） B）注意习惯用语的理解

英语历史悠久，拥有极为丰富的习语，对习语的掌握程度往往决定一个学习者的真实语言水平。因而，考试经常涉及这方面的内容。，例如：

I know this fellow from A to Z.（这家伙我非常了解。） C）确定代词在上下文中的指代关系

代词的理解更是离不开一定的语境 .代词、代名词或者代动词在句中指代的是什么只有在特定的语境中才能确定。对于代词的考查是英译汉常考之内容。在翻译中，有时代词只是照字面译为“这、那”是远远不够的，须将起代替的部分加以重述。 We have 365 days in a year.（一年有365天。）

A big nation had its problems,a small nation has its advantages.（大国有大国的问题，小国有小国的有利条件。） 2.翻译技巧 1）词类的转译

名词、动词、形容词往往根据需要转译为其他词类。例如：

My admiration for him grew more . （我对他越来越敬佩。）（n.- v.）

He acted as if he were a teacher. （他的举止像个教师。）（v.- n.）

Man differs from animals in that he is able to speak（人类与动物的区别在于他会讲话。（v -n） The new treaty would be good for ten years.（新条约有效期为十年。）（ adj- n.） 2）词的增补

在翻译过程中，经常遇到这种情况：英文原文中某些词语，无法用一般字典中相对应的汉语释义表达出来。翻译时考生应根据原文的意思，活用字典，用地道的汉语表达出来。有时要根据英语动词时态形式增补时间修饰语，有时要增补原文中的省略部分，有时要把代词还原为所指的对象，有时要增补连接词以加强修辞效果。例如： They are working on my bike. （他们正在修理我的自行车。）

He remained though he was badly ill.（虽然病得很重，但是他还是留了下来。） We found him at his book in the library.（我们发现他在图书馆看书。） 3）定语从句的翻译

英语和汉语的定语都有前置、后置之分。但不同的是：英语以定语后置为主：汉语则以前置为主，极少用后置。所以在翻译过程中，后置定语的翻译是一大难题，尤其是定语从句的翻译。通常有两种译法：一是译作前置定语；一是采用分译法。 限制性定语从句一般可按前置修饰语译作“……的”。

例如；This is the reason why an airplane sometimes must taxi a long way before taking off. （这就是为什么飞机在起飞之前有时必须滑行一段长路的原因。）

非限制性定语从句大多在句中起补充说明的作用，翻译时不改变其语序，而是根据其作用区别处理，有时通过重复先行词将定语从句译为并列句或独立句，有时加上连接词语，译为转折、目的、结果、原因、让步。、条件、时间等状语从句。

例如：In Southern France a solar furnace has been built，where temperature reach more than3,000 centigrade（在法国南部己经建造了一座太阳炉，炉温高达摄氏3000度以上。）

Copper,which is used so widely for carrying electricity,offers very little resistance. （铜的电阻很小，所以非常广泛地用来输电。） 3.做题步骤

考生要遵循三个基本要求，即“忠实、通顺、易懂”。译文要力求忠实原文，能直译则直译。也就是说如果直译出来的汉语通顺就直译，不便于直译的英语句子在处理时，要力求在忠实于原文的基础上，使译文通顺。 英译汉做题的步骤应该是： 1）了解段落大意。

通过把握主题段或主题句快速了解短文的主题思想，理解对于翻译短文是相当重要的，先思考，再动笔，不要反复涂改。有的考生往往是拿到试卷就开始翻译，“只见树木不见森林”，等译不下去了再回读，那样做既费时间又影响情绪。 2）理解和表达。

这是英译汉应试中的实质性阶段。鉴于试题具有一定的难度，尤其是长句的翻译，要在准确理解的基础上，按照汉语的表达习惯，用地道的汉语表达出来。 3）校改

校改是一个不可缺少的环节。考试过程中，考生不能像平时那样从容不迫，初译时往往侧重于理解，容易忽视译文的连贯性，从而译出英语式的汉语句子。所以，译完后要回过来看一看译文是否通顺连贯。还有一个不可忽略的问题是书写，一份整洁的答卷会取悦于判卷老师，也等于成功了一半。

6. “英语（二）”完整讲义

讲义一

Text A What Is a Decision ？ I.课文内容简介

决策的目的是制定和实现组织目标。作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西防碍目标或目的的实现。作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。决策者必须具备从多个可供选择的可能性中确定最佳选择的手段。而多种目标的顺序和重要性也部分地基于决策者的价值观。今天所作的决策可能会对将来产生深远的影响。因此，有经验的管理者能从当前决策看到将来的效果。 段落大意：课文分成三部分

第一、二段：决策的定义 The definition of decision

第三、四段：作决策的一般过程 The general process of making a decision

第五至九段：在管理层次上，多种因素影响决策的制定 Various factors influencing decision making at the managerial level II.New Words

organizational a. 组织上的 goal n. 目的，目标

objective n./a. 目标，目的/客观的，真实的 accomplish vt. 完成（任务等） predict vt./vi. 预言；预示 accompany vt. 伴随，陪同 implement vt. 实现；完成 constraint n. 强制；强制因素 precedent n. 先例，前例 simplify vt. 简化 tendency n. 趋势，倾向 managerial a. 经理的，管理人的 maker n. 制造者；制造商 achievement n. 完成，达到 attain vt. 达到；完成

optimal a. 最适宜的，最理想的 suboptimization n. 局部最优化 trade-off n. 权衡；物物交换 argue vt./vi. 争辩，争论 budget n./vt. 预算 scheme n./vt.把… 编入预算 define vt. 解释，给…下定义 multiple a./n.多样的，复合的/倍数 profitability n. 赚钱，获利

correctness n. 正确，正确性 unintended a. 非计划中的，非故意的 ongoing a. 进行中的，非故意的 entity n. 存在，实体 skilled a. 熟练的；有技能的 in the way 挡路、碍事 to make a guess at 猜测 and the like 等等，诸如此类 to seek to 追求，争取 in part 部分地，在某种程度上 point of view 观点 词汇精讲

1.goal n. 目标，进球，球门 （ 同义词：aim ，end ， purpose，objective） Her goal is a place at university . 她的目标是在大学任教。

2.objective ： n./a. 目的；目标（尤指较长远的目标）；宗旨/客观的，如实的 派生词：object n. 物体

反义词：subjective n./a. 主语；主观事物；/ 主观的，

用法： Her objective is to get a college education. 她的目标是接受大学教育。 If you don't work hard， you'll never achieve your objectives. 假如你不努力工作，你将永远达不到目的。Achieve表示较难达到的目标。 It is an objective report. 这是一篇如实的报道。 3.accomplish v. 完成（任务）等

The students accomplished the task in less than ten minutes . 学生们在不到10分钟内完成了任务。 4.predict ： v 预言，预示， 预告 同义词：forecast v. 预测，预报

It's hard to predict when it will happen . 很难预见这件事何时发生。 5.accompany ： v. 伴随，陪同

The lonely old man is accompanied by his dog. 这位孤独的老人让他的狗做伴。 All orders must be accompanied with cash. 所有的订货单必须随付现金。 派生词： company n. 公司； v. 陪伴 6.implement v. 实现，实施，履行（诺言）等

The committee's suggestions will be implemented immediately. 委员会的意见将立即贯彻执行。

The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year. 对全国医疗体系的改革将在明年进行。 7.constraint n. 限制， 约束

They told the truth but only under constraint. Constraint on the rules of grammer 他们说了实话但是有所保留（是被迫的）。 语法规则的限制（约束） 8.tendency ： n. 趋势，倾向

There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices. 人们在家里而不是在办公室里工作的趋势日益增长。 派生词：tend v. 趋向，倾向 用法：tend to do sth. He tends to get angry when people disagree with him . 当人们不同意他的意见时，他很容易生气。 9.achievement n. 完成，成就，

An Olympic silver medal is a remarkable achievement for one so young . 对一个如此年轻的人来说，获得奥运会银牌是个了不起的成就。 派生词：achieve v. 完成，做到，达到（目的），实现，获得 He will never achieve his objectives if he doesn't work hard . 如果他不努力，将会永远达不到目的。

10.attain ： v. 达到；获得 （长期努力后而获得）同义词：obtain， get

用法： She has made up her mind to attain her goal in life. 她下定决心要达到生活中的目标。 The apple tree has attained to a great height. 苹果树已长得很高了。 11.optimal adj 最佳的

The sailors are waiting for optimal weather conditions before taking off .船员们正在等待出航的最佳天气条件。 12.argue ： vt./vi. 争辩，争论，辩论 用法：

作不及物动词用时，后边可以接with， about 或over（就…争论），for （赞成）或against （反对） She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues. 她总喜欢为极小的问题进行争论。 He often argues philosophy with James. 他常和詹姆斯讨论哲学。 He argued for immediate action . 他主张立即行动。 They argued against such a policy. 他们反对这种政策。 作及物动词时，表示“说服、用辩论证明”的意思

I argued him out going on such a dangerous journey. 我说服他不做这样危险的旅行。 He argued that man was descended from apes. 他论证人类的祖先是猿。 13.scheme n 计划 方案

He has got a crazy scheme for getting rich before he is 20 .

他制定了一个在20岁之前发财的疯狂计划。 14.multiple adj 多样的 复合的

What the person does next is the result of the multiple influences to which they have been exposed . 一个人下一步会做什么是他受到的多种影响的结果。 15.ongoing adj 进行中的，前进的

No agreement has yet been reached and the negotiations one still ongoing . 目前还没有达成任何协议，谈判仍在进行。 16.entity n 存在 实体

He regarded the north of the country as a separate cultural entity . 他把这个国家的北方看成一个单独的文化实体。 17.skilled adj 熟练的，有技能的

My mother is very skilled at /in dress-making . 我母亲非常擅长做衣服。 Phrases and Expressions

1.（stand， get， be ） in the way 碍事 ，挡道的；妨碍人的

If you are not going to help， at least don't get in the way！ 如果你不愿帮忙，至少别妨碍人家。 The chair is in the way， please move it away. 这把椅子挡着路，请把它移开。 相关短语：

in a way 在某种程度上；在某些方面； 从某一点上看 in no way 决不；一点也不； in the way of 按照； 就…。 而言 by way of 取道，经由 by the way 顺便问一下 2.to make a guess at 猜测

You might have been able to make a guess at who she was. 你本来能够猜到她是谁。 Can you make a guess at the price ？ 你猜得出价钱吗？ 3.to seek to（inf） 寻求，争取

Power stations are seeking to reduce their use of oil . 发电站正在设法减少石油的使用

4.in part ： 部分地；有些部分；在某种程度上

This was in part due to financial difficulties. 部分是由于财政困难。 The responsibility was in part because of me. 部分责任在我。 5.point of view 视点，视角

The book looks at college life from a student's point of view.

这本书从一个学生的视角来看大学生活。

6.to vary from …to … 从…到…不同，因… 而异 Salary scales vary from state to state. 工资级别因州而异。

7.contribute … to 把… 贡献给…。

We'll contribute ourselves to this career after we graduate . 我们毕业后将为此事业作贡献。 contribute to 导致

Smoking is the main factor contributing to lung cancer. 吸烟是导致肺癌的主要因素。 8.be beneficial to 对… 有利

Jogging is beneficial to our health. 慢跑有利于我们的健康。 Reciting passages is beneficial to improving oral English. 朗读（背诵）短文段落对提高英语口语有利。 III.课文精讲 第一部分 Para.1

A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists， goals or objectives are wrong， or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 1.made from among alternative courses of action 是过去分词短语作定语 courses of action 行动方针

that are available 是定语从句，修饰概念短语“行动方针”

2.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists， goals or objectives are wrong， or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.

此句是由that引导的表语从句，表语从句由a problem exist； goals of objectives are wrong； 及something is standing in the way of accomplishing them三个并列句构成。

The reason for … is that 是一个常用的句子。例： The reason for canceling the travel is that they lack of money. 取消旅行的原因是他们手头缺钱。

The reason why … 是另外一个常用的句子。例：There are 3 reasons why they are unwilling to discuss insurance .他们不愿意谈论保险的原因有三个。 Para.2

Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions， indeed， some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future， many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance， but since uncertainty is always there， risk accompanies decisions. Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight； at other times they are serious. 3.a manager does是省略that的定语从句，修饰先行词everything

当先行词为everything， something， anything， nothing等不定代词时定语从句引导词不可用which， 此句的后半部分 some suggest that …… 是宾语从句suggest v. 认为，提出，建议（其后的宾语从句多用于虚拟语气） 4.although conj.“虽然，尽管”引导让步状语从句

例如：Although my car is very old，it still runs very well . 虽然我的汽车很旧，但是仍然跑得很好。

require vt. 要求，需要 后边由that引导一个宾语从句

5.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance， but since uncertainty is always there， risk accompanies decisions.

make a best guess at 作出最佳猜测，at 表示动作或行为的方向和目标，如：look at （看） ，aim at （瞄准，目的是），throw （a stone） at （向…掷石头），shoot at （射击），laugh at （嘲笑）

本句中what the future will be 是一个介词宾语从句，（作介词at 的宾语）； to leave sth. to chance “凭运气，听任命运的安排，听其自然发展” “as + 形容词（或副词）+ as possible”意思是“尽可能地…； 尽量”。 as little as possible 尽可能少

I tried to be as friendly as possible. 我尽量地表示友好。 Come as quickly as possible. 尽快来。

since uncertainty is always there 是一个原因状语从句。 risk accompanies decisions .风险伴随着决策 6.sometimes … at other times 有时… ，而有时则 … a poor decision 一个不良决策 第二部分 Para.3

Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice， there is no decision to be made. Decision making is the process of choosing， and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For example， a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. For managers， every decision has constraints based on policies， procedures， laws， precedents， and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization. 7.“选择”三个词的区别：

alternative adj.两者或多于两者选一个，供选择的，n.替代物 choice 选自己喜欢的，挑出，选出 select 选出最好的，筛选、精选

8.由 if 引导的条件状语从句， 主句中的不定式被动态 to be made作定语， 修饰decision 9.range n. 范围 a broad range of choice 一个很广的选择范围

10.For managers， every decision has constraints based on policies， procedures， laws， precedents， and the like. 本句中based on 是一个过去分词作定语修饰constraints. be based on 表示“建立在…基础上

例：The book is based on a true story. 这本书是以一个真实的故事为依据的。

He was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge， rather than guess or imagination. 他第一个画出以当时所有的知识为基础的地图，而不是基于猜测和想象。 and the like 意思是“等等 （之类的东西）”。

例：He studied painting， music， English and the like. 他学习了绘画、音乐、英语等等。 11.at all levels “在各个层次” Para.4

Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. If there are no alternatives， there is no choice and， therefore， no decision. If no alternatives are seen， often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done. For example， managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion； this is their way of simplifying complex problems. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives. 12.from which 引导定语从句，修饰 courses of action 行动方针 13.a thorough job of examining 一个彻底的考察工作

a thorough job是主语，of examining the problems 修饰job，has not been done是句子的谓语。 thorough a. 彻底的 through prep. 通过，穿过

though conj. 虽然，尽管 （ 同although ） thought n. 思想

14.For example， managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion ： either /or 意思是“非此即彼；二者择一”。

例：We fight， or we don't —— it's an either/or decision. 我们战斗或不战斗-这是二者择一的决定。 第三部分 Para.5

At the managerial level， decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them， and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.

15.At the managerial level， decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them， and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.

在as well as 结构中，强调前者 limiting alternatives ，不强调后者

译为：作决策包括限定选择和识别选择，或者译成：不仅包括识别选择还要包括限定选择（除了包括识别选择外还有限定选择） practically ad. 实际上，事实上（在口语中译为，几乎，简直）在本文中是几乎的意思。例如：几乎是不可能practically impossible Para.6

Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is， which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. Because individuals （and organizations） frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. Frequently， departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. Called suboptimization，

this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. For example， the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget. In the larger scheme of things， however， increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization. 16.An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. 一个省略that或which的定语从句，修饰a state of affairs “事物的状态，事态” to seek to do sth. 追求，争取，寻求，设法（去做某事）

17.Because individuals frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.

本句中，because 引导了原因状语从句；在主句中，who makes the decision 是作depend on 的介词宾语从句。

18.Frequently， departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. 两个that引导的都是定语从句，修饰decisions

less than 在此做状语，表示否定的含义， less than optimal “不太理想” 例如：This job is less than perfect. 这份工作不十分理想（完美）。

19.this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.

that引导定语从句，修饰trade-off “权衡” increases 和 decreases 是定语从句的并列谓语 Para.7

These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously. Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. Different managers define the same problem in differentterms. When presented with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems， production managers see production problems， and so on.

20.These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously. Because 引导的原因状语从句中，有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰many objectives

21.Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department. vary from … to … 表示各不相同的意思。

例：The percentage varies from person to person. （税收的） 比例因人而异。 22.When presented with a common case presented with 面对

过去分词短语前面加上when作时间状语。

为了表示明确的时间或条件，有时常在分词前面加上when， while， even if ， even though ， unless 等连词作时间、条件、让步等状语。 （详见语法要点） Para.8

The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based， in part， on the values of the decision maker. Such values are personal； they are hard to understand， even by the individual， because they are so dynamic and complex. In

many business situations different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.

23.The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based， in part， on the values of the decision maker. be based on 基于，取决于 in part 部分地，在某种程度上

对于多项目标的排序和重要性，部分地基于决策者的价值观。

24.different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.

两个about都是介词短语作定语，修饰前边的名词

不同人关于风险和收益可接受程度的价值观，导致了对于决策正确性的不同意见。 Para.9

People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. But from a systems point of view， problems have multiple causes， and decisions have intended and unintended consequences. An organization is an ongoing entity， and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.

25.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon assume vt. 认为，假定，设想 that 引导宾语从句 made today 过去分词短语作定语，“今天作出的决策”

far into the future 形容词短语作定语，“对将来有深远的影响”

27.Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions. the skilled manager “一个干练的管理者，一个有经验的管理者” current a. 当前的，现时的 n. 流，水流，电流，气流 一个干练的管理者可以从当今决策看到未来的结果。 附：重点句

1.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists， goals or objectives are wrong， or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 三个表语从句并列 （第一段）

2.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance， but since uncertainty is always there， risk accompanies decisions. 主从复合句（第二段）

3.For managers， every decision has constraints based on policies， procedures， laws， precedents， and the like. （第三段）

4.For example， managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion； （第四段）

5.Because individuals （and organizations） frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. 主从复合句（第六段）

6.Frequently， departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger orgnization. （第六段）

7.Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. （第七段）

8.When presented with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems， production managers see production problems， and so on. （第七段）

Text B Secrets of Success at an Interview I.New Words

title分析：Secrets：秘密 success n. 成功 succeed v. interview vt./n. 面谈，采访；面试，口试 criticism n. 批评；评论

candidate n. 候选人，候补者；应试者 vague a. 含糊的；不明确的 notion n. 概念；想法，看法

prospect n. 展望，景象；前景，前程 community n. 社区；共同体

unattractive a. 无吸引力的；不引人注意的 indifference n. 冷漠；不感兴趣 interviewer n. 接见者；面谈者 personality n. 个性；人格；品格 prospective a. 预期的；未来的 speechless a. 不会说话的；不说话的 clarification n. 澄清，阐明 correspondence n. 符合，一致；通信 photocopy vt./n. 复印，影印；照相复制本 resume n. 摘要，梗概；个人简历 inefficiency n. 无效；效能差 neat a. 整洁的；简洁的；整齐的

conservative a. 保存的，防腐的；保守的，守旧的

punk n. （俚）阿飞；朋克（70年代以来英国、美国的年轻人中的颓废派） a.颓废派的

miniskirt n. 超短裙 panel n. 专门小组

intimidate vt. 恐吓，恫吓 clutch vt./vi. 抓住，握紧

grip vt./n. 紧握，紧夹；掌握，控制 painful a. 痛苦的；费力的

rephrase vt. 重新措辞，改用别的话表示

词组：

to apply for 申请

day to day （=day-to-day） work 日常工作 to take the trouble to 不辞劳苦，费力 to put oneself in somebody's place 设身处地 to one's advantage 对某人有利 to ask for 请求，向…要；寻找 in hand 手头上有

to make sure 查明，弄确实；确信 at a disadvantage 处于不利地位 to turn down 拒绝；调小或调低；翻下 重点词汇词组讲解：

1.interview ： vt./n. 面谈，采访

派生词： interviewer（采访者） ， interviewee（被采访者） ， view （观点、见解）/风景）， interview（面试/采访）， preview（预习） ， review （复习） 2.Criticism ： n. 批评；评论

派生词：Criticize v. 批评；critical a. 挑剔的；批评的；关键的 3.prospect n. 展望，景象，前景

There's not much prospect that the war will be over soon. 这场战争很快结束的可能性不大。 4.indifference ： n.冷漠，不感兴趣

派生词：indifferent a. 冷漠的；不感兴趣的。 用法：indifference to 对…。 冷漠 5.inefficiency ： n. 无效，效能差

派生词：efficient a. 有效率的；efficiency n. 效率 6.neat a. 整洁的，简洁的，整齐的

You have got such neat handwriting . 你的书写真工整。 7.conservative a. 保存的，保守的，防腐的

I tend to be rather conservative in such matters . 我在这些事情方面向来比较保守。 8.grip v. 紧握，紧夹，掌握，控制

grip She gripped my hand in fear. 她因害怕紧抓住我的手。 相关的同义词：

seize He seized my hand ， shook it . 他抓住我的手，握着。（握手）

grab He grabbed the money and ran off . 他（急速）抓过钱就跑了。（逃之夭夭） grasp Grasp the rope with both hands. 用双手抓牢绳索。

hold He was holding a knife in one hand. 他一只手抓着（握着）一把刀子。 catch The child caught a bird . 孩子捉了只鸟。

arrest The police arrested a criminal . 警察抓了个罪犯。 9.to apply for 申请

I decided to apply for it . 我决定去申请。

26.An organization is an ongoing entity， and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. an ongoing entity “一个发展中的实体，一个运作中的单位” 10.take the trouble to ： 不辞劳苦， 用法：take the trouble to

Some employees have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks they will be required to do.有些雇员从来不下工夫去弄清楚要求他们去从事的实际任务。 11.to turn down ： 拒绝

He asked Jane to marry him but she turned him down . 他要简嫁给他，但她拒绝了他。 相关词组：

turn up 出现； turn on 打开；turn off 拐弯，关上；turn out 结果是，最后证明是，制造； II.课文解析

注：课文中「」内的句子为重点句。

The subject of today's talk is interviews.

「The key words here are preparation and confidence， which will carry you far.」

重点句子分析：which 引导非限定性定语从句，修饰preparation and confidence. 注意此处不可用that代替which carry you far 意为“祝你成功” Do your homework first.

「Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the organization you hope to work for.」 重点句子分析：此句中有三个定语从句，（下边画线的）分别修饰all， the job 和 the organization . 注意后两句中的 for 不能省略

Many of the employers I interviewed made the same criticism of candidates. “They hare no idea what the day to day work of the job brings about. They have vague notions of 'furthering the company's prospects' or o f 'serving the community'， but have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks they will be required to do.”

Do not let this be said of you. It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job.

Take the time to put yourself into the interviewer's place. He wants somebody who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job.

「Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for.」 重点句子分析：that引导的定语从句修饰anything

who 引导的定语从句修饰 people.也可以写作for whom you hope to work 译为“你希望为其工作的人

to show 是不定式作目的状语，其中有一个that引导的宾语从句，作动词show的宾语

Write down （and remember） the questions you want to ask the interviewer（s） so that you are not speechless when they invite your questions. Make sure that holidays and pay are not the first things you ask about. If all your questions have been answered during the interview， reply： “In fact， I did have several questions， but you have already answered them all .”

「Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you want to be sure what was implied. but do be polite.」 重点句子分析：be sure 肯定，确信

do be polite 是强调语气。例如：Do be careful！

Just before you go to the interview， look again at the original advertisement that you answered， any correspondence from your prospective employer， photocopies of your letter of application or application form and your resume. Then you will remember what you said and what they want. This is very important if you have applied for many jobs in a short time as it is easy to become confused and give an impression of inefficiency.

Make sure you know where and when you have to report for the interview. Go to the building （but not inside the office） a day or two before， if necessary， to find out how long the journey takes and where exactly the place is.

Aim to arrive five or ten minutes early for the actual interview， then you will have a little time in hand and you will not panic of you are delayed. You start at a disadvantage if you arrive worried and ten minutes late.

「Dress in clean， neat， conservative clothes. Now is NOT the time to experiment with the punk look or （girl） to wear low-cut dresses with miniskirts.」Make sure that your shoes， hands and hair （and teeth） are clean and neat. 重点句子分析：Now 在句中做主语 the punk look 意为“朋克的样子”

「Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication.」 重点句子分析：这是个祈使句，inviting you for an interview 是现在分词作定语，修饰the letter in case 引导条件状语从句， 译为：“以防万一，以免”

You may find yourself facing one interviewer or a panel. The latter is far more intimidating， but do not let it worry you too much.

The interviewer will probably have a table in front of him/her. Do not put your things or arms on it.

If you have a bag or a case， put it on the floor beside your chair. Do not clutch it nervously or， worse still， drop it， spilling everything.

Shake hands if the interviewer offers his hand first. There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go though the process of all shaking hands with you in turn. So you do not be upset if no one offers.

Shake hands firmly － a weak hand suggests a weak personality， and a crushing grip is obviously painful. Do not drop the hand as soon as yours has touched it as this will seem to show you do not like the other person. Speak politely and naturally even if you are feeling shy. Think before you answer any questions.

If you cannot understand ask： “Would you mind rephrasing the question， please？” The question will then be repeated in different words.

If you are not definitely accepted or turned down on the spot， ask： “when may I expect to hear the results of this interview？”

If you do receive a letter offering you the job， you must reply by letter （keep a photocopy） as soon as possible.

Good luck ！ 语 法 As的用法 I.语 法 1.AS的用法

（1）用作介词时的基本词义，“作为，担任”，“像，似”。 介词短语在句子中可担任的成分：状语、定语、宾语补语和表语 （2）用作副词表示程度，as … as … 结构中

（3）用作连词，引导状语从句（比较、让步、时间、原因和方式状语从句） （4）用作关系代词，引导定语从句， （5）As用于常用习语中

2.过去分词、现在分词、不定式作定语的区别 分词作定语：

过去分词作定语，修饰名词、代词，表示被动、已经完成。 现在分词作定语，修饰名词、代词，表示主动、正在进行。 单个分词一般置于所修饰的词之前，但也有例外。

例如 an extended family 一个扩展了的家庭 / a singing girl 一个唱歌的女孩 a developed country 发达国家 / a developing country 发展中国家 the people concerned 有关人员

分词短语一般放在所修饰的词之后，例如：

A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action. Have the letter inviting you for an interview …

现在分词的被动式和过去分词都表示被动，区别在于前者表示修饰的词正在承受的行为，而后者表示修饰的词已承受过了的行为。 例如： The problem being discussed is important. 正在讨论的这个问题很重要。 The problem discussed yesterday was important. 昨天讨论的那个问题很重要。 现在分词的完成主动式，表示动作已经完成。having done

现在分词的完成被动式，表示动作已经被完成。the decision having been made 不定式作定语

不定式作定语应当放在所修饰的中心词之后。例如：We have plenty of work to do.

一般来讲，不定式作定语时，表示动作将要发生。另外，还要注意的是不定式有三种时态，也有被动态。 3.分词短语作时间、条件、让步状语

为了表示明确的时间或条件，有时常在分词前面加上when， while， even if， even though， unless 等连词作时间、条件、让步等状语。 例如：

When presented with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems， production managers see production problems， and so on.

当面对同一件事例时，销售经理易于看到销售问题，生产部经理看到生产问题，等等。 Facts are terrible things if left spreading and unexamined. 如果听任事实泛滥不加检测，那是可怕的事。

Don't leave the building unless instructed to do so. 除非接到通知，不要离开这幢大楼。 II.练 习 1.单词英译汉

goal， objective， accomplish， predict， accompany， implement， tendency， achievement， argue， budget， define， entity， 2.词组英译汉

in the way， in part， point of view， contribute to， to apply for， in hand， to turn down 3.句子英译汉

（1）A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.

（2）Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance. （3）If there is no choice， there is no decision to be made.

（4）For managers every decision has constraints based on politics， procedures， laws， precedents and the like. （5）For example， managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion.

（6）Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is， which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.

（7）In the larger scheme of things， however， increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.

（8）Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. 4.Text A 汉译英

决策者应该能够对将来作出最好的推测。

Decision makers should be able to make a best guess at what the future will be. 有人认为经理们所作的一切均与决策有关。

Some people believe almost everything a manager does involves decision. 没有正确的选择就没有正确的决定。

If there is no proper choice， there is no proper decision. 不同的人对同样的问题有不同的看法，所以解决的办法也不同。

Different people have different ideas about the same problem； their solutions to the problem are， therefore， also different.

决策者往往是公司业务发展的关键。

Decision makers often play the key role in the development of the business of a company. Decision makers are usually key people who determine the company's business development.

历年考题

1.Almost everything a manager does______（involve） decisions. Indeed， some suggest that the management process is decision making. （99.4）

答案是involves. 考点： involve 为谓语动词，应该用一般现在时。a manager does为省略了引导词that的定语从句修饰先行词everything.

2.If there is no choice， there is no decision______（make）。 （99.4） 答案是to be made .考点：to be made 是动词不定式作定语修饰decision.

3.Almost everything a manager does______decisions； indeed， some suggest that the management process is decision making. （00.4） A. imposes B. improvise C. involves D. indicates 答案为C.

4.I have no idea what's standing______accomplishing our goals and objectives. （ 03.10） A.in the way of B.by way of C.on the way of D. in one's way of 答案为A

5.For managers， every decision has constraints_____（base） on policies， procedures， laws. （03.04） （04.10） 答案为 based， 考点：过去分词短语作后置定语

6.When _____（present） with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems and production managers see production problems.（02.10）

答案为presented. 考点： present 是过去分词短语作时间状语。

7.An organization is a group of people， and a decision______（make） today may have consequences far into the future. （02.10）

答案是made. 考点：make 是过去分词作定语，修饰decision. 8.汉译英：通常管理者必须对未来的情况作出最佳的预测。

答案：Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be. 讲义二

Text A Black Holes 课文简介

本文主要介绍了黑洞的概念，黑洞是怎样产生的，以及有关黑洞的一些研究。 对于黑洞的研究才刚刚起步，因此黑洞对于我们来说还很神秘，需要我们的不断探索。

什么是黑洞？ What is a black hole ？

宇宙中有一些点，它们的体积趋向于零而密度变得无穷大。由于具有强大的吸引力，物体只要进入离这些点一定距离内，就会被这强大的吸引力吸收掉，连光线也不例外。因此，没有任何信号能从这个范围内传出，这个范围的边界被称为“视界”（event horizon） .视界里面的情况人类无法看到，所以科学家称之为“黑洞”。

一颗燃烧尽了的恒星由于自身的重力而不断塌陷，最后就会形成黑洞。尽管关于黑洞的理论是正确的，但是科学家一直在寻找黑洞存在的证据。

课文分为三部分：

Paragraph 1 What is a black hole ？

Paragraph 2 - paragraph 4 The theory of black holes Paragraph 5 Speculations about black holes are endless . New Words

1 astronomer n.天文学家 2 escape vi./vt.逃跑；避免

3 exert vt.尽（力）；发挥（威力等） 4 explode vt./vi.使爆炸；爆炸 5 density n.密集度，稠密度 6 collapse vt./vi./n.倒塌，崩溃 7 supernova n.超新星 8 daytime n.白天，日间 9 dwarf n.矮子 10 neutron n.中子

11 shrink vt./vi./n.收缩，缩小/退缩，畏缩 12 gravity n.严肃，认真；严重性 13 marble n./a.弹子，大理石 14 boundary n.分界线，边界 15 observer n.遵守者，奉行者

16 interchangeable a.可交换的，可互换的 17 constant a./n.永恒的，经久不变的 18 measurement n.衡量，测量 19 implication n.含意，暗示 20 basis n.基础，根据

21 launch vt./n.发射，投射；发动，发起（运动） 22 galaxy n.星系，银河系 23 observatory n.天文台；了望台 24 convincing a.有说服力的，使人信服的

25 binary a./n.二，双，复 26 twin a./n.双胞胎的，双胞胎 27 companion n.同伴，同事 28 speculation n.推测，猜测 29 swallow vt.吞咽 30 mankind n.人类

31 operate vi./vt.运转，起作用；动手术 词组

1 to research into 研究 2 speculation about 关于…猜测 3 to swallow up 吞没，耗尽 4 to make use of 利用

To reduce to 归纳，简化，迫使 To apply to 适用于，应用 词汇精讲：

1 escape v.逃跑，避免

A lion has escaped from its cage. 一头狮子从笼子里跑出来了

2 exert： vt.用尽；尽力；运用；行使；施加，产生（影响等） 用法：exert pressure on sb.给…施加压力

She exerted herself all year to earn good marks.她整年努力以期获得好分数。

He's been exerting a lot of pressure on me to change my mind.他一直在施加种种压力要我改变主意。 Black holes exert very strong gravity.黑洞产生很强的引力。 3 explode v.爆炸，突发 xplosion n. explosive a.

A bomb exploded at one of London's busiest railway station this morning. 今天上午一颗炸弹在伦敦最繁忙的火车站爆炸了。 4 collapse v.n.倒塌， 崩溃

例句 参考教材第34-35页的 word Study 2

5 shrink： （shrank， shrunk ） v.退缩；畏缩；n.收缩；缩小

用法： The gross national product shrank one percent last year.去年国民生产总值减少了1%. Washing wool in hot water will shrink it .在热水中洗羊毛会使它缩水。 We will never shrink back before difficulties .我们在困难面前决不退缩。

6 boundary n.分界线，边界

We crossed the state boundary at midnight. 我们在午夜穿过了州界。

7 constant adj.不断的，经常的；永恒的，始终如一 n……常数

He is in constant trouble with the police.他总是不断和警察惹麻烦。 There are no constants at all.根本没有不变的事物。 对比同义词：

continual 时断时续的 It continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity continuous 连续不间断的 The brain needs a continuous supply of blood. 大脑需要不断的供血。 constant强调不变，永恒

8 implication： n.牵连；涉及；卷入；含意；暗示 派生词：imply v.暗示，含意

用法：She seemed by implication to acknowledge that fact.她似乎含蓄地承认了那事实。 The implication of your statement is that I was wrong.你这话的弦外之音是我错了。 9 launch： v.发射，发动 n.发射

The launch of the third man-made satellite turned to be a great success.第三枚航天器的发射结果是巨大成功。 In the 1980's our country launched a number of satellites.80年代我国发射了多颗卫星。 10 convincing ： a.令人信服的；有说服力的； 派生词：convince v.使人信服，使… 相信 用法：She is very convincing .她很另人信服。

Convince sb.of sth.使某人确信某事； convince sb.that 从句

We failed to convince him of his mistakes.我们没能使他相信他是错误的。

Careful observation convinced them that it was so.仔细的观察使他们相信情况是这样的。 11 companion ： n.同伴，同行，伴侣，同事

派生词：company n.同伴，陪伴 ； accompany v.陪同，陪伴 用法：He is a good companion on the journey.他是个好旅伴。

表示“同事”的词：associate， colleague， fellow official， fellowworker， co-worker 12 operate ： v.操作，运行，起作用；动手术 派生词：operation n.操作

用法：The machine isn't operating properly.机器运转不正常。 He operated on the eyes of the patient.他给病人的眼睛动了手术。 Has the medicine started to operate ？ 药物开始见效了吗？ 词组：phrases

1.to research into 研究

She is researching into possible cures for AIDS. 她正在研究治疗艾滋病的方法。

2 speculation about ： 关于… 的猜测

We heard all kinds of speculation about the cause of the President's death.我们听到关于总统死亡原因的种种猜测。 People have much speculation about the government's intentions.对政府的意图，人们作了许多猜测。 3 to swallow up ： 吞没；并吞

His wife's clothes bill swallowed up his wages .老婆买的衣服耗尽了他的工资。 The fog swallowed up the whole city.雾笼罩全城。

She swallowed the medicine with the help of some water.她用水把药咽下了。 His figure was swallowed up in the dark.他的身影消失在黑暗中。 4 to make use of ：利用= to take advantage of

We should make good use of our leisure time.我们应该好好利用休闲时间。 He was making full use of his opportunity.他正充分利用他的机会。 to reduce … to 简化，归纳，迫使

Months' bombing reduced the city to ruins. 几个月的轰炸使这个城市变成了废墟 5 to apply to 适用于

It does not apply to you.它不适用于你。 课文详解 Black Hole

What is a black hole？ Well， it's difficult to answer this question， since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space （not a thing ） into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape - not even light.So we can't see a black hole.A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter.It is only space - or so we think.How can this happen？ 第一部分 Para.1

1 since 引导的是原因状语从句，定语从句we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon 修饰先行词the terms “术语”

inadequate = not enough

2 句中 “ into which” 以及后面的 “ from which” 两个都是引导的定语从句，修饰先行词 a region of space “空间区域”。如果which 在定语从句中作介词的宾语，那么这个介词可以提到从句前，构成“介词+which”引导的定语从句。这里注意两个搭配 fall into ； escape from

3 A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter.It is only space - or so we think. a strong gravitational pull 一个很强的引力 = gravity yet = but 但是

so we think.是倒装句，“我们认为如此” （ we think so ）

The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point； they collapse and sometimes a supernova occurs.From earth， a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky which shines even in the daytime.Supernova were reported by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star - a star， whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity.But if the star is very large （much bigger than our sun） this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results.Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble， but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull， and you have some idea of the force of a black hole.Any matter near the black hole is sucked in.It is impossible to say what happens inside a black hole.Scientists have called the boundary area around the hole the “event horizon.” We know nothing about events which happen once objects pass this boundary.But in theory， matter must behave very differently inside the hole. 第二部分 Para .2

4 The theory…a supernova occurs.此句是复合句：that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point 是表语从句； when their density increases to a particular point 是时间状语。 注意to a particular point 是固定搭配表示“达到某一点”

此句讲了超新星supernova产生的步骤，注意有四个不及物动词vi.的用法 explode increase collapse occur

From earth， a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky which shines even in the daytime. which 引导定语从句，修饰light

6.Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.

有人认为**星可能是一颗超新星。could have + 过去分词 表示对以前发生的行为或动作的推测。

I could have told you about it， but I don't remember it now.我可能给你说过这件事，但我现在记不得了。 7.The collapse of a star…a star， whose matter is…gravity. whose 引导非限定性定语从句，修饰star . 注意 so… that 的用法 8.Imagine the earth…a black hole.

该句的主要结构是“imagine… ， and you …”而“reduced … to marble ”和“having … pull”分别为过去分词和现在分词短语作定语，修饰the earth. mass 质量

have some idea 略知一二

For example， if a man fell into a black hole， he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. However an observer at the event horizon would think that the man never reached the center at all. Our space and time laws don't seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole. Einstein's relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena. Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable， so that there is no “absolute” time and space. There are no constants at all， and measurements of time and space depend on the position of the observer. They are relative. We do not yet fully understand the implications of the relativity theory； but it is interesting that Einstein's theory provided a basis for the idea of black holes before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. In August 1977， a satellite was launched to gather data about the 10 million black holes which are thought to be in the Milky Way. And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars believed to be black holes.

Para. 3

9.For example， …very quickly

本句是表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。主句谓语动词用would think ， if引导的条件状语从句谓语动词用过去时fell . 10.Our space and time laws don't seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole. 我们的时空法则似乎不适用于黑洞区内的物体。（介词短语作定语）

11.We do not yet…relativity theory； but it is…for their existence. yet： still

此句中的it为形式主语，实际主语为that引导的主语从句 before引导时间状语从句

12.It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. 此句是强调句，强调状语only recently. 强调结构为 It is + 被强调部分 + that …

13.a satellite was launched to gather data about the 10 million black holes which are thought to be in the Milky Way. （about引导的介词短语作定语修饰data） which 引导定语从句修饰 holes data 的单数为datum

14.Exploding 和believed to be black holes 均为分词作定语，修饰stars

The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems. Binary stars， as their name suggests， are twin stars whose position in space affects each other. In some binary systems， astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star， a “partner” to the one which we can see in the sky. Matter from the one which we can see is being pulled towards the companion star. Could this invisible star， which exerts such a great force， be a black hole？ Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too， which might have black holes as companions. Para.4

15.The most…affects each other.

as 的用法，引导非限定性定语从句。修饰Binary stars “双星系” whose 引导定语从句修饰 twin stars

16.下面的几句话中的which 用作定语从句的引导词，可用于限制性定语从句，也可用于引导非限制性定语从句。that 则不可用于引导非限制性定语从句。

The story of black holes is just beginning. Speculations about them are endless. There might be a massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate. Mankind may one day meet this fate. On the other hand， scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. These speculations sound like science fiction. But the theory of black holes in space is accepted by many serious scientists and astronomers. They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time. 第三部分 Para.5

17 There might be…a very rapid rate.

swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate是现在分词短语作定语，修饰hole

at the center of our galaxy 是状语 story 比较真实的故事

fiction 不太真实的故事同义词：novel 18 They show us…space and time. 此句中which 引导限定性定语从句修饰world

注意介词 in 和 from 的用法，它们各自的搭配为 in a way和 different…from 译为：他们给我们展示了一个跟我们自己的截然不同的世界。 重点句：

1.Well， it's difficult to answer this question， since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here. （第一段）

2.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space （not a thing ） into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape - not even light. So we can't see a black hole. （第一段）

3.The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point； they collapse and sometimes a supernova occurs. （第二段）

4.Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. （第二段）

5.The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star - a star， whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity. （第二段）

6.Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble， but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull， and you have some idea of the force of a black hole. （第二段）

7.For example， if a man fell into a black hole， he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. （第三段）

8.but it is interesting that Einstein's theory provided a basis for the idea of black holes before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence. （第三段）

9.It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. （第三段）

10.And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars believed to be black holes. （第三段）

11.Binary stars， as their name suggests， are twin stars whose position in space affects each other. （第四段） 12.There might be a massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate. （第五段）

13.They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time. （第五段） Text B Worlds within Worlds New Words 1.planet n.行星

2.revolve vi.旋转；绕转

3.solar a.太阳的，日光的；利用太阳光的 4.largely ad.1.大量地；2.主要地

5.glitter vi.闪闪发光，闪烁 n.闪光

6.cloudless a.无云的，晴朗的 7.unlikely a.未必可能的；靠不住的 8.astronaut n.宇航员

9.thrilling a.1.令人激动的；2.颤动的，震颤的 10.outer a.外部的

11.whereas conj.而，却；反之 12.lesser a.较小的，更少的，次要的 13.concerned a.1.有关的；2.关切的，担心的

14.microscopic a.1.显微镜的；2.微观的；3.微小的，细微的 15.whilst conj.1.当…时；2.然而；3.虽然，尽管 16.plateau （[复]plateaus或plateaux） n.高原 17.tropical a.1.热带的；2.炎热的 18.coloured a.有色的 19.religion n.宗教；宗教信仰

20.circumstance n.[pl.]情况，环境；境遇 Phrases and Expressions 1.a great many 很多 2.above all 首先，首要 3.as a rule 通常；一般说来 together with 和

First of all let us consider the earth （that is to say， the world） as a planet revolving round the sun.The earth is one of nine planets which move in orbit round the sun.These nine planets， together with the sun， make up what is called our solar systems.How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery but astronomers tell us that it is only one of millions of similar systems in space， and one of the smallest.

The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the suns of other solar systems more of less like our own， but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them.About our own solar system， however， we are learning more every day.

Before the American and Russian astronauts made their thrilling journeys into outer space it was difficult for us to realize what our earth looked like from hundreds of thousands of miles away， but the photographs which the astronauts were able to take show us the earth in space looking not very different from what the moon looks like when we look at it from the earth.The earth is， however， very different from the moon， which the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation， whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect.The moon， by the way， is called a satellite because it goes round our earth as well as round the sun.In our words， it goes round the sun with our earth.

The surface of our earth is covered by masses of land and larger areas of water.Let us consider the water areas first.The total water area is about three times as large as the land area.The very large separate areas of water are called “oceans” and the lesser areas are called “seas.”

In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction ―that is to say， from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned.The water which is flowing in this manner is said to be moving as a “current.” There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the oceans and seas， but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of great importance.There currents are important because they affect the climate of the land areas close to where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscopic animal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes.

The nature and characteristics of the surface of the land areas of the earth vary a great deal from area to area and from place to place.The surface of some areas consists largely of high mountains and deep valleys whilst， in other areas， most of the surface consists of plains.If one made a journey over the Continents one world find every kind of surface including mountain ranges， plains， plateaux， deserts， tropical forestlands and empty areas covered permanently by ice and snow. When thinking and learning about the world we should not forget that our world is the home of a vary great many different people ― peoples with different coloured skins， living very different lives and having very different ideas about a great many important things such as religion， government， education and social behaviour.

The circumstances under which different people live make a great difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live， and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands.Above all， we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.It is true to say that the more we learn about other people ， the better we understand their ideas and， as a rule， the better we like those people themselves. 词汇讲解：

1.revolve v.旋转，绕转

The earth revolves round / around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。

2.solar adj.太阳的，日光的，利用太阳光的 例：the solar system 太阳系 3.whereas ： conj.而，却，反之

He must be about sixty， whereas his wife looks about thirty.他一定有60岁了，而他的妻子看起来只有30岁。

You eat a massive plate of food for lunch， whereas I have just a sandwich.你中午吃了一大盘食物，而我只吃了个三明治。 4.concerned ： 有关的，关心的，担心的

I was quite a shock for all concerned.这对所有有关人士都是一个震惊。 Her job is something concerned with English.她的工作和英语有关。 5.tropical adj.热带的，炎热的

I'd love to live somewhere with a tropical climate. 我想生活在某个属于热带气候的地方

August was almost tropical this year.今年八月十分炎热 6.circumstance n.环境，情况，境遇

We can't decide until we know all the circumstances. 我们只有在了解所有的情况后才能作出决定。 词组

1.a great many ， a good many 很多 （ 后边加可数名词） 2.above all ： 最重要的，尤其；首先

Above all ， don't forget to write.最重要的是别忘了写信。

In choosing the curtain for a room， you should consider the material from the point of view of texture， its weight， its pattern - but its colour above all .在挑选房间窗帘面料时，你应该考虑质地、重量和图案等，但最重要的是颜色。 3.as a rule ： 在多数情况下，通常，一般而言 = usually As a rule I'm home by six.我通常六点前在家。

As a rule， I only read detective novels.通常我只读侦探小说。 4.together with ： 和，连同

These new facts， together with the other evidence， prove the prisoner's innocence.这些新的事实连同其他证据证明这个犯人清白无辜。

John， together with his brother， has gone to the party.约翰连同他的兄弟一起去参加宴会了。 注意together with 作插入语时，句子的谓语动词的数取决于前面的主语。 重点句子：

1.The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the suns of other solar systems more or less like our own， but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them. which 引导定语从句

so… that…结果状语从句中it为形式主语

2.The earth is， however， very different from the moon， which the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation， whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect. which引导非限定性定语从句，修饰the moon vegetation 植物 whereas = while 然而

alive意为“有活力的”，在句中作表语。类似的形容词还有afraid， alone， alike， asleep， awake， aware等 in every respect 在每一个方面

3.In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction － that is to say， from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned. to be flowing不定式作主语补语

concerned 是分词作定语，修饰the ocean or sea

4.There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the oceans and seas ，but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of great importance. Thousands/hundreds of + 名词复数 Eg.Hundreds of meters

此处waters指的是“大片的水，水域” peoples 表示人种 woods 表示森林，树木

5.The circumstances under which different people live make a great difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live， and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands.

三个定语从句，由under which 和 两个in which 引导，

第一个：under which different people live 修饰 circumstances 第二个：in which they live 修饰 the way 第三个：in which we live 修饰 the way ought to = should 应该 business 责任，业务

it是形式主语，真正主语是to try to understand those different circumstances 目的状语从句，由so that引导 other lands 其它国家

6.Above all， we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live. 注意动词 avoid 后接动名词作宾语 decide 判定

what 引导宾语从句作deciding的宾语

they have to live 是省略连词的定语从句，修饰lives

7.It is true to say that the more we learn about other people， the better we understand their ideas and， as a rule， the better we like those people themselves.

注意 the more …， the better…， the better … 比较结构 Unit 2 补充语法知识

that 与 which引导定语从句的异同点 ：

that不可引导非限制性定语从句 which可引导非限制性定语从句 that 不可用作介词宾语 which可用作介词宾语 介词+ which in that “在于”， 是复合连词，非介词宾语 that 可以用于指代人或物 which不可以用于指代人

当先行词是不定代词、序数词、形容词最高级所修饰的词时，只能用that而不能用which引导定语从句 比如everything， anything， first， second等

7.