Characteristics of individualistic culture
Others’ behaviour is explained by personal traits.
One’s success is contributed to his own ability.
Self is defined as individual entity （特点，个体，存在）.
One knows more about self than others.
Achievement is made for one’s own sake.
Personal goals are over group goals.
Self-assuredness is valued.
Autonomy and independence is valued.
Dependence on others is avoided.
One bears casual connections to many groups.
Task completion is important.
One has few obligations to others.
Confrontation is acceptable.
Characteristics of collectivist culture
Groups are major units of social perception.
Others’ behaviour is explained by group norms.
Success is attributed to the help of the group.
Self is defined in terms of group.
One knows more about others than self.
Achievement is for the benefit of the group.
Ingroup（小集团） goal is over personal goal.
Modesty is valued.
Interdependence is valued.
Ostracism （排斥） is feared.
One has strong connections to a few groups.
One has many obligations to others.
Harmony is expected.
Relations are important.
Characteristics of masculine culture
There is a high occupational segregation by gender.
Gender inequality is common.
Careers for males are mandatory（命令型的）.
Few women are in powerful jobs.
Accomplishments are highly valued.
High-level of job-related stress.
People are highly competitive.
People are task-oriented.
The art of combat（竞争，竞赛） is valued.
The bigger, the better.
Family and work life are separated.
One lives to work.
Characteristics of feminine culture
There is little occupational segregation by gender.
There is relative gender equality.
Careers for males are optional.
More women are in powerful jobs.
Nurturing is highly valued.
The level of job-related stress is low.
People are highly cooperative.
People are relationship-oriented.
The art of compromise is valued.
The smaller, the more beautiful.
Concern for family issues is present in workplace.
One works to live.
Characteristics of culture of low uncertainty avoidance
There is a strong willingness to live day by day.
There is less emotional resistance to change.
People are more risk-taking.
There is a willingness to change the employer.
One hopes for success.
One shows little loyalty to one’s employer.
Sometimes rules can be broken.
Conflict is natural and to be expected.
Initiative of subordinates is encouraged.
Differences are tolerated.
Characteristics of culture of high uncertainty avoidance
There is greater anxiety about the future.
There is more emotional resistance to change.
People are less risk-taking.
There is a tendency to stay with the same employer.
Failure is feared.
One shows considerable loyalty to employers.
Rules should not be broken.
Conflict is undesirable.
Initiative of subordinates is discouraged
Differences are considered dangerous.
People have high level of stress.
Emotional expression is acceptable.
Superordinates have all the answers.
Formal organization structures are desired.
Characteristics of high-context culture
People almost enjoy the same norms or values.
Most of the information is in the physical world or in individuals.
People value group identity orientation and covert communication codes and maintains a homogeneous normative structure with high cultural demand characteristics.
A large portion of the message is left unsaid or unspecified and need to be accessed through the context.
People judge what is talking about not only by what he is saying but also by the context in which the message occurs.
Characteristics of low-context culture
People enjoy different sub-cultures.
Most of the information is in the transmitted message.
People value individual orientation and overt communication codes and maintains a heterogeneous normative structure with low cultural demand characteristics.
Messages are expected to be explicit and specific.
People judge what someone is talking about mainly by what he is saying.
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容