WSET Advanced Level – Looking behind the Labels
酒标背后
Tasting and Evaluating Wine
Tasting wine rather than simply drinking it increases our appreciation of the wine by allowing us to examine it in detail.Although the process can seem repetitive at first, with practice it becomes a subconscious habit. Forcing us to put our sensations into words means the impression of the wine lingers longer in our memory. It also helps us communicate to other people what the wine is like, sometimes long after we have tasted it. This is an essential skill for anyone involved in the production, distribution or sale of wine. As we will see in Chapter 2,successful food and wine matching requires us to consider the separate components of the wine.The systematic approach to tasting outlined below, shows us how to do this.
葡萄酒品尝和评估
葡萄酒品尝实际上就是通过品尝时的细节判断,为饮用者增加感官享受。这样的过程在一开始需要反复练习,时间久了就成为一种下意识的品尝习惯。强迫自己把感官体会用语言描述出来即便于记忆,同时又有助于我们和别人交流品尝时的感觉。这对于任何一个生产商、经销商和销售人员都是极为重要的技能,就如后面第二章里提到的成功的餐酒搭配要求能够考虑到酒的各个口感组成。我们就用下面的品尝概要来描述如何进行品尝和产品评估。
Tasting and Evaluating Wine 品尝和评估
Preparation for tasting
The idealtasting room will be odour-free(no smells of cleaning products, tobacco, food or perfume), withgood natural light , andwhite surfacesagainst which we can judge the appearance of our wines. Ourtasting palate should be clean , and unaffected by tobacco, food, coffee, gum or toothpaste. Chewing a piece of bread can help remove any lingering flavors. Hayfever, colds and fatigue affect our ability to judge wines, because they affect our senses of taste and smell.Many glasses have been developed to show different wines at the
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ir best.However, we need one type of glass in order to make fair comparisons between wines.ISO glass has a rounded bowl that is large enough to swirl the wine . The sides slope inwards in a tulip shape to concentrate the aromas, and the stem allows us to hold the glass without warming the wine.
品尝前的准备工作
理想的品尝环境首先需要一个干净无味的空间,无论是洗涤用品、烟草、食物或者香水;
自然光线;
白色桌布表面(用来判断酒的颜色);
清理口腔包括烟草、食物、牙膏、口香糖等,无味或少许咸味的面包可以有效去除逗留在口腔的各种味道;
发烧感冒或疲劳都会影响评估能力,因为他们会直接影响品尝和嗅觉感官; Tasting and Evaluating Wine
The WSET Systematic Approach to Tasting (Intermediate) This approach systematically describes aspects of a wine in the order we encounter them. Appearance first, then the nose, then the palate, and finally we may use our impressions to draw a conclusion about the quality of the wine.
品尝和评估
与 WSET 中级课程的品尝相似,这个品尝体系能够使品尝者在遇到各种不同产品时都能从酒的各方面去描述产品,首先包括酒的外观和颜色、然后是香气、其次是口感,最后是综合产品各方面的表现来整体评估产品的质量。
Tasting and Evaluating Wine Appearance
The main reason for looking at the appearance of a wine is that it can warn us of faults.If a wine is too old, has been badly stored, or the cork seal has failed, allowing air to damage the wine, then it is described asout-of-condition . It will be dull in appearance, and will have at least a hint of brown, though a brown colour does not always indicate a faulty wine. ( Brown hints can appear in healthy old wines, particularly those that have been aged for very long periods in oak .) Haziness may indicate a fault,
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or it could be that the wine has deliberately not been filtered before bottling.
品尝和评估葡萄酒 外观
观察葡萄酒的外观的主要原因在于提醒我们注意产品是否存在瑕疵。如果葡萄酒的年龄过大,那么已经在储存过程中损坏了,或者橡木塞损坏而导致的氧化都被形容为意外状况 out-of-condition .此时的酒在外观上会出现阴暗呆滞,或者开始显现出棕色,虽然偏棕色未必一定是有问题的酒。( 大部分健康的老酒也都会出现棕色,特别是经过长时间橡木储存的葡萄酒 )混浊也是葡萄酒出现问题的一种表现,或者是在装瓶前未经过滤澄清。
Tasting and Evaluating Wine
It is worth making a quick note of the colour.
Look at the intensity : is it particularly intense or pale? Purple is an indication of youth; orange, amber and brown colours are indicators of age. However,bear in mind that some wines change colour more rapidly than others , so no definitive conclusions about actual age can be reached.
If it is white wine, is it lemon or gold? Green indicates youth; orange and brown indicate age.
For rose wine, a bright purply-pink indicates youth; orange and brown hints indicate age.
The following are examples of more precise descriptions: clear, intense ruby dull and cloudy, dark brown clear, medium-intensity, garnet clear, pale gold 品尝和评估葡萄酒
对葡萄酒进行一个快速简介的描述是非常必要的。
观察颜色的深度 :是否特别深或者浅 ?紫色是年轻的表现;橙色、琥珀色和棕色则是年老的表现。不过,有些葡萄酒的颜色转变特别快,所有很难作出精确的判断。
如果是白葡萄酒,究竟是柠檬色还是金色 ?发绿表示年轻;而橙色和棕色表示年老。
桃红葡萄酒,亮丽的粉红色表示年轻;橙色和棕色表示年老。
下面是一些精确描述的例子:清澈的深宝石红;阴暗混浊的深棕色;清澈而中等深度的石榴红;清澈的淡金黄色;
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Tasting and Evaluating Wine Nose
Swirl it in the glass to release as many aroma molecules as possible, then take a sniff. Then make a note of the condition of the nose. The most common fault that can be discovered on the nose iscork taint . At low levels, this can strip the wine of its fresh, fruity aromas. At its worst, it can add a pungent, unpleasant damp cardboard or musty smell to the wine.
Out-of-condition wines will smell dull and stale, and may have excessive oxidative aromas(coffee, caramel or sherry).
How intense are aromas?
Are they particularly pronounced, or light and hard to detect?
Describing the smell is a more subjective aspect. It will depend greatly on your previous experiences. There are well-understood reasons why aromas such as butter, vanilla, rose or raspberry appear in some wines, and other aromas are less well understood.
Someone avoid using aroma descriptors, but in order to evoke the wine their tasting notes often use words such as ‘feminine, elegant, clumsy’, but these words are difficult to define.
Objective approach would involve naming the particular chemical compounds which are present, which is almost impossible to do accurately and useless to most wine drinkers.
Make your aroma description vocabulary as wide and precise as possible. Always be aware, tasting note is to help describe a wine to someone who has not tasted it.
Wine Tasting
Smell the wine, you can:
Differentiate the quality and style for both grapes and regions;
Estimate the wine and describe it;
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Tasting and Evaluating Wine Palate
It is often said that tasting is an entirely subjective matter. It is true that our sensitivities to sweetness, acidity, tannins and certain aroma compounds differ.
Different parts of the mouth have different levels of sensitivity to sweetness, acidity and tannins.
If we wish to extract the maximum information, it is important to swirl the wine around the mouth so that every part is exposed to it.
Sweetnessis an indicator of how much sugar a wine contains, though wines made from very ripe grapes can have a slightly sweet flavour even when there is no sugar.Almost all red wines, and most white wines, are dry, that is, they contain almost no sugar.
White wines that taste slightly sweet are described as ‘off-dry’.The part of the tongue that is most sensitive to sweetness is the tip.
Tasting and Evaluating Wine
Acidityis what makes lemons taste sour. It causes the mouth to water, and its presencemakes wines taste vibrant and refreshing.It is present in all wines, though levels in white wines are generally higher than acidity levels in reds. Certain varieties, such as Riesling and Sau. Blanc, give wines that are particularly high in acidity. Cool climates generally result in higher levels of acidity than hot climates. Acidity is very important for sweet wines. If it is too low, the wines taste oversweet, and cloying. Acidity is most strongly detected by the sides of the tongue.
Tannin is what makes strong black tea taste bitter and stringent. They are present in grape skins, and presence in a wine depends on the amount of skin contact during winemaking. White and rose wines receive very little, so they rarely have any detectable tannin. Thick-skinned varieties have much higher tannin levels than thin-skinned ones. High leve
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ls of soft ripe tannins may indicate a hot climate wine.Note that astringent tannins from unripe grapes can cause a strong, mouth drying sensation, even when their levels are low.The bitter flavours are most strongly tasted at the back of the tongue; the astringent sensations are most strongly felt on the gums.Soft, ripe tannins contribute to the viscosity and body of the wine.
Body is also sometimes described as ‘mouth-feel’. It is the sensation of richness, weight or viscosity, and is a combination of the effects of alcohol, tannins, sugars and flavour compounds extracted from the skins.It is possible for a wine such as Beaujolais to be high in alcohol(13%), but still be light in body because it has very little, and is lightly flavoured.
Tasting and Evaluating Wine
In contrast to sweetness, acidity, tannins and body, which are detected in the mouth,
flavour characteristics are detected when aroma components in the wine evaporate off the tongue and rise up to the back of the nose.
This is why we cannot taste properly with a cold. To help these volatile flavour components reach the nose, many tasters slurp the wine by drawing air in through their lips while tasting it. The groups of flavour descriptors are the same as those for the nose.
Length, also called the finish, is how long the flavours linger in the mouth after the wine has been swallowed or spat out. A long, complex finish is an indicator of quality.
Conclusions
Finally, having described our wine, we may form an assessment of its quality. A good starting point is to ask yourself whether you like the wine or not. If you like it, how much do you like it, and what do you like about it? If you did not enjoy it, try to articulatewhat you did not
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like about it. An objective assessment of quality goes beyond personal likes and dislikes.
The key question is, is it a good example of its type? Many criteria can differentiate between a poor wine, an acceptable wine and a great wine. Include:
Balance Length Intensity Complexity Expressiveness
In a good quality wine, the sweetness and fruitiness will be in balance with the tannin and acidity.
A balanced, pleasant finish where the flavours linger for several seconds is an indicator of a high quality wine. For inferior wines, the flavours may disappear almost instantly leaving no lingering impression, or the flavours that linger may be unpleasant.
Dilute flavours can indicate a poor wine. And extreme, intense flavours are not necessarily a sign of quality, because they can easily upset the balance of a wine and make it difficult to drink.
Lesser wines often have 1 or2simple flavours and quickly become boring. Great wines have many falvours.
Tasting and Evaluating Wine Selecting and recommending
It is important to take account of the tastes and preferences of those who will be consuming the wine.
When catering for large numbers of people with diverse or unknown tastes, its wise to avoid extreme styles of wines such as 1wine, and can be offer alternatives.
Very rare, fine, special bottles may be best saved for a modest occasion where they can be given the attention they deserve. Food is an important consideration when selecting a wine for an occasion.
餐酒搭配艺术
基本原则 想要成功的选择出葡萄酒和食品最佳搭配,首先要分析它们各自最基本的组成基础就是使两者达到最好的平衡。主要的考虑因素如下:
从份量和浓淡程度上匹配葡萄酒和食品
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从味道的深度上匹配葡萄酒和食品 高酸食物配高酸葡萄酒 高糖份食物配高糖份葡萄酒
避免将高丹宁葡萄酒搭配油腻或偏咸食物 餐酒搭配艺术
这些建议可以避免葡萄酒和食品的冲突,或者一方的风味明显遮盖了另一方。其他方面的考虑就是如何让两者相互衬托,相得益彰。
高丹宁葡萄酒搭配咀嚼感更强烈的肉类食品 偏甜或高酸葡萄酒适宜搭配偏咸的食品 高酸葡萄酒也适合搭配相对肥腻的食物
搭配时同样要考虑到食品和葡萄酒本身味道的丰富性 食品的份量以及浓烈程度
首先也是最重要的因素是考虑食品与葡萄酒的体量及浓烈程度是否相匹配。浓重而大份量的食品,例如家禽,烤肉,或红烧的菜肴,需要搭配一款重酒体的葡萄酒。架构十足、酒体浓重的葡萄酒通常是最好的选择,此时,酒体的份量是最重要的,超过颜色和味道。
例如:肉菜,浓郁的重酒体并带有奶油味道的白葡萄酒要好过清淡的红葡萄酒。
而清淡的食品(鱼和其他平淡的白肉),更适合搭配味道丰富 、低丹宁,以及酒体清淡的葡萄酒。
永远都不要忽视调味汁的作用。浓重的奶油汁,需要一款足够柔顺、能与黄油和奶油口感匹配的葡萄酒。
从味道的深度上匹配葡萄酒和食品
其次重要的就是考虑味道以及味道的深度表现。有些食品份量很重,但是味道平淡,比如煮土豆或米饭,它们都是份量很足,但是味道清淡。相反,生青椒或者辣椒丝,味道浓郁但不占份量。雷司令葡萄品种酿造出来的酒,酒体清淡,但味道丰富,而夏多丽葡萄则酒体中等偏重,而味道清淡得多。
美味的葡萄酒是不是和搭配过于浓重味道的食品。
值得参考的是烹饪的方式,用相对温和的方式制作比烧烤食品,更需要搭配味道简单而清淡的葡萄酒,因为烧烤方式本身给食物添加了味道。
食物的味道会因烹饪方式而增加。
食品和葡萄酒里的酸度 食品里的酸度会减低葡萄酒里的酸度,而且还会使酒显得不那么活跃和清新。所以,任何食品里的酸度都要与搭配的葡萄酒的酸度相匹配。就像意大利红葡萄酒里的酸度是显而易见的,因为意大利餐的主要配方
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中有两样必不可少的原料:番茄和橄榄油,其他还有包括柠檬和醋。所有的葡萄酒都要配合食物的酸度,所以酸度也高一些。
食物的酸度是尖酸,就像柠檬,西柚或醋,因而很容易把大部分葡萄酒里的果酸遮盖掉。
食物和葡萄酒里的糖份
如果把干性葡萄酒与具有一定甜度的食品搭配时会显得尖酸或酸过头。甜品最好与类似甜度的葡萄酒搭配。
食品有多甜,搭配的葡萄酒也要有多甜。 油、咸度和丹宁
丹宁和鱼类的蛋白质结合会产生金属味道,所以通常要避免使用红葡萄酒搭配海鲜和鱼类。
另外,高丹宁含量也会让偏咸的食物发苦。 肉类和丹宁
丹宁与蛋白质接触会产生反应。富含蛋白质的食物通常为红肉类,会使丹宁的口感更加柔顺。这也是为什么高丹宁葡萄酒适合搭配烤肉、焖肉和牛排的原因。
清淡、果味浓郁的红葡萄酒通常的丹宁含量较低,像法国的薄若来和意大利的瓦波里切拉,更适合搭配低蛋白质含量的白肉类食品像小羊肉 .
偏咸食品和高糖高酸的葡萄酒
偏咸的食品遇到甜味道时,味道会更加丰富,经典的范例包括:意大利熏火腿和无花果;羊乳酪和苏玳甜白;
咸猪肉和斯蒂尔顿奶酪
偏咸食品与高酸葡萄酒搭配也同样受益,例如橄榄油,生蚝,还有其他贝壳类食物适合搭配酒体清淡爽口的干白葡萄酒。
偏油腻的食品和高酸葡萄酒
酸度高的葡萄酒适合搭配相对油腻的食品,例如苏玳甜白和法国鹅肝,这是分量相似的经典搭配;
葡萄酒里的酸度能减少食物的油腻感。像雷司令和未经橡木桶陈年的巴贝拉这样爽口的葡萄酒,可以搭配比较肥腻的鸭肉或鹅肉。
同样油炸的食品也要搭配酸度高的葡萄酒,因为油炸的烹饪方式使食品油腻程度增加。
食品和葡萄酒的主要味道
有时候,食物的味道会影响或补充葡萄酒里的味道。而食物味道的主导则是调味汁的作用。
烟熏食物需要葡萄酒有足够特点去应对,例如 清淡的烟三文鱼 VS 干性香槟
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烟猪肉 VS 少许发甜的葡萄酒 ( 德国雷司令 ) 烧烤 VS 橡木味偏重的酒 ( 澳大利亚设拉子 ) 越重的烟熏味,需要越多的橡木味道来匹配。
食物中的果味可以与果香和花香浓郁的葡萄酒搭配。例如 Muscat可以用来搭配水果沙拉 .
加香料的食品最好和特别成熟多汁感觉的葡萄酒搭配,包括未经橡木陈年或者清淡橡木味道的酒,因为香料会使橡木味道加重。例如新西兰白苏维翁,或者智利梅洛都可以搭配加香料的食品。带有香料味道的格乌兹塔米娜可以使加香料食品的味道提升。 spice这个字在形容葡萄酒时,表示有很多种不同的果香,包括白胡椒、黑胡椒、丁香、肉桂、豆蔻,还有生姜等等。而真正的辣椒味道会使葡萄酒里的甜度减低,干红葡萄酒也因此会发涩。
影响葡萄酒风格、品质和价格的因素 导致葡萄酒最终口感的主要决定因素在于:
选用的葡萄品种、葡萄的生长及采摘条件、葡萄酒的酿造方式、葡萄酒的熟成方式(包括瓶中熟成)等等。但是大部分因素都与成本有着很大的关联,因此也就直接影响到最后瓶装葡萄酒上市时的销售价格。
葡萄酒培训2
葡萄品种
几个世纪以来,某些特别的葡萄品种因为有着更加令人愉悦的味道、高产量、抗病能力等原因而被经常选择使用。 这些品种中包括了我们最为熟悉的夏多丽、赤霞珠和几百个其他葡萄品种。不同的葡萄品种类型决定了葡萄酒特点的一大部分,同时也影响了酒的颜色和味道,而这些不同的品种也各自有着不同的含糖量(决定酒精)、酸度和丹宁。后面的葡萄品种章节中将着重描述各种主要葡萄品种的不同特点。 并不是所有的夏多丽和赤霞珠都味道相同或成本相同,这是因为还有其他重要因素也在同时影响着产品的风格和质量。
环境
为了种植和产出成熟健康的葡萄,葡萄树需要二氧化碳、阳光、水份、温度和养份。而这些因素都受到葡萄种植环境的影响。包括:
气候和天气,决定光照、温度和水份;土壤,决定温度、水份和养份; 气候 形容了在某一个特定年份中的天气条件。温度和光照,将对成熟葡萄的味道起到非常有利的作用。
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有些葡萄品种需要大量的热量来达到完全的成熟,否则会过分酸涩、发苦,缺乏果香。
另外一些葡萄则只需要适中的热量和更为凉爽的气候,否则会过分成熟而失去酸度和新鲜的果香特色。过份的果酱和葡萄干的味道会主导葡萄酒,或者令酒平淡乏味。
只有极少数葡萄品种能够适应各种气候形态。 葡萄酒的风味提供了气候的线索,通常情况下:
炎热的气候:产生更多酒精、浓重的酒体、更多丹宁和较少的酸度; 凉爽的气候:产生较少的酒精、清淡的酒体、较少丹宁和更多的酸度; 葡萄包含了所有酿酒所需要的物质条件 — 糖份、水份、酸度、风味物质、颜色和丹宁。这些成分的质量和数量则取决于葡萄品种、成熟的环境和生长条件。
影响气候的主要因素
每个特定年份的气候影响了那个年份葡萄酒的风格和质量。而其中最重要的时间是生长季节,特别是整个葡萄成熟过程的时间段。
纬度越接近赤道 越热 例如 澳洲和南非 越远离赤道 越凉爽 例如 德国和新西兰
海拔高度越高例如阿根廷的某些区域 越凉爽 海洋温暖的海洋 例如西欧越热 寒冷的海洋 越凉爽
例如 加州、智利、开普敦、南澳
极端的天气条件例如冰雹、强风、水灾和迟来的霜冻都会给葡萄的质量和产量带来灾难。一旦葡萄表皮受损,则非常容易受到霉菌侵蚀。
明显异常的炎热和寒冷都会对该年份葡萄酒的风格和质量产生不利的影响。年份气候影响特别重大的区域包括波尔多和香槟地区,因为上述地区每个年份的气候差异特别大。
不同葡萄品种的调配,或者选用来自不同葡萄园、村庄甚至不同产区的葡萄原料,是保持每年葡萄酒风格和质量稳定的一个非常行之有效的方法。而这一点在品牌葡萄酒产品中显得格外重要。
光照 是葡萄完成光合作用,并形成糖份的能量来源。 这些糖份则是葡萄成分中最重要的部分。
在那些远离赤道的区域,葡萄树需要种植在斜坡上来面对阳光,以获得更多的光照,或者在河流旁边,通过河面反射光照。而炎热的地区则无需如此。
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水份 可以来自雨水、地面,甚至灌溉来获得水份。过多的水份会导致葡萄颗粒过大,这样会增加产量,但同时也使葡萄的各种成分不足而降低质量。因此在一些降雨量大的区域,葡萄园往往都建立在斜坡上,或者砾石土壤和白垩土壤上以利于排水。而在那些雨水不足的地区,包括很大新世界地区,灌溉就显得更加重要。
通常那些高质量的葡萄酒,都只提供适度的水份来保障葡萄的糖份;而价格便宜的葡萄酒,则使用相对更多的灌溉来提高产量。不过尽管如此,过多的雨水和潮湿还是会导致霉菌侵蚀的问题。暴雨和冰雹都同样会毁坏葡萄树和葡萄果实。
温度 同样是制造糖份所必须的条件,不能太少和太多。如果天气太热和太冷,糖份制造会非常缓慢甚至停止。这也是为什么全世界大部分葡萄园的位置都处于赤道南纬和北纬的 30 - 50 度温带区域范围内的原因。
葡萄树可以通过树叶蒸发散热来保持自身的凉爽。如果遇到极端炎热的状况出现,葡萄树则会合拢树叶以避免水份的流失盒干枯,因此,在这种情况下,虽然有温度盒热量,葡萄依然不会形成糖份。影响温度的主要原因是气候盒天气。
另外,不同的土壤也有影响温度的能力。例如干燥而多石的土壤往往比潮湿的粘土更加能够保存热量。
养份 — 叶子不仅仅可以为葡萄输送糖份,同时也为整颗葡萄树积蓄养份。水份是通过根系来获得,除此以外,葡萄树还需要土壤中少量的养份来作为平衡。葡萄树对于适应多种土壤有着与生俱来的才能。
葡萄种植-影响葡萄原料质量和风格的两个主要因素 是葡萄园的照顾和产量的控制 . 葡萄园的工作包括 : 适当的剪枝法
葡萄串结果的数量控制(控制温度或者受光面积) 产量 采摘
有些病虫害是对葡萄非常不利的,包括鸟类和昆虫;
真菌侵蚀会导致霉病和腐烂;还有其他的细菌和病毒都可能导致葡萄树长期疾病。
酿造
其中最重要的过程是发酵。当酵母吞吃葡萄汁里的糖份的同时也制造出酒精、二氧化碳和热量,并且将葡萄果汁的味道转变成葡萄酒中的风味物质。
白葡萄酒-压榨去皮,然后进入发酵容器进行发酵(通常在 15 - 20 度的低温状态下,为期 2 - 4 周)
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红葡萄酒-破皮压榨,然后进入发酵容器进行发酵(通常在 25 - 30 度的高温状态下进行,为期 2 - 4 周)
之后还要浸提,获取更多风味物质
桃红葡萄酒-破皮压榨,转入发酵容器(通常在 15 - 20 度的低温状态下) 浸提时间为 12 - 36 小时
橡木桶
很多葡萄酒都多少受到了橡木桶的影响,最常见的是把橡木条或橡木片放入容器中。最便宜的酒则使用橡木香精,而最好的葡萄酒必须在橡木桶中进行发酵和熟成。
法国橡木比美国橡木的价格更加昂贵,但往往有带来更加精致的烘烤和坚果香气。而美国橡木则带来更多的甜椰子和香草的味道。
葡萄酒在橡木桶中储存时最重要的是保证酒永远是满的,防止空气进入而破坏葡萄酒,因此对人工的投入也会增加成本。
完全在橡木桶中进行发酵和熟成被最为广泛的应用在法国的勃艮第,特别是夏多丽葡萄酒。而大部分红葡萄酒则不是在橡木桶中发酵,当然最顶级的红葡萄酒一定会用橡木桶进行熟成。
熟成
可以在橡木桶中进行或其他的木制及不锈钢罐,还可以装瓶后在瓶中进行熟成。在这个过程中最重要的转变是缓慢的化学反应,它会发展出更加负责的风味物质和香气。
橡木桶中的氧化熟成
新橡木会给葡萄酒直接增加橡木味道,而旧橡木则不会直接增加任何味道。无论是新旧橡木都会因为木质天然的气孔而允许少量的氧气渗入并溶入酒中。这些少量的氧气使红葡萄酒的丹宁柔软,口感更顺滑, 并且带来焦糖、无花果、榛仁和咖啡等味道。
瓶中的氧化熟成
由于瓶子和不锈钢罐是密封的,因此不会添加任何额外的味道,而在这些容器中所产生的缓慢化学反应也与橡木桶中的不同。
在大型的不锈钢罐中的葡萄酒,数月内都几乎没有任何变化;装入瓶中的葡萄酒则会因为容积较小而更快速的产生变化。
瓶子里因为缺乏氧气,年轻葡萄酒新鲜的果香会转变为熟的水果、蔬菜和动物性香气,例如潮湿的叶子、蘑菇和皮革。只有少数葡萄酒能够在瓶子里进一步改善。通常情况下那些吸引人的果香都会逐渐减弱。而且由氧化导致的动物性香气和蔬菜类香气都不那么令人愉悦。只有极少数非常特别的酒,才能在保留果香的同时,又发展出其他复杂的风味来。而这样的葡萄酒当然不是轻易可以做到的。
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影响成本的因素 葡萄园: 1)葡萄园的土地
2)葡萄园工作的机械化程度 3)设备和人工
4)产量的控制以及葡萄原料选择的精细程度 酒厂: 1)酒厂的设备
2)橡木桶或者其他形成橡木味道的原料成本 3)熟成所需要的储存空间和设备包装,配送和销售 1)出口及进口国的货币汇率浮动 2)外包装和特殊的瓶子 3)运输费用
4)分销商和零售商的效率以及利润空间
某些产区的产品能够持续高价销售的原因在于有人愿意为一些高质量水准的产品支付昂贵的价格。
标签的解读 生产商和品牌 1 。大规模的商业品牌
2 。由经销商和零售商自行创造的品牌
苯酒、雪莉、起泡葡萄酒和大部分的烈酒都是由少数大品牌主导。 对于大多数消费者而言,酒名中出现的葡萄品种、产区等信息就如同葡萄酒的品牌一样,能够帮助消费者按照各自的认知程度和期望值来决定是否购买。如果这些期待是积极的,并且产品也却是能够满足消费者的期望值,那么酒标上的内容将对销售有很大的帮助。
年份 — 是指葡萄采摘的那个特定年。大部分的葡萄酒都应该在年轻而新鲜时饮用而无需进行储存成年;对于这样的葡萄酒,年份能让你知道瓶子里酒的年龄。
而对于极少数声望极高、需要并且值得储存成年的葡萄酒来说,年份则意味着完全不同的解释。
南半球和北半球的一年四季是完全相反的。 南半球 — 在二月到四月间采摘 北半球 — 在八月到十月间采摘
因此,南半球的葡萄酒等于要比北半球的同一个年份早半年,特别是桃红和不经过橡木桶熟成的白葡萄酒。
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质量等级 和地区商标体系
欧盟国家-分为法定产区酒和普通餐酒
每个独立的法定产区都是独一无二的,不能复制任何一个其他地区的风味特色而出现同样类似风格的产品。而这些独一无二的风格则来自不同种植区域的自然条件、葡萄品种的选择,以及不同的种植和酿造方法。
因此,只要酒标上出现任何产区名字,那么该产品必须符合法律规定的地理界限、种植和酿造技术,以及葡萄品种的使用。这种体系适用于法国、意大利、西班牙、葡萄牙。
其他欧盟国家则在此基础之上略有不同。
德国-在控制法定产区名字使用的同时,还根据葡萄含糖量的不同来区别等级。
普通餐酒的范畴,则允许使用非地方传统葡萄品种。一般情况下,餐酒的标签上不能出现葡萄品种或年份。
只有针对出口市场,特别是法国南部和意大利的普通餐酒,允许使用大范围地理位置的描述、葡萄品种和年份,来表示产品的出产区域。
法定产区酒
Quality wine produced in a specified region
AOC
国
Qmp
国
DOCG
大利
DOC
班牙
DOC
萄
Vinho Regional
Vinho de Mesa
DO
ra
Vino de la Tier
Vino de Mesa
DOC
IGT afica Tipica
Vino d
Indicazione Geogra Tavola
QbA
Landwein
in
Tafelwe
AOVDQS
日常餐酒
附带地理位置标注的酒 餐酒
VDP
VDT 普通餐
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牙
欧盟以外的其他国家
几乎所有非欧盟国家在国际市场上的葡萄酒,都无一例外的标识了地理位置。每个国家都对葡萄园所在的从最小到最大的产区范畴作出了不同的划分来控制产区名字的使用。因而,这些欧盟国家以外的酿酒商在种植和酿造技术上都有更大的自由空间。
大部分的产品标签上都标识了产区、年份和使用的葡萄品种。并且允许使用单一品种标签的葡萄酒中勾兑少量的来自其他年份、其他区域,以及其他葡萄品种。
所有的国家都有各自酿造技术的规定和保护消费者的商标条款。另外出口到欧盟国家的葡萄酒也必须符合欧盟的相关酿造技术的葡萄酒法律。
风格和酿造技术-不同于品种、产区和品牌,酒标最普通的条款是要表示出酿造技术和产品风格,例如手工采摘、未经橡木桶陈酿、酒厂装瓶等等。。。
Oak aged,意味着经过任何大小不等的橡木容器的储存。 1 。 aged in new barriques, 225 升的小橡木桶
2 。 barrel fermented( 只针对白葡萄酒 ),意味着葡萄 酒中综合了橡木风味,但人工投入要比储存本身的成本更高,因此价格更加昂贵。
3 。 oaked,可以是上述的任何一种,但更多情况下是使用了橡木条或者橡木片。
Unfined/Unfiltered -未经澄清或过滤
Vegetarian/Vegan,-适用于素食者,因为用于澄清过滤的原料包括鲟鱼的鱼胶和其他动物蛋白。标识 Vegetarians 字样的酒不能使用鱼胶作为澄清剂,而标识Vegan 字样的酒则上述两种澄清剂都不能使用。
Organic -有机种植
指葡萄种植完全没有使用任何合成肥料、除虫剂和除草剂。 Biodynamics生物动力学指与葡萄种植和酿造密切关联的一整套体系,包含了坚信地球和整个宇宙界自然循环的理念。
Reserve/Riserva/Reserva 没有法定意义 Cuvee/bin出现在标签上也没有实际意义 Estate/Chateau/Domaine/Weingut
只能用于以自家葡萄原料酿造的葡萄酒标签上
Merchant/Negociant 指购买和使用了来自其他果农种植的葡萄原料 Co-operative cellar是指由一定数量的果农共同拥有的酿酒设施
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英语 Wine Red Rose
中文 法语 葡萄酒 Vin 红
Rouge
意大利语 Vino Rosso Roasto Bianco Secco
西班牙语 葡萄牙语 Vino Tinto Rosado Blanco Seco
Vinho Tinto Rosado Branco Seco
德语 Wein Rot Rose Weiss Trocken Halbtrocken
桃红 Rose
Blanc Sec
White 白 Dry Off Dry
干 半干
Medium 半甜 Demi-sec Semi-secco Semi-seco Semi-seco Lieblich
Moelleux
Sweet 甜 Vintage
Liquoreau Dolce Doux
Millesime
Vendemmia
/harvesVendange Vendimia Colheita
采摘 Annata
t Recolte
年份
霞多丽-白葡萄品种
霞多丽本身并不属于芳香型葡萄品种,微妙之处在善于表达橡木和酵母发酵带来的香气,还有源自于土壤的精致的矿物质细腻香气。
霞多丽的味道
霞多丽是非常少见的品种,无论是凉爽的夏布利还是炎热的加州中央山谷都可以酿造出迷人的葡萄酒。而且果香味道也随地区不同而变化很大。
凉爽地带: 通常带有绿色水果香气例如苹果、梨还有柑桔,以及偶尔出现的黄瓜等蔬菜香气。
中等地区,包括勃根第和一些新世界地区:带有核果类香气和柑橘以及少许西瓜味道。
炎热地区:大部分新世界地区:带有热带水果包括桃、香蕉、菠萝、无花果甚至是芒果味道。
通常来说,大部分霞多丽葡萄酒的味道都不是来自于葡萄品种而是来自于酿造方式 .
乳酸发酵 牛奶(黄油、奶油)
搅拌酒脚(死酵母) 增加奶油质地和可口 橡木处理 烘烤、香草和椰子
霞多丽酒德酒体是非常丰满而大份量的,奶油质地,最好的霞多丽在陈年后能发展出蜂蜜、坚果和复杂的可口味道。
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Ernte
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高级地区 — 白勃根第
经典的霞多丽产区是法国东部的勃根第,根据地区、村庄或者葡萄园。最主要的村庄是夏布利、金山麓和马孔内。
Chablis夏布利是一个凉爽的地区,酸度高而且严谨。这里的石灰石土壤给葡萄酒提供了烟熏、燧石和矿物质味道,特别是一级葡萄园和特级葡萄园的表现更加突出。除了极少数例外,通常此地的霞多丽很少用橡木桶发酵或陈酿。
Cote d’Or 金山麓是勃根第的中心地带,霞多丽白葡萄酒多数来自本地的南部 Cote de Beaune 博恩丘,并且以原产地村庄名字销售,最著名的村庄是 Meursault 莫尔索和 Puligny Montrachet 布里尼蒙哈谢 .
小橡木桶发酵+橡木桶陈酿和浸泡酒脚=增加复杂性和酒体
产品的口感浓郁,香气复杂包括柑橘,白色核果类和热带水果香气,并同时含有橡木、香料等味道。
Maconnais马孔内是白勃根第酒的最南部产区。生产大量的价格适中、酒体清淡,带有西瓜和柑橘味道的白葡萄酒。最常见的就是 Macon AC
Pouilly Fuisse AC则酒体浓郁得多,带有菠萝、西瓜等热带水果味道,因为此地葡萄多数出自最南部阳光充足的陡坡上。
其他霞多丽产区
澳大利亚 — 猎人谷 Hunter Valley(New South Wales) 属于炎热产区,带有西瓜、无花果等热带水果味道 — 几个维多利亚的凉爽产区Victoria — 石灰石地区如潘士威Padthaway
— 阿德雷得山区 Adelaide Hills (South Australia) 生产酸度高,蔬菜、柑橘或柚子等丰富香气的葡萄酒
— 玛格丽特河流域 Margaret River (West Australia)
最典型的澳洲霞多丽风格是带有明显得果香河橡木桶味道,目前也出现越来越多的完全未经橡木桶处理或轻微橡木桶处理的产品。
新西兰 Hawkes Bay/Gisbourne/Marlborough 酸度高,果香充分,带有明显橡木桶味道 美国加州 California
凉爽的微风+清晨薄雾=漫长得成熟期,生产香气浓郁、口感复杂的产品 少数顶级酒厂也仿造法国勃根第的方式,以单一葡萄园酿造出限量产品 加州霞多丽的风格多样,很多是酒体浓郁丰满、香气丰富带有柑橘、杏桃和橡木味道的,另外也有少数产品接近金山麓的风格。
智利Central Valley/Casablanca Valley(north of Santiago)带有香蕉、西瓜和橡木发酵及陈酿味道
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阿根廷 Mendoza
海拔高度和夜晚凉爽的温度使这里的霞多丽香气浓郁 南非 Coastal Region such as Walker Bay
霞多丽本身可以适合多种土壤和气候,并且仍然可以表现出柔顺得质地和黄油、西瓜等水果香气,而且产量高,也可以和
Colombard/Chenin Blanc/Semillon/Viognier 等葡萄品种混合调配。
黑皮诺-红葡萄品种
这是一个非常挑剔生长地区的品种,因而对于果农来说是最困难也最有挑战力的品种。大部分的黑皮诺都是柔顺、但宁含量低,无需瓶中熟成来发展更多的迷人味道,并且可以在任何阶段来饮用。该品种是果皮很薄的红葡萄品种,因而葡萄酒的但宁含量中等,颜色通常浅,喜爱凉爽适中的气候类型。
黑皮诺品种的特点
在炎热的地区,黑皮诺品种会失去精致优雅的特点,而且葡萄品种也会出现过份的酱果味道。良好平衡的黑皮诺会表现出红果味道(草莓、覆盆子樱桃),伴随蔬菜类和动物类香气(湿叶子、蘑菇、家禽肉类)。
少数黑皮诺能在橡木桶里发展出复杂的香气,不过香草和烘烤类香气很容易遮盖住黑皮诺本身精致的细腻香气。
大部分黑皮诺葡萄酒都应该在年轻而充满果香时饮用。 顶级的黑皮诺产区-法国勃根第
黑皮诺最大的困难是很难被全面开发:每个不同的村庄都会有少许不同,因此在该地区使用各自不同的村庄名字。
Bourgogne AC 酒体中等,果香平衡迷人,低丹宁,酸度中高。 Village AC 例如
Gevrey Chambertin, Nuits St Georges,Beaune, Pommard 等等通常都更浓郁、复杂而且回 味悠长,特别是村庄里的一级葡萄园。
Grand Cru AC 例如Le Chambertin AC特级葡萄园产品则最为 强劲和长寿,是全世界最复杂的黑皮诺葡萄酒。
其他的优质黑皮诺产区
新西兰 比起勃根第的产品来说酒体相对浓郁,酸度低而果香更重。通常在带有樱桃、草莓等红果香气的同时也有香料味道。
Martinborough, Central Otago,最成熟浓郁的黑皮诺 Marlborough的黑皮诺更为清淡,并且很多都用于酿造汽酒 California Carneros& cooler part of Sonoma
(such as Russian River Valley),趋向于浓重酒体,大部分都果香浓郁,少数带有明显的皮革、肉类和湿叶子等动物和蔬菜类香气特点。
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Oregon 加州更北面的中等气候
Australian 普遍气候过热除了 Yarra Valley 受到海风和海拔高度影响 Chile Casablanca Valley,带有草莓酱的浓郁果香 South Africa 沿海地区
价格低廉的黑皮诺- Romainia 部分产品柔顺、清淡,并且带有草莓味道 ; 其他的带有艰涩丹宁和煮熟的水果酱。
赤霞珠和梅洛-红葡萄品种
这两个葡萄品种通常是在一起,并且共同调配混合酿造。梅洛通常被加到赤霞珠里面来酿造更易饮的葡萄酒,因为梅洛能使酒的口感更为柔顺,否则会很严肃艰涩。而赤霞珠则给梅洛增加丹宁、酸度和果香。根据新世界的法规,葡萄酒里调配的数量比例较少,就算标签上不说明也一样。
赤霞珠的味道特点
色泽深邃,丹宁和酸度高,果香浓重。需要中等到炎热的气候。香气、酸度和丹宁都会因陈年而得到发展。
典型的黑色水果味道(黑加仑、黑樱桃)通常伴随着蔬菜类味道(青椒、薄荷、雪松),并使用橡木桶来熟成优质葡萄酒,使丹宁柔顺,增加了烟熏、香草和咖啡味道。
炎热气候或过份成熟的葡萄
带有黑色(黑莓、黑李子、黑樱桃),酒体浓重,中低酸度,高酒精和相对中等丹宁。
特别成熟的葡萄
表现出水果蛋糕和巧克力味道 适中或凉爽的气候
风格优雅,红果香气(草莓、甜椒和梅子)和蔬菜类(雪松),丹宁和酸度都更高一些。
梅洛的味道相对少,味道也没有那么浓郁,丹宁和酸度都比赤霞珠清淡,但酒体和酒精度都更高。最好的梅洛要用橡木桶陈酿,并获得香料和香草,咖啡等橡木桶味道。
优质赤霞珠和梅洛产地
Bordeaux 适中的海洋性气候,并且漫长温暖的秋季 左岸 –以赤霞珠为主
Medoc AC, Haut Medoc AC, Grave AC ( 酒体中等偏重,高丹宁、高酸度,中等酒精,余味悠长。可以在年轻时饮用,不过陈年后使丹宁柔顺,而且带有黑色水果和华丽的烘烤味道到蔬菜类、烟草和雪松等复杂香气。通常是全世界最长寿、最复杂的红葡萄酒。
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右岸 –以梅洛为主导
St Emilion AC, Pomerol AC
通常比右左岸柔顺,丹宁和酸度中等,带有红色果香(李子,红莓),能发展出雪松和烟草香气。
左右岸以外地区 –标签上显示: Bordeaux AC, Bordeaux Superieur AC
这些酒体中等的干红葡萄酒,通常丹宁和酸度含量中等,含有来自梅洛和赤霞珠的红色和黑色混合果香,适合在年轻时饮用,少数会在瓶中陈年后有所表现。
其他优质赤霞珠和梅洛地区
加州部分地区,特别时海岸地区的 Napa and Sonoma Valley. California Cab Sau,典型的成熟柔顺的高丹宁,黑樱桃的深色以及橡木桶味道。
California Merlot,通常酒体浓重,带有黑色果香和水果蛋糕,以及橡木桶的味道。这两个葡萄品种通常也学习波尔多风格一起混合调配酿造。
智利 Maipo Valley, Rapel Valley ( 更南面 )
酿造高质量的混合调配的赤霞珠和梅洛葡萄酒,带有明显的青椒、黑加仑树叶等蔬菜类香气,以及黑樱桃、黑莓等黑色果香。
阿根廷 Mendoza
赤霞珠通常和马贝克调配,传统上在上市前经过橡木桶陈年带来皮革和肉类香气,果香充分的现代风格。在炎热的 Mendoza 地区中,气候适中的和海拔更高的地方所生产的葡萄质量更高,为阿根廷最好的红葡萄酒提供原料。
澳大利亚, 种植了大量的赤霞珠,其中有 2 个产区已经树立了现代的典范 Coonawarra ,带有不同的薄荷、桉树,以及黑莓和橡木桶的烘烤和香草气息
Margaret River,西部地区使用赤霞珠和梅洛共同调配。丹宁含量高,带有黑色果香和黑加仑树叶的植物性香气。
新西兰 Hawkes BayCab ,Merlot, Cab-Melot 丹宁和酸度含量中等,带有雪松、黑加仑树叶等香气
南非 ,生产非常好的赤霞珠、梅洛调配葡萄酒和单品种的葡萄酒。比起澳大利亚和加州的同类产品来说,果香少而植物性香气更多。很多来自 Stellenbosch 的葡萄酒风格都接近于波尔多风格,丹宁和酸度含量高。
价格便宜的赤霞珠和梅洛
Chile(Central Valley), Southern France(VDP’Oc), South Africa(Western Cape), South Eastern Australia,
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California(Central Valley), Argentina(Mendoza), Bulgaria, Northern Italy( 酒体清淡的梅洛 ), Bordeaux( 清淡、酒体中等以梅洛为主要原料的产品)
调配
赤霞珠通常能帮助葡萄酒发展出更多果香、增加颜色和丹宁 Australia(cab with shiraz)
Argentina(merlot with malbec) Chile(carmenere with cab)
长相思-白葡萄品种
某些长相思可以带来更加清新、爽脆的味道。这一点和霞多丽刚好形成鲜明的对比,并且在风格上比霞多丽有更多的可塑造性。
长相思的味道
属于芳香型葡萄品种,表现出强烈的绿色果香和蔬菜类香气,例如芦笋、青椒, 酸度高,酒体中等,大部分酿造成干白。为了更好的表现出蔬菜类香气,通常需要凉爽的气候类型。
比起凉爽地区,适中气候地区种植的葡萄通常更少带有刺激复杂的蔬菜类香气。
为了更好的表现出清脆爽口的果香风格,大部分都不使用橡木桶发酵。少数经过橡木桶陈酿的产品带有香草和甘草等香气。
大部分产品不会在瓶中熟成后有任何发展,反而减少新鲜的果香而呆滞。 大部分长相思的酸度高,但同时也适合酿造甜葡萄酒,特别是在波尔多的苏玳地区。
优质长相思产区
Loire Central Vineyards-Village of Sancerre, Pouilly Fume 凉爽气候使产品酸度高,酒体中等;而稍热的地带则带有更明显的蔬菜类香气,同时也带有绿色水果和香草植物性香气,以及一丝土壤成分导致的烟熏香气。
Bordeaux, most blend with semillon
Sau单品种酿造的葡萄酒不适合陈年,是果香浓郁的葡萄品种。增加了 Semillon葡萄能延续果香,并且在瓶中发展出复杂的陈年香气,同时也增加酒体。单品种的 Semillon 酒则更加中立和柔和。酸度中等到高,增加长相思后会使酒的口感清爽,果香丰富酒体中等到重,部分产品带有橡木桶味道。最好的长相思来自波尔多的 Grave/Pessac Leognan ,可以经过瓶中陈年发展出蜂蜜、烘烤等复杂香气。
其他长相思优质地区
新西兰 Cool climate Marlborough in south island
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典型的风格是干性,酸度高,没有橡木桶风味,酒体中等,带有强烈而刺激的味道,包括西番莲、醋栗、青椒和黑加仑树叶香气。最好在年轻新鲜时饮用。少数产品会在瓶中发展出芦笋和青豆味道。
南非 波尔多风格 ,使用橡木桶来减少刺激增加香草植物类香气 新西兰风格 ,水果主导和刺激气味,缺少深度和复杂性 加州 温暖的气候使酒带有香草植物类香气
Napa Valley,从不经橡木处理、清淡到很重的橡木风格,比较来自同一地区的霞多丽,经过橡木处理的长相思通常酒体淡一些,而酸度高一些。部分产品同时带有青草、芦笋等蔬菜香气和香料、香草、甘草和烘烤的橡木桶香气。
智利 凉爽的 Casablanca Valley 价格便宜的长相思产区
除了卢瓦尔以外,法国大部分地区都酿造大量的长相思葡萄酒。包括 Touraine AC, white Bordeaux AC. VDP du Jardin de la France(Loire)
VDP’Oc are also important sources of Sau Blanc Chile California South Africa 调配
Bordeaux(with semillon)
Australia, Chile, USA (with semillon) 薏丝琳-白葡萄品种
无论来自那个产区,或者干、半干、甜味的薏丝琳,总是充满了特别明显的果香。不同的土壤类型额不同的成熟度,会在该品种特点方面有不同表现。就像夏多丽能表现出每个独立葡萄园的细微差别,薏丝琳的这种特点,来自德国、阿尔萨斯和奥地利的生产商分别用葡萄园名字来命名葡萄酒。
薏丝琳的味道
薏丝琳属于芳香型葡萄品种,果香和花香要超过蔬菜类的香气。在凉爽地区,如果葡萄成熟度好,会出现青苹果、葡萄果香和花香味道以及少许柑橘类像柠檬和青柠的香气。
稍热地区,柑橘和核果类香气为主导,某些酒会出现强烈的青柠或杏桃香气。 这个品种糖份形成慢,酸度良好,如果秋季光照充足、干燥,气候稳定,就非常适合酿造晚摘型葡萄酒,而核果类香气能发展出杏桃、菠萝和芒果味道。这些晚秋型产品可以是干、半干或甜味道的。
薏丝琳葡萄对贵腐霉非常敏感,因而是葡萄的糖份和酸度都更加浓缩,是很理想的甜白葡萄酒的原料。
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高酸度和强烈的果香对薏丝琳葡萄酒的瓶中熟成有很大的好处。能发展出蜂蜜和烘烤类香气。老年的薏丝琳会表现出烟熏和汽油味道。酿造薏丝琳葡萄酒从来不使用新橡木桶。
优质薏丝琳产区
德国,是薏丝琳的故乡。酿造风格多样,质量级别分别为: QbA– Qualitatwwein bestimmter Anbaugebiet,通常新鲜而充满果香,甜味中等。
再往上一个级别是 :
QmP– qualitatswein mit Pradikat,按含糖量多少(成熟度)分别分为几个等级。
Kabinett,酒体清淡,酸度高,带有青苹果和葡萄果香。甜味中等,酒精含量低、或者是酒精含量中等的干型葡萄酒。
Spatlese, 酒体相对浓郁一些,带有柑橘和柠檬、菠萝等热带水果香气。 Riesling
Auslese,酒体更加重,带有芒果和菠萝果香。大部分产品都是半干、甜型,而该级别最好的产品是干型的。
Beerenauslese/Trockenberrenauslese,用受过贵腐侵蚀的葡萄制作的甜白葡萄酒。
Eiswein,用受过冻的葡萄酿造的甜白葡萄酒。
Mosel-Saar-Ruwer,酿造酒体最为清淡的薏丝琳葡萄酒。 Kabinett和Spatlese通常都是酸甜平衡的半干型葡萄酒。声誉最好的葡萄园都位于 Piesport and Bernkastel 村庄周围的斜坡上。
薏丝琳-白葡萄品种
Rheingau, 是各很小的产区 .这里的 Kabinett, Spatlese和 Auslese Riesling通常是中等酒体的干型葡萄酒。
Pfalz 更大一些 ,更靠近法国的 Alsace. Forst和Deidesheim 村庄附近的葡萄园通常出产中等酒体的干型葡萄酒。
其他的薏丝琳产区
法国 Alsace 阿尔萨斯有漫长、干燥而温暖的秋季,为干型、酒体中等的薏丝琳葡萄提供了理想的气候条件,带有青柠和核果类香气。这里也制造酒体更浓郁的晚摘型葡萄酒,香味更浓郁,其中有部分产品是甜型酒。
Alsace
地质复杂,土壤类型多样。即便是用同样的方法酿造,从一个地方到另一个地方的产品风格区别明显,最好的葡萄酒能有瓶中陈年的潜力,十年的葡萄酒通常带有烟熏、汽油和蜂蜜的复杂香气。
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Austria,也酿造中等到浓郁酒体的干型薏丝琳葡萄酒。通常带有柑橘和核果类香气特征,酸度中等到高。部分葡萄园的产品带有矿物质和烟熏香气。
Australia
酿造的薏丝琳葡萄酒非常出色,特别是 Clare Valley、Eden Valley. 通常产品是干型的,酒体中等,酸度高,带有明显的柑橘果香。陈年后能发展出蜂蜜和烘烤类型香气。有些产品能很快发展出烟熏类或接近汽油味道的香气特点。
New Zealand
在南部地区酿造的薏丝琳品质上乘,通常都是干型、高酸度,并带有强烈的绿色水果和柑橘类香气。大部分产品适合在年轻时饮用,也有少数产品能在成年后发展出蜂蜜香气。
薏丝琳 –(和另外一个名叫 Welschriesling 的品种无关) 价格低廉的薏丝琳
在德国也有大量的价格便宜的薏丝琳产品混合了一部分高产量的葡萄品种,例如 Liebfraumilch.而德国和其他薏丝琳产区都有少量产量大价格便宜的薏丝琳。
混合调配
只在德国的 Liebfraumilch 被大量使用。在奥地利,有些会加入 Gewurztraminer 来增加果香,酿造出好喝的半干葡萄酒。
希拉和歌海娜-红葡萄品种
在法国以外地区,只有澳大利亚建立起了希拉的声誉,在这里,希拉的名字叫设拉子。虽然设拉子在全世界的种植面积正在日益增加,无论设南非、美国、智利和阿根廷。
歌海娜是按面积来说,全球红葡萄品种种植范围中排名第三的品种,大部分是在法国南部和西班牙。多数用来作为调配品种。
Syrah/Shiraz 的味道
Syrah葡萄,表皮后果实颗粒小,因此酒的颜色也非常深邃,丹宁和酸度中等。酒体通常比较浓郁,带有黑色酱果(黑莓)和黑巧克力香气特点。
在气候适宜地区,通常带有植物香草味道(薄荷、桉树),腌肉和香料味道(黑椒)。
炎热地区,带有更多甜香料例如甘草、丁香花蕾的味道。成年后的葡萄酒能发展出动物毛皮和蔬菜类复杂香气,例如皮革、潮湿灌木和泥土气息。 而在凉爽地区,该品种无法充分成熟。
许多希拉都是经过橡木处理,包括橡木桶储存和浸泡橡木片。这样的手法给酒的味道增加了烘烤、烟熏、香草和椰子风味。
Grenache/Garnacha 的味道
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Grenache在西班牙拼写成 Garnacha ,是果实颗粒大,果皮薄、糖份含量高而酸度低的葡萄品种。因此酿造出来的酒很少有颜色非常深邃的,淡酒体通常都很浓重。带有红果类香气特征包括草莓和覆盆子,以及白胡椒、甘草和丁香的香料味道。成年后的酒带有太妃糖和皮革的味道。
Grenache需要炎热的气候来充分成熟,由于果皮薄因而适合酿造桃红葡萄酒,风格趋向与干型和酒体浓重,带有草莓的果香特点。也有少数半甜的酒体清淡、果香浓郁的桃红葡萄酒。
Grenache在南罗纳河谷、法国南部和西班牙被广泛用于酿造桃红葡萄酒,大部分都适合在年轻充满活力时饮用。只有极少数能够在橡木桶成年后得到发展,并且带来橙色的色晕,果香也没有那么明显,但复杂度明显增加。
Syrah和Grenache共同调配
和赤霞珠、梅洛的调配类似,希拉和歌海娜也经常调配使用,虽然单品种的希拉本身酿造的红葡萄酒要比 100 %赤霞珠酿造的红葡萄酒更令人满意。
Grenache,能增加酒精度,减低丹宁和酸度,带来红果香气和额外的香料风味。
Syrah,加深颜色、丹宁和酸度,并且也添加黑色果香特点。大部分罗纳河谷南部葡萄酒使用包括希拉、歌海娜和其他葡萄品种来调配酿造。这些其他品种包括 Mourvedre和Cinsault ,为酒带来更多复杂风味;而那些高产品种则用来降低成本、提高产量。
在澳大利亚, Shiraz/Grenache 经常被调配使用,酿造出来的产品酒体浓重,丹宁柔顺,并带有红果香气,稍微冰冻后饮用更佳。南澳地区这样调配酿造出来的葡萄酒则更严肃,酒体浓重,复杂性和深度更好,有时也加入其他葡萄品种例如: Mataro(Mourvedre) ,这样的调配在酒标上标识为‘GSM’.
优质的 Syrah 和 Grenache 产区
Northern Rhone 北罗纳,是 Syrah 最经典的地区 .
本地最好的葡萄原料来自于罗纳地区陡峭、狭窄的梯田,所有操作都必须人工进行,因而酒的价格不菲。最好的次产区名字是
Cote Rotie AC, Hermitage AC. Crozes Hermitage AC相对大一些的,其中有一部分是平原地带。比起 Cote Rotie and Hermitage ,没有那么好的深度和复杂性,单价格便宜。
在气候适中地区, Syrah 葡萄酒通常带有黑胡椒风格,丹宁和酸度高。 The Southern Rhone 南罗纳
这里的山谷宽广,没有陡峭的斜坡。葡萄园延伸范围宽广,平原上有很多石头。这里比北罗纳更加干燥和炎热,对于 Grenache 更加理想,通常与 Syrah, Mourvedre和Cinsault 等品种调配。
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这里主要的此产区是 Cotes du Rhone AC ,该名字地区范围内较好的葡萄园会在标签上使用 Cotes du Rhone Villages AC 的名字。葡萄品种的使用要考虑到产量、酿造技术、产品风格和质量几方面因素。
最便宜的葡萄酒往往中等酒体,丹宁低,具有简单的红果和胡椒香料味道特点。
南罗纳最好的葡萄酒是 Chateauneuf du Pape ,无论是酒体、深度、复杂性和余味上来说都是最好的。因此在南罗纳的几个拥有独立 AC 名字资格的此产区中是最好的。有些酒使用 100% Grenache 酿造 ; 而大部分都是调配了Syrah, Mourvedre和Cinsault;也是少数使用传统的 12 歌葡萄品种。最经典的 Chateauneuf du Pape 酒体浓重,丹宁中等,酸度低带有红果、香料和动物毛皮类等复杂香气。
Syrah和Grenache 的其他优质产区
Australia是以 Shiraz 出名的产区。比较北罗纳以 Syrah 为主要原料的酒,澳大利亚的酒通常酒体更加浓重,丹宁柔顺和酸度更少。而其他炎热地带的 Shiraz 产区,则表现出包括黑莓、梅子等黑色酱果,甜香料和黑巧克力的香气特征。
澳大利亚橡木桶的使用要比法国更普遍,因此大部分葡萄酒通常都带有烟熏、香草和椰子风味。 Shiraz 在澳洲种植普遍,在酒标上就能看见很多不同的小产区名字。最著名的包括: Hunter Valley, McLaren Vale,和 Barossa Valley.
来自Barossa Valley 的 Shiraz –特别强劲有力,炎热的气候条件同样也非常适合 Grenache ,虽然很少见到这样的产品。
更多气候适中地区例如 Western Australia, Coonawarra,和 Victoria 中西部的山区,来自这里的 Shiraz带有更多的胡椒味道,而酒体相对没有炎热地区那么浓重,这些地区的原料通常也相互调配,来获得更复杂的风味特点,并且保持产量和质量的稳定。这种多产区原料调配有时也显示在标签上,但大多只上表示为 South Australia或者South Eastern Australia
Garnacha 在西班牙种植最为广泛,但真正高质量并以高价位销售的产品却很有限。大部分都被用于酿造便宜高产量的葡萄酒。该品种可以作为配角与其他品种调配例如Tempranillo或里奥哈地区的其他品种,尽管在该地区有最好的葡萄酒。该品种还在西班牙被广泛用于酿造桃红葡萄酒,典型的代表来自于 Navarra.
出产希拉和歌海娜散装酒的产区
Cotes du Rhone, Provence, Languedoc Roussillon.
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Minervois AC, Cobieres AC, Fitou AC, Cotes du Roussillon AC, Languedoc AC,这些产品中主要调配葡萄品种是歌海娜和佳丽酿(提供高酸度和高丹宁)
Syrah和 Mourvedre混合,用来酿造具有特点的高级葡萄酒,而西班牙酿造的大部分 Grenache 都是价格便宜的产品。
便宜的 Shiraz,主要产自于澳大利亚的 Riverland, Murray-Darling和Riverina ( 通常只标识为 South Eastern Australia) 。
另外在法国南部也生产价格便宜的 VDP Syrah Syrah和Grenache的调配
Syrah与Viognier混合 ( 共同发酵,是传统的北罗纳方式,以 Viognier增加芳醇和热带水果特色 )
Syrah与Cabernet Sauvignon Grenache与 Tempranillo
法国 – 法国葡萄酒法规中包括了各法定产区所允许使用的葡萄品种 波尔多
主要的优质葡萄酒的品牌是当地的独立酒庄产品。 Chateau这个名字,并不一定意味着豪华漂亮的城堡,而是表示葡萄酒所使用的原料来自某个确定的范围。酒庄可以出售,也可以购买其他土地,因此酒庄葡萄园面积的大小也会有变动。
也有些产品是以酒商的名义销售,但这些产品通常是大产量的低价位葡萄酒。
Grand Vin 一词经常被独立酒庄的旗舰产品所使用,但这个词与产品质量或酒庄规模大小无关。
法国 – 波尔多 产区
Bordeaux AC:干红和干白
Claret:英语中特指波尔多红酒的专用词汇
Bordeaux Superieur AC:波尔多地区级产品,但对酒精度有更高要求 Medoc (red wines only)梅铎(只有红葡萄酒) Medoc AC 梅铎 Haut Medoc AC 上梅铎 Pauillac AC 波雅克 Margaux AC 玛歌
Cru Bourgeois:梅铎地区酒庄的一个等级,质量次于列级榜产品 Grand Cru Classe: 1855 评定的等级,至今仍然是最高质量的代表
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Graves(red and dry white) 格拉夫(干红和干白) Graves AC 格拉夫
Pessac Leognan AC:佩萨克里奥良,格拉夫的一部分 Cru Classe:最好的酒庄
St Emilion(red only) 圣艾美戎(只有红葡萄酒) St Emilion AC 圣艾美戎
St Emilion Grand Cru AC:圣艾美戎(更高质量) Pomerol(red wines only) 庞美侯(只有红葡萄酒) Pomerol AC 庞美侯 法国 – 勃根第
金山麓地区是勃根第最好的葡萄酒,分为北部的夜丘谷和南面的博恩谷。 通常这里的葡萄酒都是用村庄的名字而很少使用葡萄品种。
邻近葡萄园里的葡萄树都因为细微的土壤或地理环境的不同而生产出不同质量和风格的葡萄酒。而这些不同之处是和产区体系融为一体的。
在同一个村庄,较好的葡萄园被定为一级,最好的被评定为特级。 在勃根第和法国其他地方, domaine是指完全使用自家葡萄园的葡萄原料来酿造葡萄酒的酒庄。他们从来不购买别人的葡萄、葡萄汁,或发酵后的葡萄酒(未装瓶的酒)来装瓶并以自己的名义销售。
地区级产品 Bourgogne AC:红或白
红勃根第 Cote d’Or Gevrey Chambertin AC Nuits St Georges AC Beaune AC Pommard AC
白勃根第酒 Chablis Chablis AC 夏布利 Chablis 1er Cru Chablis Grand Cru
Cote d’Or Puligny Monrachet AC 金山麓 Meursault AC Maconnais Macon AC 马孔内 Macon Villages AC Pouilly Fuisse AC 法国 – 保祖利
保祖利葡萄酒是用佳美葡萄酿造得清淡 而中等酒体的红葡萄酒。
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通常未经橡木桶浸泡的酒体更清淡、酸度更高,低丹宁含量,带有明显的樱桃和覆盆子的红果果香,有时还有少许胡椒和桂皮的香料味道。适合在年轻时饮用。
Beaujolais AC Beaujolais Nouveau AC Beaujolais Village ACBeaujolais Crus (10) 主要来自产区北部的花岗岩山区地带 法国 – 阿尔萨斯
葡萄树大多种植在孚日山脉东部的山脚下,清晨的阳光使葡萄树获益良多。通常在酒标上直接使用葡萄品种和具体产区的名字 :
Alsace AC Alsace Grand Cru AC 葡萄品种和风格 : Riesling
Pinot Gris (Pinot Grigio),酒体丰满,可以酿造成带有热带水果香料(姜、香蕉、西瓜)等味道干、半干货甜白,有时还有少许蜂蜜味道。
Gewurztraminer,非常浓郁的香气,特别是玫瑰、橘树花的花香和荔枝、桃子、葡萄等核果类果香,以及姜、桂皮等香料味道,酒体丰满,干、半干和甜白葡萄酒。
法国 – 卢瓦尔河谷 中央山谷
主要的产地是 Sancerre AC和 Pouilly Fume AC Touraine和Anjou-Saumur ( 白葡萄酒 )
Chenin Blanc用于酿造一定风格的白葡萄酒。大部分的葡萄酒都是酒体中等,半甜、高酸,不用橡木桶,带有柑橘、柠檬、苹果和菠萝等果香,以及少数蔬菜类香气。
除此以外,也酿造干白和甜白,接近 Riesling, Pinot Gris和Semillon,对贵腐霉非常敏感,主要产区是 :
Vouvray AC ( 干 ,半干或甜Chenin Blanc)
Touraine AC ( 价格适中的 Sauvignon或 Chenin干白 ) Saumur AC ( 便宜的干、半干或甜Chenin) Coteaux du Layon AC ( 甜Chenin Blanc) Touraine和Anjou-Saumur ( 桃红 )半干和甜 Rose d’Anjou AC Cabernet d’Anjou AC Touraine and Anjou-Saumur ( 红 )
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Cabernet Franc是用于酿造酒体中等和清淡的红葡萄酒,通常带有较高的酸度,低到中等的丹宁含量,带有红果果香和蔬菜类香气,例如红醋栗、覆盆子、雪松、青椒香气,主要产区来自 :
Chinon AC Bourgueil AC The Nantais
酒体中等的干白,未经橡木桶浸泡的更加清淡,酸度中高,香气比较中性,通常用 Muscadet 酿造。
Muscadet AC Muscadet de Sevre et Maine AC (Sur lie) 法国 – 罗纳河谷和朗格多克鲁西昂 主要产区和酒标 :
Northern Rhone Crozes Hermitage AC Hermitage AC Cote Rotie AC
Southern Rhone Chateauneuf du Pape AC Cotes du Rhone AC
Cotes du Rhone Village AC Languedoc Roussillon
是法国主要的 Vin de Pays产区 (Vin de Pays d’Oc),但也有部分 AC产品。大部分产品是红葡萄酒,使用当地包括歌海娜和希拉在内的混合品种调配酿造。
法国 – 朗格多克鲁西昂 Vins de Pays
风格和质量都很广泛。如果是以歌海娜为主的产品则酒体丰满,带有香料和红果香气特征。
在这些主要产区中,大部分都是价格不昂贵而简单易饮的产品。 Languedoc AC Minervois ACCorbieres AC Fitou AC Cotes du Roussillon AC Vins de Pays
这一类产品产量大,并且通常都用国际品种酿造。葡萄品种和产地直接出现在酒标上。如果不标识葡萄品种的,通常都是用不为人知的当地品种酿造。南部最主要的 VDP 是 VDP’Oc.大产量、价格低廉的 Sau, Chenin和Chardonnay以 VDP du Jardin de la France名义销售 ,可以来自卢瓦尔河谷的任何区域。
德国
德国葡萄酒标签上经常都有很多信息,让人眼花缭乱。通常包括村庄和葡萄园名字例如:
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Piesporter Goldtropchen Village 一个独立的优质葡萄园 Piesporter Michelsberg
Village 离村庄几公里远的数个葡萄园
不幸的是,没有简便的方法来区分酒标上的名字是指一个独立的优质葡萄园,还是一大片由质量稍差的数个葡萄园。
大部分高质量的葡萄酒都会在酒标上显示葡萄品种名称,并且提供产品风格类别,例如: 晚摘、颗粒精选、干过颗粒精选、冰酒等。
德国酒标术语 :质量和风格
有几种非传统葡萄品种酿造的产品以最基础的级别:Deutscher Tafelwein和Landwein 的标签销售。
最重要的优质葡萄酒的级别分别是:
QbA(Qualitatswein bestimmter Anbaugebiet) or QmP(qualitatswein mit Pradikat). Kabinett Spatlese Auslese
BA (Beerenauslese) and Eiswein TBA (Trockenbeerenauslese)
虽然最好的例子是使用薏丝琳,不过依然可以使用任何其他葡萄品种。 德国Liebfraumilch是一种半甜的QbA质量葡萄酒,使用混合葡萄品种。 典型代表是干白葡萄酒
成熟度最好的精选干白葡萄酒的级别是 Auslese,葡萄原料只能来自单一葡萄园。
所有这些优质葡萄酒都必须标明葡萄品种 主要的葡萄酒产区
德国被分割位 13 个优质葡萄酒产区,最重要的是 Mosel-Saar-Ruwer, Rheingau和Pfalz
大产量葡萄酒
大批量生产的葡萄酒使用低质量高产葡萄酿造例如
Muller Thurgau, Silvaner 和凉爽地区的其他高糖的芳香品种酿造。例如 Rheinhessen 和 Pfalz 地区的 Liebfraumilch 。
意大利
有很多葡萄酒产区,在这些产区里允许使用的葡萄品种有很多,因而生产的葡萄酒风格和质量都是多样化的。幸运的是很多产品标签上都标识了葡萄品种。
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另外,了解各个主要的传统产区也有助于了解使用同样品种酿造的其他产区的产品。
Classico:表示历史上 DOC 产区的核心地带
Riserva:法律规定必须是 DOC 产品并且经过一定时间的橡木桶 陈酿和瓶中陈酿 葡萄酒培训3
红葡萄酒产区和葡萄品种 优质产区
Piemonte ( 意大利西北部 )
Barolo/Barbaresco DOCG Nebbiolo葡萄
酒体丰满,高丹宁、高酒精、高酸度,红色果香伴随着花香和泥土气息(草莓、玫瑰、柏油),经过陈酿后回发展出蔬菜和动物毛皮类气息(蘑菇、肉类和皮革)。
Barbera高丹宁含量,高酸度,带有樱桃的香气。大部分是不使用橡木桶处理,少数经过橡木储存后带有香草和烘烤的味道。
在意大利东北部,最主要的红葡萄酒产区是
Veneto Valpolicella (Classico) DOC.使用混合葡萄品种,其中最主要的品种是 Corvina 。 这里的很多产品都被归入散装酒,通常都是颜色、酒体、丹宁、味道清淡,酸度中等到高,带有酸樱桃的果香。而另外一些高价酒则来自传统的小产区,口感集中、复杂,带有类似与烘烤过的梅子、樱桃干等的果香。
意大利中部,最重要的红葡萄酒就是 Tuscany 的 Chianti 。使用 Sangiovese为主的葡萄品种调配而成。这些中等酒体的红葡萄酒含有好比例的丹宁和酸度,带有红色水果(梅子、樱桃)果香,并伴有泥土气息。很多 Chianti 都是不昂贵的,更好的产品来自次产区 Chianti Classico DOCG和Chianti Ruffina DOCG 。
Abruzzo 是意大利东部中间位置的产区
Montepulciano d’Arbuzzo DOC是中等酒体的产品,使用
montepulciano 葡萄。酒色深邃,酸度和丹宁含量中等,带有梅子和樱桃果香,有时还带有苦咖啡的味道。
意大利南部生产越来越多高质量的红葡萄酒,这里有大量不同的 DOCs 产品,使用地方和国际葡萄品种酿造。其中最重要的是Primitivo、
Negroamaro(Puglia)、 Aglianico(Campania、 Basilicata) 。这些产品都是颜色深邃,果香浓郁,带有高酸度和高丹宁。有咖啡和苦巧克力的味道,以及樱桃、黑莓和李子等黑色酱果和干果香气。 Primitivo通常酒精含量较高,和美国 Zinfandel 同样的葡萄品种。
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除了生产大量不标注产地名的散装酒以外, Sicily 也是一个使用意大利本土品种和国际葡萄品种来酿造高质量意大利酒的产区。而且有时是把国际品种和本土品种混合调配Nero d’Avola
散装葡萄酒
Valpolicella Chianti Southern Italy
大部分散装葡萄酒都是以 Vino da Tavola 无年份的形式销售 ,产品标签上不显示产区名字。有些产品标有葡萄品种(本土或国际品种)名称有些没有。通常情况下是混合调配酿造, 以获得更好的口感。
白葡萄酒和产区
Pinot Grigio (Pinot Gris)出现在意大利的很多产区,其中崔好的来自意大利东北部的 Trentino, Veneto, Friuli 。典型的皮诺格力奇是干的,酒体清淡或中等,酸度高,不经过橡木桶处理,带有精致的柑橘和绿色水果(苹果、柠檬)果香。大部分都是比较简单的葡萄酒。
其他的国际葡萄品种例如 Chardonnay 在意大利也同样种植。
Pinot Bianco(Blanc)在东北部非常独特,酿造的葡萄酒风格非常接近未经橡木桶处理的夏多丽。
Verdicchio 是高酸葡萄品种,用来酿造酒体中等,爽口的干白,带有柠檬和茴香,以及杏仁味道的产品。大部分来自接近东海岸 Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi DOC
最重要的传统白葡萄酒按照产量来说是 are Soave, Frascati 和 Orvieto.
Trebbiano葡萄(Ugni Blanc)用来酿造大量廉价散装酒,都是清淡酒体的干白,酸度中等,香气比较中性。
最高价位的产品,是更具有个性的葡萄酒,包括了高酸度的本土葡萄品种酿造的 Grechetto(Orvieto), Garganega(Soave), Malvasia(Frascati) 。 Soave和Orvieto爽口而新鲜, Frascati则酒体丰满。
西班牙
整个西班牙都有葡萄酒再上市前必须经过橡木桶储存和瓶中熟成的传统惯例。这表示在任何时候,西班牙酒厂上市的产品都要比其他国家上市的年份要更老一些,即便是廉价酒也同样如此。
Spanish标签条款 :质量和风格
按照储存年份的长短分别在标签上显示为 : Crianza Reserva Gran Reserva
Gran Reserva红葡萄酒有时候颜色很浅类似于石榴红,但复杂性最好。 Joven表示新酒
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优质的红葡萄酒和产区
最重要的西班牙红葡萄酒产区是 Rioja DOCa.主要的葡萄品种是 Tempranillo ,酒体丰满或中等,酸度和丹宁含量中等,带有草莓果香。通常和歌海娜 Garnacha(Grenache) 这个 Riojas 地区用来主要酿造廉价酒的品种混合调配。歌海娜提供更高酒精和香料的味道,丹宁含量低。
大部分传统风格的 Riojas 酒的特点来自于橡木桶储存,这样能醇化丹宁,并带来椰子和香草味道。经过一段时间的瓶中熟成,还会发展出动物毛皮和蔬菜类香气例如肉、皮革和蘑菇味道,特别是 Gran Reserva
Ribera del Duero DO同样生产 Tempranillo 酿造的优质红葡萄酒,带有黑莓和梅子的黑色果香和橡木桶的烘烤气息。
Navarra DOTempranillo通常与国际葡萄品种例如 Merlot 、Cabernet Sauvignon 混合调配
在 Catalunya优质葡萄酒的风格多样,使用 Tempranillo, Garnacha和其他国际葡萄品种酿造。
优质白葡萄酒和产区
现代风格的白葡萄酒来自 Rias Baixas 、 Rueda果香浓郁酸度新鲜。 Catalunya 地区的产品则风格多样,来自于本土葡萄和国际葡萄品种。传统的white Rioja酒体丰满,带有坚果类和橡木味道。
散装酒产区
Tempranillo 、 Garnacha 在全西班牙都有种植,并且使用Rioja 地区的橡木桶储存技术,因而风格也接近该地区。酿造的葡萄酒丹宁柔顺,带有橡木桶和草莓果香的味道。不过通常在深度和复杂性上酒无法相比了。这些产区包括 La Mancha DO, Valdepenas DO, Valencia DO 生产所有类型产品包括红、白、桃红、干、半干、甜。
葡萄牙历来有混合不同产区葡萄原料来酿造的传统,以厂家的品牌名字来销售。除了强化酒( Port )以外,还没有那个产区的干型葡萄酒非常出色,因而生产商或品牌的销售要超过产区标签。
主要的优质葡萄酒产区
最好的红葡萄牙酒通常丹宁和酸度含量高,并且使用来自葡萄牙北部地区 Douro 、 Dao 、 Bairrada DOCs等地的本土葡萄。
现在这些产区也开始酿造柔顺而充满果香的葡萄酒,但其中很多产品都要经过长时间的瓶中熟成才能变得更加芳醇。东南部现在也开始出现一些好的出口商。
Alentejo DOC和Vinho Regional Alentejano
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这个热门产区通常生产酒体丰满的红葡萄酒,使用本土品种和国际葡萄品种。黑色酱果和香料味道显著,经过橡木桶储存后增加明显的巧克力和烘烤味道。
散装酒产区
最重要的是 Vinho Verde DOC.酒体清淡、酒精含量和酸度高,带有少许微泡。具有柑橘和柠檬、苹果等果香,以及青草和绿叶的蔬菜类香气。这种酒在葡萄牙本地销售的通常都是干型的,而出口产品则是半干的,以 Vinhos de Mesa 名字销售。
紧随其后的是 Vinhos Verdes 桃红,半干,酸度高并带有少许气泡,味道偏向于红色酱果类。
南非
南非酒标体系中要求同时显示葡萄品种、年份、产区名字以及酒厂。这样的产品多数都使用自家葡萄原料。
南非葡萄园围绕着开普顿好望角连绵不绝,来自大西洋的冷风给这个炎热的产区带来很多好处。特别是靠近海岸的地方,使用这里的葡萄原料酿造的产品将有更大的潜力成为优质葡萄酒。
南非最重要的优质产区是 :
Cabernet Sauvignon & Merlot ( 包括混合调配 ) Coastal Stellenbosch Chardonnay Coastal
Sauvignon Blanc Coastal Constantia
Pinotage是一个红葡萄品种,也是炎热的南非产区的一个特别代表,可以酿造成多样化风格的产品,但最为典型的风格是浓重酒体,带有中等丹宁和红色果香的同时伴有蔬菜类和动物毛皮累香气。
Chenin Blanc在南非的种植广泛,主要用来酿造大产量的廉价葡萄酒。大部分产品的酒体中等,干或半干,带有柑橘和热带水果味道。尽管南非的气候炎热,但此酒仍然具有中等或偏高的酸度。
优质的白诗南有时会使用橡木桶陈酿。或者与其他品种混合,扮演类似于赛美戎在澳洲的角色 Semillon/Chardonnay ,这样不仅可以降低成本,也能提供更多的酸度和柑桔类果香。
澳大利亚
澳洲种植的葡萄品种中最重要的属
Shiraz, Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Semillon和Riesling.标签
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要求完整体现产区、品种、年份等信息。虽然有一些特别例外,但多数最大产区名下的产品都是价格便宜大产量的葡萄酒。
以猎人谷为例,最著名的产品都是在南部海岸线,因为能得到清凉的海风;或者是山区,由于海拔高度造成的凉爽。
最重要的葡萄酒产区 :
Shiraz Barossa Valley/Hunter Valley/McLaren Vale/ Western Victoria/Western Australia
( 这个品种在所有澳大利亚葡萄种植区域都有种植 ) Chardonnay Adelaide Hills/Hunter Valley ( 和 Shiraz 一样广泛种植 )
Cab SauMargaret River /Coonawarra Semillon Hunter Valley
Riesling Clare Valley/Eden Valley
高产量便宜的产品的原料主要来源于炎热的内陆地区,依靠
Murray, Darling和 Murrumbidgee的河水灌溉。这些酒通常以东南澳洲产区名字销售,允许使用不同地区的葡萄调配酿造。最高价格的酒则会以更小产区名字上市销售。
猎人谷的赛美戎是干的,酒体清淡,酒精含量低而酸度高。年轻时带有雅致的柑橘果香,相对比较中性。成年后则出现复杂的烘烤类、蜂蜜和坚果香气。来自澳大利亚其他地区的赛美戎则酒体中等,带有单一的柑橘香气和浓重的蔬菜类香气。
新西兰
NZ没有复杂的产区层次结构,虽然有些名字要比其他的更特别一些例如 Wairau Valley 、 Gimblett Gravels 和 Marlborough 、 Hawkes Bay.大部分的新西兰地区要么太过潮湿或太多山脉而不适合葡萄种植,因而产区范围很小,但声誉却越来越高。
最重要的葡萄酒产区: Sauvignon Blanc Marlborough
Chardonnay Gisborne/Hawkes Bay/Marlborough Pinot NoirMartinborough/Marlborough/Central Otago Cab Sau and Merlot ( 包括混合调配 ) Hawkes Bay 美国
美国葡萄酒标签上的产区名字可以是大到州的含糊概念,也可以精确到一个具体的独立葡萄园。以出现频率越来越多的加州海岸地区为例。这个名字表示允许使用太平洋沿岸到内陆 100 公里以内地区的葡萄混合酿造。
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凉爽的太平洋微风在清晨的阳光照耀下形成薄雾,加上山区的海拔高度,意味着加州的不同地区分布着从凉爽到炎热的多样化的气候。另外,北部的俄勒冈和华盛顿也同样出产优质葡萄酒。便宜的散装酒则出现在加州中部山谷的炎热地区,尽管也有海风,但是大幅度温暖的阳光依然容易使产量增大。
最重要的优质产区
Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot ( 包括混合调配 ) Napa Valley/Sonoma Valley Chardonnay
Carneros/Napa Valley/Washington State Sauvignon Blanc Napa Valley Pinot Noir
Carneros/Sonoma County/Oregon State
Zinfandel是加州最重要的红葡萄品种,虽然大量用于酿造半干的桃红葡萄酒,但干红葡萄酒仍然是表现最好的,通常都是浓重酒体,酒精含量高,带有黑色果香和甜美的香料(甘草、丁香、李子、黑莓、葡萄干)味道。最浓郁复杂的来自老龄葡萄树。
智利
智利的 Dos(denominations of origin) 产区体系从安第斯山脉到太平洋,划分成大产区和次产区。
大部分智利产区的土壤肥沃,河流水源充足,气候炎热,大部分葡萄树,(特别是便宜的酒)都来自安第斯和海岸山脉地带之间中央山谷的地面上。最好的区域是能利用到凉爽的微风和清晨薄雾或者位于山区海拔较高地带的葡萄园。
最重要的智利产区
Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot(including blends) Central Valley/Rapel Valley/Maipo Valley Chardonnay Central Valley/Casablanca Valley Sauvignon Blanc Casablanca Valley
Carmenere是智利非常重要的红葡萄品种,源自于法国波尔多的葡萄品种在同一时期与赤霞珠和梅洛被引进到智利,经常被用于混合调配。酿造的葡萄酒颜色深邃,酒体中等或浓重,酸度和酒精含量中等,丹宁含量高。带有黑莓等黑色水果果香和胡椒味道。在不够成熟的情况下,该品种会出现辛辣的青椒和青豆味道。
阿根廷
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虽然阿根廷比智利先实行原产地命名控制
DOCs(controlled Denominations of Origin) 系统,仍然有很多以产地名字出现的葡萄酒例如:= Mendoza, Rio Negro, Cafayate.
大部分的阿根廷产区的气候都是炎热干燥和阳光普照的,最好的地区则是海拔高的凉爽地带。
Malbec是阿根廷优质葡萄酒最重要的葡萄品种,源自于法国波尔多,在阿根廷广泛种植,但大部分在 Mendoza 地区。给予浓重的酒体和中等或高含量的丹宁,因此有些产品可以存放陈年。产品带有黑色酱果和香料气息(黑莓、梅子、丁香、胡椒)。最好的产品通常经过橡木桶储存。最常见的是与赤霞珠或梅洛混合调配酿造。
Torrontes是阿根廷一个特别的本土白葡萄品种,也是芳香型葡萄品种。通常酿造酒体中等的干白,酒精含量高而酸度低,带有明显的杏桃、葡萄和花香。和马贝克一样广泛种植,但最好的例子是在 Cafayate 产区。
最重要的产区: Chardonnay Mendoza
Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot Mendoza/Cafayate 葡萄酒培训4
气泡葡萄酒
Broadly speaking, quality sparkling wines can be divided into two categories. Some are intended to taste like fizzy versions of a still wine, and express the flavours of the grapes. These wines are generally made using the tank method. Others, in addition to flavours of the base wine, add complexities arising from ageing and the breakdown products of the yeasts that add the bubbles. These are generally bottle-fermented. In both cases, the dissolved carbon dioxide that makes the wine fizzy is a by-product of alcoholic fermentation.
Both tank method and bottle-fermented sparkling wines start with a still base wine. This will usually be light in alcohol, because these processes add approximately 1-2% abv, as well as carbon dioxide gas dissolved under pressure.
Sparkling Wines The Tank Method
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In this method, part of the fermentation takes place in a sealed tank, which prevents any carbon dioxide gas from escaping. This carbon dioxide dissolves in the wine, and in order to retain it, the wine must be bottled under pressure. When the bottle is opened, the dissolved carbon dioxide causes the wine to bubble.
The base wine could be partially fermented must, where the last part of the fermentation takes place in the sealed tank. Because the fermentation can be interrupted (by filtering out the yeast), this method is suitable for making sweet sparkling wines with light alcohol levels, such as Asti.
Alternatively the starting point could be a fully fermented dry wine, to which sugar and yeast are added and the fermentation restarted in the pressurized tank.
These two variations on the tank method are ideal for fresh, fruity styles of sparkling wine such as Asti, most Prosecco, and much Sekt.
Prosecco is a sparkling wine from northeast Italy. It is usually made using the tank method, though bottle-fermented versions also exist. The Prosecco grape variety gives a medium bodied, dry or off-dry sparkling wine with delicate stone fruit flavours. Some fully sparkling (spumante); others are just lightly sparkling (frizzante).
Asti DOCG is a sweet, fruity, light-bodied sparkling white from Piemonte in northwest Italy. It is made with the Muscat grape, which gives intense floral and fruity flavours (peach, grape, rose). It is usually fully sparkling, but wines labelled Moscato d’Asti just have a light sparkle.
Sekt is simply the German word for sparkling wine. There are some very high quality, bottle-fermented Sekts made in both Germany and Austria. However, most are simple, inexpensive wines made from aromatic varieties using the tank method. These can be medium or dry, are generally light in body, with floral and fruity flavours. A wine labelled simply as Sekt will generally use cheap base wines sourced from any
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where within the EU Deutscher Sekt can only be made from German bse wines.
Bottle-Fermented Sparkling Wines
These methods are much more labour intensive than the tank method, and production costs are much higher. However, they have two main advantages in terms of quality. Firstly, through the extended contact the wine has with the dead yeast, the wines can gain complex bready, biscuity flavours that do not appear in other wines. Secondly, the bubbles in wines produced this way are much smaller, less aggressive and longer-lasting than the bubbles in tank-fermented sparkling wines.
First, a still, dry base wine is blended and bottle. A mixture of sugar and yeast is added, and the bottle is then sealed and stored.
First, a still, dry base wine is blended and bottle. A mixture of sugar and yeast is added, and the bottle is then sealed and stored.
A second fermentation takes place, in which the wine increases lightly in alcohol, and the carbon dioxide, which cannot escape from the sealed bottle, becomes dissolved in the wine. This slow fermentation is then followed by a period fo ageing, during which a process called yeast autolysis(self-digestion) occurs. The yeasts slowly release flavours into the wine. This is the most important part of the bottle fermentation process, and accounts for many of the special flavours that appear in these wines (these flavours are described as autolytic). This process could last fora number of months, or even several years.
After ageing, the next stage is to disgorge(remove) the yeasty deposit, otherwise it makes the wine hazy.
In the traditional method, the bottle is slowly tipped and jiggled so that the yeast cells slide into the neck of the bottle. This tipping and jiggling can be done by hand – by ‘remueurs’
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- but is usually done mechanically, by machines(gyropalettes) that can process hundreds of bottles at a time. The plug of yeast in the neck is then frozen, and pops out when the bottle is unsealed. The bottle is topped up with a mixture of wine and usually sugar. The amount of sugar added (the dosage) determines the sweetness of the final bottle product. Most wines made this way are ‘Brut’, which means that a very small amount of sugar is used, but because of the high acidity of most sparkling wines, the wine tastes dry.
Demi-sec or semi-seco indicates medium sweetness. An alternative method of removing the yeast is to empty the entire contents of the bottles into a tank under pressure. It is then filtered to remove the yeast, dosaged and rebottled. This transfer method is not permitted for Champagne or Cava, but it is common in New Zealand and Australia. It has a the major advantage of being less labour intensive, with little impact on quality.
Champagne is the most famous bottle-fermented sparkling wine and is named after an AC region in northern France. The cool climate and chalky soils provide ideal conditions for base wines from Pinot Noir, Menier and Chardonnay that are high in acidity but with medium body and light alcohol.
Because of high demand and limited supply, Champagne is never cheap. The least expensive Champagnes will generally see the minimum legal period of yeast autolysis(15months), and can be made from the least-ripe grapes. They can be quite simple, with high acidity and green fruit flavours(green apple). Brands are very important in Champagne, ranging from BOBs(buyer’
s own brands) such as supermarket own labels, through cooperative-owned brands to the famous houses, known as Grand Marques. Many of the best producers give their wines a long period of ageing before release. The better wines are typically dry, with high acidity, and complex flavours of green and
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citrus fruit(apple, lemon), and autolytic notes(biscuit, bread, toast).
Vintage Champagnes are particularly complex wines, combining intense fruity and autolytic flavours with vegetal complexity from bottle age.
Bottle-fermented sparkling wines are made in many other French regions. Cremant indicates a sparkling wine made using the traditional method. The major region for production is the Loire, particularly around Saumur, where Chenin blanc is the main grape variety. These wines generally have high acidity and green and citrus fruit flavours, sometimes with some autolytic character, but they are rarely as complex as most Champagnes.
Cava is the Spanish term for traditional-method sparkling wines. The main grape varieties are local Spanish ones. The wines have fairly neutral fruit flavours (perhaps a hint of apple), medium acidity (less than Champagne), and very little autolytic complexity. Some houses use a portion of Chardonnay in the blend, which can give more complex wines. Most Cava is best consumed on release.
New Zealand, Australia, South Africa and California are important producers of bottle-fermented sparkling wines. Brands are extremely important here, as in Cava and Champagne, and the variety of styles makes it impossible to generalise. The best wine suse the Champagne grape varieties(Pinot Noir, Meunier and Chardonnay), and can be very intense and complex with long length.
Sparkling Reds are a particular speciality in Australia. These are usually made with Shiraz. They are full-bodied, with medium acidity and intense black and red berry fruit notes. Some are fruity and off-dry; others are dry, with leathery complexity from aged reserve wines.
Sweet Wines
Yeast converts sugar to alcohol, and for almost all wines, red or white, the fermentation continues until no detecta
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ble sugar remains. The resulting wines are dry. For sweet wines, either the fermentation must be interrupted, or a sweet component added to sweeten the wine or, for some exceptional wines, the sugar levels in the grape juice are so high that sugar remains in the wine after the yeasts are killed by alcohol.
Interrupting the fermentation
If the yeasts are stopped before they have finished converting all the sugar to alcohol, a sweet wine will result. This could be achieved by removing the yeasts using a fine filter to ensure none remain in the liquid.
Or the yeast could be poisoned, using sulphur dioxide or alcohol. One common way to do this is to fortify (add alcohol) part way through the fermentation. This technique is used for Port as well as many fortified Muscat wines.
Sweet fortified Muscat wines are made widely around the Mediterranean from Greece to Portugal. They include Vins Doux Naturels such as Muscat de Beames de Venise AC, and Muscat de Rivesaltes AC from southern France. These are generally released, unaged, and are best consumed soon after production while the intensely fruity aromas (grape, peach, perfume) are at their freshest. The wines are medium or full-bodied, and sweet, with high alcohol and medium or low acidity. Moscatel de Valencia is an inexpensive sweet fortified Muscat wine from Spain.
Sweet fortified Muscat wines are also made in other parts of the world, and are a particular speciality in Australia. Rutherglen Muscats, from a hot region in northern Victoria, are aged for a long period in oak. This causes the wine to oxidise and develop complex dried-fruit and kernel flavours(raisin, prune, fig, dried apricot, coffee, toffee). They are sweet and full-bodied, with high alcohol and medium or low acidity.
Adding a sweet component to the blend
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Adding sugar to wines to make them sweet is not permitted. However, some sweet liquids can be used for sweetening. These include the unfermented grape juice(sussreserve) used to sweeten many medium or sweet German wines. Apart from Pedro Ximenez, the traditional styles of Sherry(Fino, Amontillado and Oloroso) are dry. Sweet Pedro Ximenez Sherry, or mixes of grape juice and alcohol, or concentrated grape juice may be added to make medium and sweet Sherries such as Oloroso Dulce, commercial Amontillados, and Pale Creams.
Concentration of sugars in the grapes
this group of methods is used for most of the greatest sweet wines. Yeasts die when the alcohol level reaches around 15% abv. If there is still some sugar left, then this will remain in the finished wine. The required sugar levels to achieve above 15% are not found in normally ripened grapes. However, there are ways of concentrating the sugar levels in the grape. One method is to dry the grapes. A variation on this method is to take advantage of noble rot. A third method is to freeze the grapes.
Dried Grape Wines
Drying the grapes causes them to shrivel. This could occur on the vine, with some late-harvested grapes, or it can be done by laying the grapes out in well-ventilated, dry conditions that encourage evaporation. Sweet wines made this way include Recioto wines from Italy. An extreme example is PX (Predro Ximenez) Sherry.
Noble Rot Wines or Botrytis cinerea, is an important part of the production of many classic sweet wines, including Sauternes, Tokaji, Austrian and German BA and TBA wines, and the sweet wines of the Loire. When Botrytis cinerea mould attacks healthy, ripe grapes, it weakens the skin, speeding up the evaporation of water from the flesh of the grapes and causing them to shrivel. As well as concentrating sugars and acids, the mould adds its own unique flavours to the wine. A combination of factors is needed to make these w
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ines: a problem-free ripening period to ensure fully ripe, healthy grapes;
Damp, misty mornings to encourage the growth and spread ofthe botrytis mould; and warm dry afternoons to speed the drying out of the grapes. Such conditions are found in very few wine growing regions, and cannot be relied on to occur every year.
The mould rarely affects all of the grapes evenly, which means that several passes may have to be made through the vineyard to pick all the grapes at the perfect stage of rottenness. Hand picking is essential, and the laborious process of grape selection makes these wines expensive to produce. Where these wines sell at more modest prices, it is often because a less rigorous selection of grapes is used.
Certain grape varieties are particularly susceptible to noble rot, including Riesling, Semillon and Chenin Blanc. The characteristic aromas of noble rot are hard to describe, and the best way to recognise them is to try a few examples of these wines. Words that have been used include dried apricot, rye bread, sweet biscuits, cabbage, orange marmalade, pineapple and mushroom.
Sauternes AC is a region to the south of Graves AC in Bordeaux. Semillon is the main grape variety, though Sauvignon Blanc is also used t add acidity and aromatic fruit flavors. Luscious sweetness is balanced by high acidity. These full-bodied wines have high alcohol and citrus stone fruit and botrytis flavors(lemon, peach), and often a hint of new oak(vanilla, toast, coffee). These wines age well, gaining vegetal complexity in the bottle.
Tokaji is wine from northeastern Hungary. Although some dry and medium wines are made, the most famous wines are the sweet Tokaji Aszu. These are classified with a number of puttonyos, indicating the level of sweetness in the wine. The sweetest is 6 puttonyos, but even a 3 puttonyos wine is sweet. Tokaji wines are amber in colour, due to a long
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period of ageing in oak. They are full-bodied. Sweet, with medium alcohol and high acidity. They have intense flavors of dried fruits and sweet spices(orange peel, orange marmalade, dried apricots, raisins, cinnamon, rye bread). These wines age well, gaining notes of nut, coffee, caramel and honey.
Sweet and rare BA wines and the even sweeter and rarer TBA wines are QmP quality categories in Germany and Austria. In order to be classified as a BA or a TBA, the levels of sugar in the must are so high that they can normally only be achieved with the help of botrytis. These wines have medium or light alcohol, medium or full body, and are very sweet with high acidity. Flavors depend on the grape variety used, but generally intense botrytis flavors are accompanied by dried fruit notes(dried apricot, raisin). In Germany, the finest Bas and TBAs are made with Riesling, generally from steep vineyard sites above the Rhine and Mosel.
Botrytis-affected sweet wines are also made in Coteaux de Layon AC, Vouvray AC, and other Loire appellations, from Chenin Blanc. In Alsace AC, botrytis-affected sweet wines are occasionally made from Riesling, Gewurztraminer, Pinot Gris or Muscat. Australia produces good quantities of botrytis-affected sweet wines, mainly using Semillon or Riesling.
Frozen Grape Wines
In Canada, Germany and Austria, healthy grapes are sometimes left on the vine and harvested in winter while the water in them is frozen. The grapes are crushed while still frozen so that the ice crystals can be removed, leaving an intensely concentrated sugary grape syrup that is used to make sweet Eiswein or icewine. Because these are made with intensely concentrated juice from healthy grapes, the wines have very pure, pronounced, varietal-fruity flavors, high acidity, full body and sweetness.
Sherry & Port
Sherry is a dry, medium or sweet fortified wine made around the town of Jerez de la Frontera in southern Spain.The
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base wine for all Sherries is a neutral white wine,though after its special ageing process the final product can be amber or even deep brown in colour. Port is a sweet fortified wine made from grapes grown in the upper Douro in portugal.Although white Port exists,most Port is purple,ruby or tawny in colour,depending on how it has been aged.
SHERY PRODUCTION
There are many different styles of Sherry,but the starting point for almost all is a neutral,dry,low-acid wine made from the Palomino grape variety.Alcohol is added to fortify the wine,before it goes through the solera ageing process.
Sherry is matured in old casks that contain the wine but do not give it any oak flavours.Maturation takes place using the solera system This is a technique which blends younger and older wines together continually as they age. It ensures a consistent style of mature wine.Most of the flavours in a Sherry come from this ageing process,and the differences in style between Sherries aredue to differences in their ageing periods and conditions.
SHERRY STYLES
FinoandManzanillaSherries are pale in colour,dry,
medium-bodied,typically with around 15% abv.The wine is kept fresh during the solera ageing process by a layer of yeast known as
‘flor’,which floats on the wine.this layer of flor protects the wine from air that would otherwise spoil it.The yeast gives unusual bready notes to the wine,which has refreshing citrus zest and almond flavours. After bottling,these wines rapidly lose their freshness,so they should be consumed,chilled,as quichly as possible.Pale Gream Sherries are young Finos that have been sweetened with concentrated grape juice.
AmontilladoSherries are made by taking a Fino or Manzanilla,and adding more spirit to increase the alcohol and so kill off the flor.
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With no protection,the wine begins to oxidise.Amontillados have a deeper,amber colour and nutty flavours.When they ary removed from the solera,Amontillados are dry wines.
However, for some markets,it is common for them to be sweetened before bottling,with the result that many commecial Amontillados have medium sweetness.
OlorosoSherries are fortified after fermentation to 18% abv.At that strength, flor will not grow so oxygen attacks them throughout their ageing.Oloroso wines are deep brown,and full-bodied with high alcohol.The oxidationresults in intense kernel and animal flavours (roasted nuts, coffee, meat).As with Amontillado Sherries,these are dry when they are drawn from the solera, but it is even more common for sweetening to occur before bottling.These may be labelled as Oloroso Dulce,or Gream Sherries.
PX(Pedro Ximénez) are intensely sweet Sherries made from sun-dried Pedro Ximénez grapes. The wines are almost black,with intense dried fruit fiavours (fig,prune,raisin,sultana). They are full-bodied,and syrupy in texture due to their extremely high sugar content.These are used as the sweetening component of the finest sweetened Sherries.
储存、服务和消费 葡萄酒储存
如果葡萄酒储存不当,不但会导致变味,甚至可能使酒败坏。
The following general points should be followed when storing wine:
For long-term storage, the temperature for all wines should be cool and constant, preferably between 10 and 15 ℃ , as extremes of cold and heat can cause damage. One of the worst places for long-term storage is in a kitchen, due to the wide fluctuations in temperature. Extended periods of refrigeration can cause corks to harden and lose their elasticity, with the result that the seal fails and air can attack the wine causing it to become stale. Sparkling wines lose their fizz.
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Storage, Service and Responsible Consumption
seal fails and air can attack the wine causing it to become stale. Sparkling wines lose their fizz.
Store wine on its side to ensure the cork remains in contact with the wine. If the cork dries out it can let in air, and the air will oxidise the wine.
Keep wines away from strong light. Natural sunshine or artificial light will heat the wine and it will become stale and old before its time. Artificial light can cause unpleasant flavours to develop in some wines.
Keep wine away from vibrations, in order for it to lie undisturbed.
SERVICE OF WINE Service temperatures
Ice buckets or wine coolers are often used to keep white, rose and sparkling wines cold. An ice bucket should be filled three-quarters full with equal quantities of ice and water so that the bottle is fully surrounded by iced water. The water is then able to transfer the heat from the bottle to melt the ice (air acts as an insulator and a bottle in ice alone will chill very slowly until some of the ice has melted).
Glassware
An enormous range of glass shapes and sizes is used for the service of wine, each designed to emphasise a particular wine's characteristics. The use of the correct glass will enhance the drinking experience.
Red wines are best served in larger-sized glasses.This will allow air to come into contact with a large wine surface and develop the aromas and flavours.
White and rose wines require medium-sized glasses so that the fresh, fruit characteristics are gathered and directed towards the top of the glass.
Sparkling wines are best served in flute glasses. This shape enhances the effect of the bubbles (and thus the wine'
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s aroma), allowing them to travel through a larger volume of the wine before bursting at the top of the glass. For this reason the old-style, saucer-shaped glasses are cpmpletey inappropriate, as the bubbles are very quickly lost.
Fortified wines should be served in small glasses to emphasise the fruit characteristics rather than the alcohol. However, the glass should be large enough to allow swirling and nosing.
Clean glassware is of the utmost importance, as even the slightest taint can ruin the flavour of the wine. This can also apply to 'clean' glasses from a dishwasher; it is worth checking the glasses to make sure no detergent or salt residue remains in the glass as this can give strange flavours to wines and, in the case of sparkling wine, make it lose its sparkle more quickly. When polishing glasses it is best to use a linen cloth, as this will not leave bits of fluff in the glass.
Opening a bottle of still wine
Remove the top of the capsule, by cutting round below the lip of the bottle. This can be done with a capsule remover or knife.
Wipe the neck of the bottle with a clean cloth. Draw the cork as gently and cleanly as possible using your selected corkscrew.
Give the neck of the bottle a final clean inside and out.
Pour a sample into the host's glass for approval. Opening a Bottle of Sparkling Wine
Opening a Bottle of Sparkling Wine It is important to remember that there is considerable pressure in a bottle of sparkling wine. Chilling to the correct temperature helps to reduce this. Even when the wine is chilled, it is possible for the cork to spring violently from the bottle and injure someone.
Remove the foil and then the wire muzzle.
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The cork must be held in place by the hand from the moment the wire is removed.
Tilt the bottle at an angle of about 30, gripping the cork, and use the other hand to grip the base of the bottle.
Turn the bottle, not the cork.
Hold the cork steady, resisting its tendency to fly out, and ease it slowly out of the bottle.
The gas pressure should be released with a quiet 'phut', not an explosion and flying cork.
Decanting Wine
Wines with a heavy deposit need to be decanted. This deposit is quite natural and is formed during the ageing process of many good red wines. Some young wines benefit from the aeration that occurs by being decanted, though this can be done as easily by swirling the wine in a glass. Note that 'airing' a wine by opening a bottle some time before service does ABSOLUTELY NO GOOD AT ALL. Too little of the wine is in contact with the air for it to have any effect.
First remove the bottle horizontally from its rack and place in a decanting basket if available. Alternatively, hold carefully, making sure the deposit is not agitated.
Very gently remove the top of the capsule and clean the shoulder and neck of the bottle. Very gently remove the cork.
Remove the bottle from the basket, being careful not to disturd the deposit. Holding the bottle in front of a light, pour the wine carefully into the decanter until the deposit can be seen near the neck. At this point stop pouring.
ORDERING WINE
It is useful to know how many measures you can get from a standard 75cl bottle. This will help you work out how many bottles you would need for an order.
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RESPONSIBLE APPRECIATION OF ALCOHOL
The drinks industry places increasing emphasis on the responsible appreciation of alcoholic beverages. Dangers exist in two principal ways. Mild intoxication can impair a person's ability to perform potentially dangerous tasks, such as driving a vehicle or operating factory machinery. Regular excessive drinking can lead to permanent ill health, as well as behavioural, emotional and financial problems.
Assessing Intake of Alcohol
In order to guard against these problems, consumers need to assess reliably how much alcohol they have taken. There is a simple relationship between different drinks in terms of the amount of alcohol they contain. In standard measures each type of drink contains a similar amount of alcohol known as one UK unit.
One unit=10ml of pure alcohol or a half pint of ordinary beer or lager at 3.5% abv Or a single 25ml measure of spirits(e.g. whisky,gin,brandy) at 40% abvora 125ml glass of wine at 8% abv (a 175ml glass of wine at 12% abv 2.1 units)ora 50ml glass of Port at 20% abv
The accumulative effects of regular alcoholic consumption are difficult to chart precisely. Few would dispute, however, the strong correlation between excessive drinking and the onset of liver cirrhosis. Alcohol dependency can also lead to emotional and financial problems. The UK Health Education Authority has advised that damage to health is almost unknown in:
men who consume no more than 21 UK units per week women who consume no more than 14 UK units per week Regularly drinking moderate amounts is less harmful than drinking a large quantity at once. The Health Education Authority recommends limits of 3 to 4 UK units daily for men and 2 to 3 for women. The lower figure for women is because, in most women, a lower percentage of their body weight is made up of water so alcohol becomes more concentrated
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in their body tissue, and because they have lower levels of the stomach enzyme that metabolises alcohol.
Although excessive consumption of alcohol is likely to cause health problems, recent research has indicated that moderate consumption of alcohol can be beneficial to health.
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