短文写作的造句

英语每日一课---短文写作的造句

短文写作的造句

句子是能够表达完整意思, 在语法上可以独立运用的基本语言单位。一篇文章是一组由语义相关的句子组成, 句子的好坏直接影响到一篇作文的质量。要写好研究生入学考试的作文, 也必须从句子开始, 多下功夫, 不断练习。

一、语 法 规 范

任何一个句子, 尤其是书面语的句子, 首先要做到合乎语法规范, 如主谓结构完整、主谓一致、正确的时态、语态以及其他语法规则。例如: 例1. A series of debates between the two lecturers were scheduled for the next weekend. (were、was)

例2. There are many students play football on the sports ground. (play、playing)

例3. People there are not rich to purchase a car. (People there are not rich enough to purchase a car.)

例4. It is incredible to many people. Cigarette smokers spend money for illness. (It is incredible to many people that cigarette smokers spend money for illness.) 例5. There is a teacher I shall always remember. Because she has a sweet voice and a pleasant smile. (There is a teacher I shall always remember because she has a sweet voice and a pleasant smile.)

另外, 在造句时尤其要避免犯溶合句的错误, 所谓的溶合句是指两个或两个以上的句子没有适当的标点符号或连接词而溶合在一起。例如:

He does not speak too rapidly, his voice is loud, it can be heard by everyone in the classroom. 应修改为:

He does not speak too rapidly and his voice is so loud that it can be heard by everyone in the classroom.

二、一 致 性

句子的一致性在此主要是指意思的完整性, 也就是说, 一个句子所表达的应该是一个相对完整的意思。例如:

例1. Bicycles are so popular in China.

这是一个意义很不完整的句子, 我们应该对它再做进一步的补充说明, 修改成:

Bicycles are so popular in China that almost every family has at least one. 例2. Born in London in 1921, he grew up to be a physicist. 句子所陈述的两项事实之间的关系不密切, 缺乏一致性。应改为:

He was born in London in 1921. 匜inally he became a physicist.

例3. Many students go to school and live at home. In this way combining the advantages of both school and home.

由于标点符号的误用, 使得短语被作为一个独立的句子看待, 影响了句子的一致性, 可以改为:

Many students go to school and live at home, in this way combining the advantages of both school and home.

三、连 贯 性

句子的连贯性是指句子的成分之间连接正确, 条理清楚, 整体结构自然流畅, 融会贯通。句子的连贯性包含两层含义: 句子各部分意义上的连贯和句子各部分之间结构上的连贯。在使用复合句时, 最容易犯连贯性差的错误。一个句子可以表达两个或多层意思, 但各层意思之间必须具有一定的内在联系和逻辑关系, 如果将两个完全不同的思想置于同一个句子中, 用并列关系或从属关系表示, 则完全破坏了句子的连贯性。而且, 在使用复合句时, 必须弄清句子要表达的主要思想和次要思想, 并摆好主次之间的关系。除此之外, 修饰成分位置不当, 平行结构使用不合理以及非谓语动词作状语的误用等等, 都有可能破坏句子的连贯性。

例如:

例1. He was knocked down, but it was not serious. 在上句中, 代词it指代不明确, 可以改为:

He was knocked down, but was not seriously hurt. 例2. He told my brother he was wrong. 在上句中, 代词he指代模棱两可, 可以改为:

He admitted that he was wrong and said so to my brother. 例3. Tom is charming, clever, and a very capable young man. 上句所使用的平行结构有问题, 可以改为:

Tom is charming, clever and very capable. 或者:

Tom is a charming, clever and very capable young man.

例4. To succeed in a scientific research, persistence is needed. 不定式的逻辑主语与全句的主语不一致, 可以改为:

To succeed in a scientific research, one needs to be persistent. 例5. Looking out of window, a lake can be seen. 分词的逻辑主语与全句的主语不一致, 可以改为: Looking out of window, I can see a lake.

四、句式的多样性

在上面我们已经提到, 在写作时要注意句式的变化, 使文章读起来富有生气。同样一个意思可以通过多种句式来表达,

例如:

需求的增长导致了价格的升高。这一意义我们可以通过下列句式来表达: The cause of/reason for higher prices was an increase in demand.

The/One effect/consequence/result of an increase in demand is higher prices.

The demand has increased. Therefore/So/As a result/ Accordingly / Consequently/Because of this/Thus/Hence/For this reason/Now, the prices are higher. Because/As/Since/Now that the demand has increased, the prices are higher. An increase in demand often causes/results in/leads to/produces higher prices. Higher prices are caused by/due to an increase in demand.

The prices are higher because of/as a result of/on account of /owing to/through an increase in demand.

The prices are higher because/since/as there is an increase in demand. 在考虑英语句式的变化时, 我们一般从以下几个方面入手:

(1) 既可以用主动式也可以用被动式, 例如:

例1. Today, we use machines not only in industry but in other sectors of national economy as well.

Today machines are widely used not only in industry but in other sectors of national economy as well.

例2. Some people believe that it will be possible for automatic machines to replace completely in the future.

It is believed by some people that it will be possible for automatic machines to replace completely in the future.

(2) 既可以用肯定式也可以用否定式, 例如: 例1. I shall go there unless it rains. I shall go there if it doesn't rain.

例2. Their daily lives don't provide them with the exercise needed to keep them healthy.

Their daily lives fail to provide them with the exercise needed to keep them healthy.

(3) 某些修饰成分既可以用在句子前面也可以用在后面, 还可以用在中间, 例如: 例1. With a car, people can get around freely. People can get around freely with a car.

例2. In fact, speaking is one of the most important means of communication. Speaking is in fact one of the most important means of communication.

(4) 既可以是正常语序也可以是倒装语序, 例如:

例1. A new type of TV sets was among the products on display. Among the products on display was a new type of TV sets.

例2. We did not realize the problem of energy crisis until the end of last century. Not until the end of last century did we realize the problem of energy crisis.

(5) 既可以用简单句也可以用并列句或者主从复合句, 例如:

例1. Nowadays a lot of people work in office, spending most of their time indoors. Nowadays a lot people work in office and they spend most of their time indoors. 例2. There are many means of getting information and they enable us to keep up with what is going on in the world.

There are many means of getting information which enable us to keep up with what is going on in the world.

(6) 英语句式变化实例。英语写作句式的变化是一个非常重要的部分, 它直接显示出考生用英语表达能力的高低, 同时也是考生最感困难的一部分, 因此, 我们再拿出一些篇幅, 列举一些实例, 下面这些实例都遵循了上面我们所讲述的一些方法, 希望考生能仔细阅读, 并能有所启发。(注: 本部分取材于蔡基刚编著《 英语考试高分作文》 上海交通大学出版社 1995) 例1. a. There are many people who prefer to go by bike, because they are not satisfied with bus service.

b. The public preference for riding a bicycle reflects their dissatisfaction with bus service. 例2. a. There are more and more people who realize the close connection between energy and population.

b. The close connection between energy and population is increasingly recognized. 例3. a. There are fewer and fewer green trees in many big cities while there are more and more concrete buildings.

b. The number of concrete buildings in many big cities has enormously increased at the expense of green belts.

例4. a. There are fewer and fewer citizens who like to see films. b. Films are now losing their appeal for many citizens.

例5. a. There are many people who complain of severe housing shortages. b. Housing shortages become the source of great complaint.

例6. a. People began to discuss the possibility of abolishing examination enthusiastically. b. A spirited discussion springs up as to the possibility of abolishing examinations. 例7. a. People throughout the country have greatly demanded all kinds of nutritious foods.

b. There is a great demand across the country for all kinds of nutritious foods. 例8. a. People should realize the dreadful consequences of taking us the smoking habit.

b. There should be a general awareness of the dreadful consequences of taking up the smoking habit.

例9. a. We will never forget this lesson.

b. The lesson will be firmly rooted in our minds. 例10.a. We certainly should make great efforts. b. Great efforts are certainly required.

例11.a. Because the decision recognizes the fact that students are trying to put an end to the cheating on the campus, so they will welcome it.

b. Students all welcome the decision which recognizes their effort to put an end to the cheating on the campus.

例12.a. Because one can not know what kind of knowledge will be more useful in the future, so he cannot make a sound choice in taking school courses.

b.The inability to predict what particular piece of knowledge will be more useful in the future prevents a person from making sound choice in taking school courses. 例13.a. Because many people desire to learn foreign languages, there appear many language schools.

b. Many language schools are called into existence by the social demand for acquisition of foreign languages.

例14.a. Because energy is becoming less and less, we have to find a way to solve this problem. b. Faced with growing shortages of energy, we have to find a solution to this problem. 例15.a. Because today is our teachers birthday we hold a party to show honor to him. b. We hold a party in honor of our teacher whose birthday is today.

例16.a. If you compare the two methods carefully, you will find the difference. b. Careful comparison of the two methods will show you the difference.

例17.a. If we understand the greater pressure of population growth, we will have a correct attitude towards family planning.

b. A better understanding of the greater pressure of population growth is essential to a correct attitude towards family planning.

例18.a. If there is no waste nor pollution, man can certainly survive.

b. Man can certainly survive in the world where there is no waste nor pollution. 例19.a. If we only apply book knowledge, we will not get good result. b. The application of book knowledge alone won't bring you good result.

例20.a. If our parents don't control children strictly, their potentials will be fully developed.

b. Free from the strict control by our parents, children's potentials will be fully developed.

例21.a. When the old worker sees he is going to retire, he begins to worry very much. b. The mere prospect of retirement would set the old worker to worry very much. 例22.a. When our teacher had left, the heated discussion then ended. b. The departure of our teacher brought the heated discussion to an end.

例23.a. When there is a slight improvement in their children's studies, the parents will feel happy and proud.

b. The slightest improvement in their children's studies will lead to their parents' happiness and pride.

例24.a. Only when one rids himself of complacency can he learn something. b. One can not learn anything until he rids himself of complacency.

例25.a. Only when we make continuous efforts can we take an opportunity whenever it occurs.

b. Continuous efforts must be made before it is possible to take an opportunity whenever it occurs. 例26.a. With the development of science and technology, we can have a plentiful supply

of food and commodities. b. The advance of science and technology has made it possible for us to have a plentiful supply of food and commodities.

例27.a. With the expansion of industry, natural resources are gradually exhausted. b. The rapid expansion of industry leads to a progressive exhaustion of natural resources. 例28.a. With the improvement of standard of living, even ordinary families can afford colour TV sets.

b. Colour TV sets are now within easy reach of ordinary families who have enjoyed the improved standard of living. 例29.a. In order to get a harmonious development for all students, school authorities should design a new program.

b. School authorities should design a new program which will permit a harmonious development for all the students.

例30.a. In order to prevent the problem becoming too serious to solve, we must take an immediate step.

b. An immediate step must be taken before the problem becomes too serious to solve. 例31.a. In order to build a stable and prosperous nation, people should make new efforts.

b. New efforts will bring China into a stable and prosperous nation. 例32.a. More and more people now prefer to stay at home and watch TV. b. People in increasing numbers prefer to stay at home and watch TV. 例33.a. More and more teenagers smoke cigarettes in recent years. b. Teenage smoking is on the rise in recent years.

例34.a. More and more teachers are needed with the development of economy. b. There is an increasing demand for teachers with the development of economy. 例35.a. More and more trees have disappeared in the city.

b. There is a sharp decline in the number of trees in the city. 例36.a. Family life makes me feel happy.

b. Family life is a source of happiness to me.

例37.a. The incident makes me conclude that money doesn't mean everything. b. The incidents leads me to conclude that money does not mean everything.

例38.a. This society still makes women unable to enjoy the equal right to pay and promotion.

b. Women are still denied the equal right to pay and promotion.