功能语类在英语专业八级阅读中的应用
□王新丽(北华大学外国语学院,吉林吉林132013)
【摘要】本文围绕阅读理解教学中的几个实例展示了功能语类的实际应用。【关键词】语类分析;英语八级;阅读
一、问题——解决型(Problem-SolutionPattern)
1)Whenalightpassengerplaneflewoffcoursesometimeago,itcrashedinthemountainsanditspilotwaskilled.
2)Theonlypassenger,ayoungwomanandhertwobabydaughters,wereunhurt.
3)Itwasthemiddleofwinter.Snowlaythickontheground.
4)Thewomanknewthatthenearestvillagewasmilesaway.5)Whenitgrewdark,sheturnedasuitcaseintoabedandputthechildreninsideit,coveringthemwithalltheclothesandshecouldfind.6)Duringthenight,itgotterriblycold.
7)Thewomankeptasnearasshecouldtothechildandeventriedtogetintothecaseherself,butitwastoosmall.
8)Earlynextmorning,sheheardplanespassingoverheadandwonderedhowshecouldsendasignal.
9)Thenshehadanidea.
10)Shestampedouttheletters“SOS”inthesnow.
11)Fortunately,apilotsawthesignalandsentamessagebyradiotothenearesttown.
12)Itwasnotlongbeforeahelicopterarrivedontherescuethesurvivorsoftheplanecrash.
Situation:S1);S9)Problem:S2);S3);S6)
Response:S4);S5);S7);S10);S11)Evaluation/Result:S12)
这则故事我们也可根据Labov的叙事模式来分析Abstract:S1)
Orientation:S2);S3)
Complicatingaction:S4);S5);S6);S7);S8)Evaluation:S9);S10);S11)Resolution:S12)
二、设定——真实型(TheHypothetical-RealPattern)(1)EveryothercritichassaidthatOnFoodandCookingisbrilliant,arevelation,andauniquecombinationofscientificinsightandliteracywhichsweepsasideallmythandjargonasnonehavedonebefore.(2)McCee’sbookisisindeedwellwritten,isfullofgoodthingsandisgoodtohaveontheshelvesasacontinuingsourceofreferenceandquotes.(3)Butitalsohasitsfairshareofmistakes,omissionsandmisalignmentsofemphasis.
句(1)是语篇的设定部分,陈述公众对OnFoodandCooking一书的普遍看法;读完此句读者并不知道作者是打算支持这种普遍看法呢,还是予以否定。句(2)和句(3)构成语篇的真实部分:作者陈述了其真实的看法,并给出了理由。
三、一般——特殊型(TheGeneral-ParticularPattern)
分为两类:一般——例证型(The
General–ExamplePattern)
预览——细节型(ThePreview–DetailPattern)
(1)Apoemdiffersfrommostproseinseveralways.(2)Forone,bothwriterandreadertendtoregarditdifferently.(3)Thepoet’sattitudeisasif,stickinghisneckout,heweretosay:Iofferthispieceofwritingtobereadnotasprosebutasapoem–thatis,moreperceptively,thoughtfully,andconsiderately,withmoreattentiontosoundsandconnotations.(4)Thisisagreatdealtoexpect,butinreturn,thereaderhasarighttohisownexpectations.(5)Heapproachesthepoemintheanticipationofout-of-the-ordinaryknowledgeandpleasure…
句(1)属一般概括;句(2)指出差别之一,同时对下文所述也起到预览作用,而句(3)、句(4)和句(5)是对预览的详细例证和说明。
四、匹配比较型(TheMatchingPattern)
(1)Itisinterestingtonotethaticonicmodelsonlyrepresentcertainfeaturesofthatportionoftherealworldwhichtheysimulate.(2)Forexample,amapwillonlycontainthosefeatureswhichareofinteresttothepersonusingthemap.(3)Similarly,architects’modelswillbelimitedtoincludeonlythosefeatureswhichareofinteresttothepersonconsideringemployingthearchitect.
句(1)是一般概述,句(2)和句(3)属例证说明,本语篇属一般——特殊型模式。但另一方面,通过句(2)和句(3)的匹配比较,句(1)的语义又得以加强。
五、Labov模式
点题(abstract)、指向(orientation)、进展(complicatingaction)、评议(evaluation)、结局(resolution)和回应(coda)六个环节。
所以英语阅读教学融入语类意识是十分必要的。一方面,将语境融入到语言学习中,可以使学生们在学习中体会到社会文化因素与语言的密切关系另一方面,可以让学生从宏观角度对篇章有个整体认识,从而提高阅读,理解和分析的能力。
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