初三英语上册全部 知识点总结
Unit1
1. by + doing 通过……方式 如：by studying with a group
by 还可以表示：\"在…旁\靠近\在…期间\"、\"用,\"\"经过\乘车\"等 如：I live by the river. I have to go back by ten o'clock. The thief entered the room by the window. The student went to park by bus. 2. talk about 谈论，议论，讨论
如：The students often talk about movie after class. 学生们常常在课后讨论电影。
talk to sb. === talk with sb. 与某人说话 3. 提建议的句子：
①What/ how about +doing sth.? 如：What/ How about going shopping? ②Why don't you + do sth.? 如：Why don't you go shopping? ③Why not + do sth. ? 如：Why not go shopping? ④Let's + do sth. 如： Let's go shopping
⑤Shall we/ I + do sth.? 如：Shall we/ I go shopping? 4. a lot 许多 常用于句末 如：I eat a lot. 我吃了许多。
5. too…to 太…而不能 常用的句型 too+adj./adv. + to do sth.= =not…enough… 如：I'm too tired to say anything. 我太累了，什么都不想说。
6. aloud, loud与loudly的用法 三个词都与\"大声\"或\"响亮\"有关。 ①aloud是副词,重点在出声能让人听见,但声音不一定很大, 常用在读书或说话上。通常放在动词之后。aloud没有比较级
形式。如: He read the story aloud to his son.他朗读那篇故事给他儿子听。 ②loud可作形容词或副词。用作副词时,常与speak, talk, laugh等动词连用,多用于比较级,须放在动词之后。如: She told us to speak a little louder. 她让我们说大声一点。
③loudly是副词,与loud同义,有时两者可替换使用,但往往 含有令人讨厌或打扰别人的意思,可位于动词之前或之后。
如: He does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public. 他不当众大声谈笑。 7. not …at all 一点也不 根本不 如：
I like milk very much. I don't like coffee at all. 我非常喜欢牛奶。我一点也不喜欢咖啡。
not经常可以和助动词结合在一起，at all 则放在句尾
8. be / get excited about sth.=== be / get excited about doing sth. === be excited to do sth. 对…感兴奋 如： I am / get excited about going to Beijing.===
I am excited to go to Beijing. 我对去北京感到兴奋。
1
9. ① end up doing sth 终止做某事，结束做某事 如： The party ended up singing. 晚会以唱歌而结束。 ② end up with sth. 以…结束 如：
The party ended up with her singing. 晚会以她的歌唱而告终。 10. first of all 首先. to begin with 一开始 later on 后来、随 11. also 也、而且（用于肯定句）常在句子的中间 either 也（用于否定句）常在句末 too 也 (用于肯定句) 常在句末
12. make mistakes 犯错 如：I often make mistakes. 我经常犯错。
make a mistake 犯一个错误 如：I have made a mistake. 我已经犯了一个错误。
13. laugh at sb. 笑话；取笑（某人） 如：Don't laugh at me!不要取笑我! 14. take notes 做笔记，做记录
15. enjoy doing sth . 喜欢做…乐意做… She enjoys playing football.她喜欢踢足球。
enjoy oneself 过得愉快 如：He enjoyed himself. 他过得愉快。 16. native speaker 说本族语的人 17. make up 组成、构成
18. one of +(the+ 形容词比较级)+名词复数形式 …其中之一
如： She is one of the most popular teachers. 她是最受欢迎的教师之一。 19. It's +形容词+(for sb. ) to do sth. (对于某人来说)做某事…
如：It's difficult (for me ) to study English. 对于我来说学习英语太难了。 句中的it 是形式主语，真正的主语是to study English 20. practice doing 练习做某事 如：
She often practice speaking English. 她经常练习说英语。 21. decide to do sth. 决定做某事 如：
LiLei has decided to go to BeiJing . 李雷已经决定去北京。 22. unless 假如不，除非 引导条件状语从句
如：You will fail unless you work hard..假如你不努力你会失败。 I won't write unless he writes first. 除非他先写要不我不写 23. deal with 处理 如：I dealt with a lot of problem. 24. worry about sb./ sth. 担心某人/ 某事
如：Mother worried about his son just now. 妈妈刚才担心他的儿子。 25. be angry with sb. 对某人生气 如：I was angry with her. 我对她生气。 26. perhaps === maybe 也许
27. go by (时间) 过去 如： Two years went by. 两年过去了。 28. see sb. / sth. doing 看见某人正在做某事 强调正在发生 see sb. / sth. do 看见某人在做某事 如：
2
如： She saw him drawing a picture in the classroom.她看见他正在教室里画画。
29. each other 彼此
30. regard… as … 把…看作为…. 如：
The boys regarded Anna as a fool. 这些男孩把安娜看成傻瓜。 31. too many 许多 修饰可数名词 如：too many girls too much 许多 修饰不可数名词 如：too much milk
much too 太 修饰形容词 如：much too beautiful 32. change… into… 将…变为…
如：The magician changed the pen into a book. 这个魔术师将这本书变为一本书。
33. with the help of sb. == with one's help 在某人的帮助下
如：with the help of LiLei == with LiLei's help 在李雷的帮助下 34. compare … to … 把…与…相比
如：Compare you to Anna, you are lucky.你和安娜相比，你是幸运的。 35. instead 代替 用在句末，副词（字面上常不译出来） instead of sth. / doing sth. 代替，而不是 用在句中，动词
如：Last summer I went to Beijing. This year I'm going to Shanghai instead. 去年夏天我去北京, 今年我将要去上海。 I will go instead of you. 我将代替你去。
He stayed at home instead of going swimming. 他呆在家里而不是去游泳。
Unit2
1. used to do sth. 过去常常做某事
否定形式： didn't use to do sth. / used not to do sth.
如：He used to play football after school. 放学后他过去常常踢足球。 Did he use to play football? Yes, I did. No, I didn't. He didn't use to smoke. 他过去不吸烟。 2. 反意疑问句
①肯定陈述句＋否定提问 如：Lily is a student, isn't she?
Lily will go to China, won't she?
②否定陈述句＋肯定提问 如：She doesn't come from China, does she? You haven't finished homework, have you?
③提问部分用代词而不用名词 Lily is a student, isn't she?
④陈述句中含有否定意义的词，如：little, few, never, nothing, hardly等。其
3
反意疑问句用肯定式。 如：
He knows little English, does he? 他一点也不懂英语，不是吗？ They hardly understood it, did they?他们几乎不明白，不是吗？ 3. play the piano 弹钢琴
4. ①be interested in sth. 对…感兴趣 ②be interested in doing sth. 对做…感兴趣
如：He is interested in math, but he isn't interested in speaking English. 他对数学感兴趣，但是他对说英语不感兴趣。
5. interested adj. 感兴趣的，指人对某事物感兴趣，往往主语是人 interesting adj.有趣的，指某事物/某人具有趣味，主语往往是物 6. still 仍然，还 用在be 动词的后面 如：I'm still a student. 用在行为动词的前面 如：I still love him. 7. the dark 天黑，晚上，黑暗
8. 害怕… be terrified of sth. 如：I am terrified of the dog.
be terrified of doing sth. 如：I am terrified of speaking. 9. on 副词，表示（电灯、电视、机械等）在运转中/打开， 其反义词off. with the light on 灯开着
10. walk to somewhere 步行到某处 walk to school 步行到学校 11. spend 动词，表示\"花费金钱、时间\"
①spend…on sth. 在某事上花费（金钱、时间）
②spend…doing sth. 花费（金钱、时间）去做某事 如： He spends too much time on clothes. 他花费太多的时间在衣着
He spend 3 months building the bridge.他花费了三个月去建这座桥。
Pay for 花费 如：I pay 10 yuan for the book. 我花了10元买这本书。 12. take 动词 有\"花费\"的意思 常用的结构有：
take sb. … to do sth. 如：It takes me a day to read the book. take … to do sth.
13. chat with sb. 与某人闲聊 如：I like to chat with him. 我喜欢和他聊天。 14. worry about sb./ sth. 担心某人/某事 worry 是动词
be worried about sb./sth. 担心某人/某事 worried 是形容词 如：Don't worry about him. 不用担心他。
Mother is worried about her son. 妈妈担心他的儿子。 15. all the time 一直、始终
16. take sb. to + 地方 送/带某人去某个地方 如：
A person took him to the hospital. 一个人把他送到了医院。 Lui took me home. 刘把我送回了家。(home 的前面不能用to) 17. hardly adv. 几乎不、没有 hardly ever 很少
hardly 修饰动词时，通常放在助动词、情态动词之后，实义 动词之前 助动词/情态动词＋hardly
4
hardly + 实义动词 如：
I can hardly understand them. 我几乎不能够明白他们。 I hardly have time to do it. 我几乎没有时间去做了。 18. miss v. 思念、想念、 错过
19. in the last few years. 在过去的几年内 常与完成时连用 如：
I have lived in China in the last few years. 在过去的几年内我在中国住。 20. be different from 与…不同 21. how to swim 怎样游泳
不定式与疑问词连用：动词不定式可以和what, which, how, where, when 等引导的疑问句连用，构成不定工短语。如：
The question is when to start. 问题是什么时候开始。 I don't know where to go. 我不知道去哪。 22. make sb./ sth. + 形容词 make you happy make sb./ sth. + 动词原形 make him laugh
23. move to +地方 搬到某地 如：I moved to Beijing last year. 24. it seems that +从句 看起来好像…… 如：
It seems that he has changed a lot. 看起来他好像变了许多。 25. help sb. with sth. 帮某人某事 help sb. (to ) do sth. 帮某人做某事
She helped me with English. 她帮助我学英语。
She helped me (to) study English。 她帮助我学习英语。 26. fifteen-year-old 作形容词 15岁的 fifteen-year-olds 作名词指15岁的人 fifteen years old 指年龄 15岁 如： a fifteen-year-old boy 一个15岁的男孩
Fifteen-year-olds like to sing. 15岁的人喜欢唱歌。 I am fifteen years old . 我是15岁。
27.支付不起… can't /couldn't afford to do sth. can't / couldn't afford sth. 如：I can't/couldn't afford to buy the car.
I can't/couldn't afford the car. 我买不起这个辆小车。 28. as + 形容词./副词＋as sb. could/can 尽某人的…能力 如： Zhou run as fast as her could/can. 她尽她最快的能力去跑。 29. get into trouble with 遇到麻烦 30. in the end 最后
31. make a decision 下决定 下决心 32. to one's surprise 令某人惊讶 如：
to their surprise 令他们惊讶 to LiLei's surprise令李雷惊讶 33. take pride in sth. 以…而自豪 如：
5
His father always take pride in him. 他的爸爸总是以他而自豪 34. pay attention to sth. 对…注意，留心 如：
You must pay attention to your friend. 你应该多注意你的朋友。 35. be able to do sth. 能做某事 如：She is able to do it. 她能够做到。 36. give up doing sth. 放弃做某事 如：
My father has given up smoking. 我爸爸已经放弃吸烟了。
37.不再 ①no more == no longer 如： I play tennis no more/ longer.我不再打网球。
②not …any more == not …any longer 如：
I don't play tennis any more/longer. 我不再打网球。 38. go to sleep 入睡
Unit3 1.语态：
①英语有两种语态：主动语态和补动语态 主动语态表示是动作的执行者 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者
②被动语态的构成
由\"助动词be ＋及物动词的过去分词\"构成
助动词be 有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be 作为连系动词时完全一样。
时态 被动语态结构 例句 一般现在 时 am are +过去分词
is English is spoken in many countries. 一般过去 时 was +过去分词
were + 过去分词 This bridge was built in 1989. 情 态
动 词 can/should may +be+过去分词
must/…… The work must be done right now. ③被动语态的用法
当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者，或者只需强调动作的承受者时，要用被动语态。
2. allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事（主动语态）如：
Mother allows me to watch TV every night. 妈妈允许我每晚看电视。 be allowed to do sth. 被允许做某事（被动语态）如： LiLy is allowed to go to Qinzhou. 莉莉被允许去钦州。
6
3. get their ears pierced 穿耳洞
让/使（别人）做某事 get sth. done(过去分词)
have sth. done 如：I get my car made. == I have my car made. 我让别人修好我的车 4. enough 足够
形容词＋enough 如：beautiful enough 足够漂亮 enough＋名词 如：enough food 足够食物 enough to 足够…去做… 如：
I have enough money to go to Beijing. 我有足够的钱去北京。 She is old enough to go to school.她够大去读书了。
5. stop doing sth. 停止做某事 Please stop speaking.请停止说话。 stop to do sth. 停止下来去做某事 Please stop to speak.请停下来说话。 6. 看起来好像…sb. seem to do sth. He seems to feel very sad.
it seems that +从句It seems that he feels very sad. 他看起来好像很伤心。
7. 系动词不能独立作谓语，要和表语一起构成谓语。常用的连系动词有：look, feel, be, become, get, turn, smell, taste, stay(保持), kept等。连系动词除be 和become 等少数词可接名词作表语外，一般都是接形容词。 如： They are very happy. He became a doctor two years ago. She felt very tired. 8. 倒装句:
由so＋助动词(be/do/will/have)/情态动词＋主语 意为：…也是一样 She is a student. So am I. 她是一个学生，我也是。
She went to school just now. So did I . 她刚才去学校了，我也是
She has finished the work. So have I . 她已经完成了工作,我也完成了。 She will go to school. So will he. 她将去学校，他也是。 9. yet 仍然，还 常用在否定句或疑问句当中
10. stay up 熬夜如：I often stay up until 12:00pm.我经常熬夜到12点。 11. clean up 打扫 整理 如：
I have cleaned up the bedroom. 我已经打扫完了卧室。 12. 程度副词：
always总是 usually经常 sometimes有时 never从不 如：I am always/usually/sometimes/never late for school. 我总是/经常/有时/从不上学迟到。 13. 曾经做某事：
Do you ever get to school late? Yes, I do. No, I don't.
Have you ever got to school late? Yes, I have. No, I haven't.
14. go shopping(去购物), go fishing(去钓鱼), go swimming(去游泳), go boating(去划船), go hiking(去登山), go trekking(去徒步) 15. be strict with sb. 对某人严厉 如：
7
Mother is strict with her son. 妈妈对她的儿子很严厉。
16. take the test 参加考试 pass the test 通过考试 fail a test 考试失败 17. the other day 前几天
18. agree 同意 反义词 disagree不同意 动词
agreement 同意 反义词 disagreement 不同意 名词 18. keep sb/ sth. ＋形容词 使某人/某物保持…. 如：
We should keep our city clean.我们应该保持我们的城市干净。 19. both…and… +动词复数形式
如： Both Jim and Li Ming play bastketball. 20. learn (sth.) from sb. 向谁学习(什么) 如：
Jim learnt English from his English teacher. 吉姆向他的英语老师学习英语 21. have an opportunity to do sth. 有机会做某事 have a chance of doing sth. 有机会做某事
如：I have an opportunity to go to Beijing. I have a chance of going to Beijing. 22. at present 目前
23. at least 最少 at most 最多 24. 花费 take ,cost, spend , pay
sth. take (sb.) time to do sth. It took (me) 10days to read the book. sth. cost (sb.) …… The book cost (me) 100yuan. sb. spend … on sth. She spent 10days on this book.
sb. spend …doing sth. She spent 10days reading this book. sb. pay … for sth. She paid 10yuan for this book. 25. have +时间段+off 放假，休息 如：have 2 days off 26. reply to 答复某人 如：She replayed to MrGreen.
27. agree with sth. 同意某事 如：I agree with that idea. agree to sb. 同意某人的意见 如：I agree to LiLei. 28. get in the way of 碍事，妨碍 如：
Her social life got in the way of her studies. 她的社会生活妨碍了她的学习。 29. success n. succeed v. successful adj. successfully adv. 30. think about 与think of 的区别
①当两者译为： 认为、想起、记着时，两者可互用 I often think about/ of that day. 我经常想起那天。
②think about 还有\"考虑\"之意 ，think of 想到、想出时两者不能互用 At last, he thought of a good idea. 最后他想出了一个好主意。 We are thinking about going Qinzhou. 我们正在考虑去钦州。 31. 对… 热衷， 对…兴趣
be serious about doing 如：She is serious about dancing. 她对跳舞热衷。 be serious about sth. 如：She is serious about him. 她对他感兴趣。 32. practice doing 练习做某事
8
She often practice speaking English.
33. care about sb. 关心某人 如：Mother often care about her son. 34. also 也 用于句中
either也 用于否定句且用于句末 too 也 用于肯定句且用于句末 I am also a student. 我也是一个学生 I am a student too. 我也是一个学生。
I am not a student either. 我也不是一个学生。 新目标九年级英语语法总结 Unit4
1. if 引导的非真实性条件状语从句 即 虚拟语气通过动词形式的变化来表示说话人对发生的动作或存在的状态所持的态度或看法的动词形式称为语气，虚拟语气表示说话人所说的话不是事实，而是一种祝愿，建议或是与事实相反的假设等。
If 引导的条件状语从句分为真实和非真实条件句，非真实条件句应用虚拟语气。如果要表示与现在或将来事实相反时，其虚拟语气结构为： 句 型 条件从句 主 句
谓语动词形式 动词过去式(be动词用were) would+动词原形
即：(从句)if +主语+动词过去式(be 动词用were), 一般过去时 (主句) 主语+would+动词原形 过去将来时 如：If I had time, I would go for a walk.
如果我有时间，我就会去散步。(事实上我现在没有时间) If I were you, I would take an umbrella.
假如我是你的话，我会带上雨伞。(事实上我不是你)
I would say no if someone asked me to be in a movie. 假如有人请我当电影演员，我会表示拒绝。(事实上瑞没有人请我当电影演员)
2. pretend to do sth. 假装做某事 I pretended to sleep just now. pretend +从句 假装… I pretended that I fell asleep. 3. be late for 迟到 如：
I am late for work/ school/ class/ party.
4. a few 与 a little 的区别，few 与 little 的区别 ⑴ a few 一些 修饰可数名词
a little 一些 修饰不可数名词 两者表肯定意义 如：He has a few friends. 他有一些朋友。
There is a little sugar in the bottle. 在瓶子里有一些糖。 ⑵ few 少数的 修饰可数名词
little 少数的 修饰不可数名词 但两者表否定意义 如：He has few friends. 他没有几个朋友。
There is little sugar in the bottle.在瓶子里没有多少糖。 5. still 仍然,还 用在be动词之后，行为动词之前 如：
9
I am still a student.我仍然是个学生 I still love him.我仍然爱他。 6. hundred, thousand , million, billion (十亿)词前面有数词或several 一词时要不能加s ，反之，则要加s 并与of 连用， 表示数量很 多 如：several hundred/ thousand/ million/ billion people 几百/千/百万/十亿人 hundreds of trees 上百棵树
7. what if + 从句 如果…怎么办 ， 要是… 又怎么样 如： What if she doesn't come? 要是她不来怎么办？ What if LiLei knows? 如果李雷知道了怎么办？ 8. add sth. to sth. 添加…到… 如：
I added some sugar to water. 我把糖添加到水里。 9. 系动词与形容词连用 get nervous 变得紧张 feel shy 觉得害羞 look friendly 看起来友好 10. too +形/副+to do sth. 太…而不能 如： I'm too tired to stand. 我太累了而不能站。 11. help with sth. 如：They help with this problem.
help sb. do. 如：They help you relax. 他们帮助你放松 12. in public 在公共场所 如:
Don't smoke in public. 请不要在公共场所吸烟。 13. energetic adj. 活力的
如：She is a energetic girl. 她是一个活力的女孩。
energy n. 活力 如：She has lots of energies. 她有活力。 14. ask sb. to do 叫…做某事
ask sb. not to do sth.叫…不要做某事 tell sb. to do 告诉…做某事
tell sb. not to do sth. 告诉…不要做某事 如：Teacher asked me to clean the classroom. Teacher asked me not to clean the classroom. 15. start doing == start to do. 开始做某事 如： He started speaking/ to speak. 他开始说话。 16. borrow sth. from sb. 从某人那里借来某物 如：
I borrowed a book from Lily. 我从莉莉那里借来一本书。 17.wait for sb.等某人 如：I am wait for him. 我正在等他。 18. introduce sb. to sb. 把某人介绍给某人 如：
I introduced Lily to Anna. 我把莉莉介绍给安娜。 19. invite sb. to do 邀请某人做某事 如：
Lily invited me to go to her home for supper. 莉莉邀请我去她家吃晚饭。 20. have dinner/ supper 吃晚饭
have lunch/ breakfast 吃午餐、吃早餐
21. plenty of 修饰不可数名词，也可以修饰可数名词 许多 如：
10
They have plenty of food/ apples. 他们有许多的食物/苹果。 22. 给某人某物 give sth. to sb. 如： give an apple to me
give sb. sth. give me an apple 给我一个苹果 23. get along with sb. 与…相处 如：
Do you get along well with your friends? 你和你的朋友相处得好吗？ 24. would rather do sth. than do sth. 表示愿做某事而不愿做某事 如： I would rather walk than run.
25. whole 整个 26. in fact 事实上 27. let sb. down 让某人失望 如：
Don't let your mother down. 不要让你的妈妈失望。 28. come up with sth. 提出 想出 如：
He came up with a good idea. 他提出了一个好主意。 catch up with sb. 追上 赶上 如：
Lily caught up with Anna. 莉莉赶上了安娜。 29. have experience doing 在做某事有经验 如：
I have experience teaching Chinese. 我在教英语方面有经验。 30. come out 出版，出来 如：
The magazine comes out once a week. 这种杂志每周出版一次。
31. by accident 偶然地，无意之中 如：Last week I cut my finger by accident. 上个星期我不小心割到自己的手指。
32. hurry to do 匆忙… I hurry to call the police. 33. more than 超过
34. offer sb. sth. 给某人提供某物
1.情态动词must, may , might, could, may , can't表示推测含义与用法后面都接动词原形，都可以表示对现在情况的揣测和推断但他们 含义有所不同
must 一定 肯定 (100%的可能性)
may, might, could有可能，也许 (20%－80%的可能性) can't 不可能，不会 (可能性几乎为零) The dictionary must be mine. It has my name on it.
The CD might/could/may belong to Tony because he likes listening to pop music. The hair band can't be Bob's. After all, he is boy! 2. whose 谁的 疑问词 作定语 后面接名词 如：Whose book is this? This is Lily's. 3. belong to 属于 如：
That English book belongs to me.
4. 当play 指弹奏乐器时，常在乐器前用定冠词 如： play the guitar play the piano play the violin
11
当play 指进行球类运动时，则不用定冠词 如： play football play basketball play baseball
5. if引导的条件状语从句，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时代替将来时 如：
If you don't hurry up, you'll be late.如果你不快点，你将会迟到 6. if you have any idea== if you know 如果你知道 7. on 关于（学术，科目）
8. try to do sth. 尝试做某事 如：I try to climb the tree. 我尝试爬树。 9. because of , because
because of + 名词/代词/名词性短语 because + 从句 如：
I do it because I like it. 我做这件事是因为我喜欢。
I had to move because of my job. 因为工作的原因我得搬家。 10. own v.－owner n. listen v.－listener n. learn v.－learner n. 11. catch a bus 赶公车 12. neighbor 邻居 指人
neighborhood 邻居 指地区也可指附近地区的人 13. local 当地的 如：local teacher 当地的教师 14. noise n. 噪音 是个可数名词 noises
15. call the police 报警 如：Quick! Call the police! 快！叫警察！ 16. anything strange 一些奇怪的东西
当形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词时，放在这些词的后面
17. there be sb./ sth. doing 如：There is a cat eating fish. There must be something visiting our home. 18. escape from …从哪里逃跑出来 如：
He escaped from the burning building. 他从燃烧的大概中逃出来。 19. an ocean of + 名词 极多的，用不尽的 如：an ocean of energy. 20. unhappy 不高兴的 反义词 happy 高兴的 21. final adj. 最后的 finally adv. 最后地
22. dishonest 不诚实的 反义词 honest 诚实的。 23. get on 上车 get off 下车
24. use up 用光、用完如：They have used up all the money.他们已经用完了所有的钱。
25. attempt to do 试图
如：The boys attempted to leave for Beijing. 男孩子们试图想去北京。 26. wake 动词 唤醒 常用的词组：wake up 意为醒来 如： Please wake me up at 8 o'clock. 请在8点钟叫醒我。 27. look for 寻找 指过程
12
find 找 指结果 如：
I am looking for a pen. 我正在找一支笔。（指找的过程）
I found my pen just now. 我刚刚找到了我的笔。（指找的结果） 28. hear 听 指听的结果 listen 听 指听的过程 如：
Did you hear ? 你听到了吗？（指听的结果，听或没听到） I often listen to the music. 我经常听音乐。（指听的过程） 29. try one's best to do sth. 尽某人的最大努力去做某事 如： He tried his best to run. 他尽他的最大努力去跑。 30. 名词所有格
名词所有格的构成有两种形式
①是在名词后面加 's 或是以s结尾 的名词，只在名词的后面加 ' 如：Ann's book 安的书, our teachers' office我们老师们的办公室 注：双方共有的所有格，只在后面一个名词加's, 如：
Lily and Lucy's father 莉莉和露西的爸爸（她们的爸爸是同一个人） ②有…of …介词短语表示无生命东西的所有格 如： a picture of my family 我家人的相片
有时也有's表示无生命的东西的所有格 如： today's newspaper, the city's name 1. prefer动词 更喜欢 宁愿
prefer sth. 更喜欢某事 I prefer English. 我更喜欢英语。
prefer doing/ to do 宁愿做某事 I prefer sitting/ to sit.我宁愿坐着。
prefer sth to sth. 同…相比更喜欢… I prefer dogs to cats. 与猫相比我更喜欢狗。
prefer doing to doing 宁愿做某事而不愿做某事 I prefer walking to sitting. 我宁愿走路也不愿坐着。 2. along with 伴随… 同… 一道
I will go along with you. 我同你一道去。 I sing along with music. 我伴随着音乐唱歌。 3. dance to sth. 随着…跳舞
She likes dancing to the music. 她喜欢随着音乐而跳舞。
4. different kinds of 各种各样different kinds of clothes 各种各样的衣服 5. music n. 音乐 musician n. 音乐家 musical 6. take … to … 带…去…. 如：
My father often takes me to the park. 我的爸爸经常带我去公园。 Please take this box to my office. 请拿这个盒子到我的办公室。 7. remind sb. of sb./sth. 提醒 使…记起….
This song reminds him of his mother. 这首歌使他记起了他的妈妈。 8. clear adj. 清楚的，清澈的 clearly adv. 清楚地
13
9. be important to sb. 对…重要
be important for sb. to do. 做某事对某人很重要
10. unfortunately adv. 不幸运地 fortunately adv. 幸运地 11. look for 寻找
My pen is lost. Could you help me look for it? 我的笔丢了。你能帮我找一下吗？
12. though == although 作连词 虽然，尽管 放在句子中间/句首，不能和but 连用
Though it was very late, he went on working. 虽然很晚了，但他还在工作 Mr. Smith , though he was young, did it very well. 史密斯先生虽然年轻，却做得很好。 13. fun n. 有趣 funny adj. 有趣的
14. be sure to do 一定做某事 肯定做某事 如： It is sure to snow. 肯定要下雪
Be sure not to forget it. 千万不要忘记呀!
15. known adj. 有名的 著名的 know v. 知道 认识 16. on display 展览
17. over the years 很多年来，常与现在完成时连用如： Over the years, they've planted many trees on the hills. 多年来他们已在山上种植了许多树。
18. energy n. 活力 energetic adj. 有活力的 19. most of … …的大多数 20. keep healthy 保持健康 21. get together 聚在一起
22. discuss v. 讨论 discussion n. 讨论
23. be bad for sth. 对…有坏处的 be bad for doing sth. 做…有坏处 24. for example 例如
25. take care of === look after 照顾 关心 如： She often takes care of / looks after her son. 26. stay away from 远离… 如：
Stay away from me , I have a cold. 请远离我，我得了感冒 27. to be honest 老实说 如：
To be honest I really like flowers. 老实说我真的很喜欢花。 28. dislike 不喜欢 反义词 like 喜欢 29. fisherman 渔夫 复数形式 fishermen
30. photography n. 摄影 photograph n. 照片 相片 photographer n. 摄影师
31. be in agreement 意见一致 常与介词on /about连用如：
They are in agreement on that question. 他们对那个问题意见一致。
14
32. even if 甚至
33. mainly adv. 主要地 首要地 main adj. 主要的
Unit7 1. tired 累的 tiring 令人疲惫的
bored 讨厌 boring 令人厌烦/讨厌的 excited 兴奋的 exciting 令人兴奋/激动的 amazed 惊讶的 amazing 令人惊讶的 2. education n. 教育 educational 有教育意义的 3. 想要做…：would like to do 想要…：would like sth. 常用的句型有：
What would you like to do? 你想要做什么？
I would like to visit GuiLin. 我想去参观桂林。 What would you like ? 你想要什么？ I would like some tea. 我想来些茶。
Would you like to go to my party? 你来不来参加我的晚会？(表邀请) Yes, I'd love/ like to . No, thanks.
Would you like some tea or coffee? 你是要点茶还是咖啡？ Yes, I'd love/ like. No. thanks.
Where would you like to visit/ go? 你想去哪呢？(本单元的重点句型)
4. go on vacation 去度假 go on a trip 去旅行 go on a picnic 去野炊 5. hope to do 希望做某事 I hope to go to Beijing. 我希望去北京。 hope (that) + 从句 希望….
I hope that I can go to Beijing.我希望我能去北京。=I hope to go to Beijing. I hope (that) she can pass the test.我希望她能通过考试。
6. I love places where the people are friendly. 我喜欢人们友好的地方。 where 关系副词，引导定语从句
where引导定语从句修饰表示地点的先行词如：the place, the city等 That is the school where I studied 10 years ago. 那就是我10年前所就读的学校。 7. 不定代词 参看课本P141
注：形容词必须放在不定代词、不定副词的后面 8. consider doing考虑做某事
I am considering changing my job. 我正在考虑换工作。
9. cost (sb.) 钱、时间 The book cost me 10 yuan 这本书花了我10元。 10. in general 一般来说， 大体上， 通常
11. be supposed to do 应该做…. === should 如：
15
Scientists are supposed to know a lot. 科学家们应该知道更多。 12. take a trip 去旅行
13. provide sb. with sth 供应某人某物=== provide sth for sb. 如：They provide us with water. They provide water for us. 14. how far 问路程 多远 how old 问年龄 多少岁
how long 问时间 多久 多长 how often 问频率 多久一次 15. be away 离开 如：
I was away 2days ago. 我两天前离开了。
I will be away for a few days. 我将离开一些天。
16. inexpensive adj. 不贵的 反义词 expensive adj. 贵的 17. let sb. do 让某人做某事 Let me help you.让我帮你吧。
let sb. not do 让某人不要做某Let us not laugh. 让我们不要笑了。 18. in the future 将来
She will a good mother in the future. 在将来她将会是一个好妈妈。 19. 用to 表示 \"的\"有：
answers to question 问题的答案
the key to the door 这扇门的钥匙 20. as soon as possible 尽可能的快
21. continue doing == go on doing 继续做某事 如：
She continued singing. == She went on singing. 她继续唱歌。 22. according to 根据
23. be willing to do 愿意做某事 如：
I am willing to help you. 我愿意帮你。 24. on the other hands 另一方面 25. hold on to sth. 保持，不要放弃
Please hold on to my hand. 不要放开我的手。 26. come true 实现 如：
My dream have come true. 我的梦实现了。 短语动词小结
常见短语动词结构有下面几种：
1.动词+副词 如：give up 放弃 turn off 关掉 stay up 熬夜
这种结构有时相当于及物动词，如果其宾语是代词，就必须放在动词和副词之间，如果是名词，则既可插在动词和副词之间，也可放在短语动词后。 2. 动词+介词 如：listen of 听 look at 看 belong to 属于 这种结构相当于及物动词，后面跟宾语。
3. 动词+副词+介词 如：come up with 提出，想出 run out of 用完，耗尽
16
4. 动词+名词(介词) 如：take part in参加 catch hold of 抓住 1.cheer (sb.) up 使(某人)高兴、振作 如：cheer me up 使我高兴 clean up 打扫 clean-up n. 打扫
2. homeless adj. 无家可归的 a homeless boy 一个无家可归的男孩 home n. 家
3. hand out 分发 hand out bananas
give out 分发 give out sth to sb. 分….给某人 give up doing 放弃… give up smoking 放弃吸烟
give away 赠送 捐赠 give away sth. to …. give away money to kids give sb. sth. 给某人某东西 give me money 给我钱 give sth. to sb. 给某人某东西 give money to me 给我线 4. sick adj. 生病的 作表语、定语
ill adj. 生病的 作表语 ，不能作定语 5. volunteer to do v. 志愿效劳、主动贡献 volunteer n. 志愿者
6. come up with 提出 想出 === think up 想出 catch up with 赶上 追上 7. put off doing 推迟做某事 put on 穿上 (指过程) put up 张贴
8. w rite down 写下 记下 9. call up 打电话
make a telephone call 打电话 10. set up 成立 建立
The new hospital was set up in 2000. 这座医院是在2000年成立的。 11. each 每个 各自的 强调第一个人或事物的个别情况 常与of 连用 every 每个 每一个的 一切的 则有\"全体\"的意思不能与of 连用 12. put …to use 把… 投入使用，利用
They put the new machine to use. 他们把新机器投入使用 13. help sb. (to) do 帮助某人做某事 help him (to) study help sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事 help him with English help do 帮助做某事 help study 14. plan to do 计划做某事 plan + 从句
I plan to go to Beijing. = I plan (that) I will go to Beijing. 我计划去北京。 15. spend … doing 花费…做… I spent a day visiting Beijing. 我花了一天的时间去参观北京。
spend… on sth. 花费…在… I spent 3 years on English.
17
16.not only … but (also) … 不但… 而且… 用来连接两个并列的成分 (1)引导以 not only …but (also)… 开头的句子往往引起部分倒装。 因此 ⑴Not only do I feel good but (also)…. 是倒装句。也是说得要 把前面的句子中的助动词或者是情态动词放在主语的前面。如： ①Not only can I do it but (also) I can do best. 我不仅能做到而且做得最好。
(2)Not only…but (also)… 接两主语时，谓语动词随后面的主语人称和数的变化 也就是就近原则 如：
①Not only Lily but (also) you like cat. 不仅莉莉而且你也喜欢猫。 ②Not only you but (also) Lily likes cat. 不仅你而且莉莉喜欢猫。 常见的就近原则的结构有：
Neither… nor…即不…也不… (两者都不) Neither you nor I like him. 我和你都不喜欢他。 Either… or… 不是…就是… (两者中的一个) Either Lily or you are a student. Not only …but (also)… There be
17. join 参加 (指参加团体、组织) 如：join the Party 入党 take part in 参加 (指参加活动) 如： take part in sports meeting 参加运动会 18. ①run out of == use up 用完 用尽
I have run out of money.== I have used up money. 我已经用完了钱。 ②run away 逃跑 The monkey has run away from the zoo. 这只猴子已经从动物园里逃跑了。 ③run to + 地方 跑到某地
19. take after (在外貌、性格等方面)与(父母等)相像 be similar to 与..相像 take after 相像 look after 照顾 take care of 照顾
20. work out 算出 结局
The situation worked out quite well. 情况的结局非常好
Have you worked out this math problem? 你已经算出这道数学问题了吗？ 21. hang out 闲荡 闲逛
I like to hang out at mall with my friends. 我喜欢和我的朋友一起去购物中心闲荡。
22. be able to do 能 会
be unable to do 不能 不会
23. thank you for doing 谢谢做某事 如：
18
thank you for helping me 谢谢做帮助我 24. for sure 确实如此，毫无疑问
You don't have money. That's for sure. 你没有钱，这是毫无疑问的。 25. fill… with… 使…充满… 用…填充… She filled the bowl with water. 她用水填满碗。 26. like prep. 像…
27. help sb. out 帮助…做事，解决难题(摆脱困境)
I can't work out this math problem. Please help me out. 我不能算出这道数学问题，请你帮我解决。 28. train n. 火车 train v. 训练
train sb. to do. 训练某人做某事
She trains her dog to fetch things. 她训练她的狗去取东西。 29. at once == right away 立刻 马上 如： Do it at once. 马上去做。
I'll go there at once/ right away. 我马上去那里。 30. one day 有一天 (指将来/过去) some day 有一天(指将来) 如：
One day I went to Beijing. 有一天我去了北京。 Some day I'll go to Beijing. 有一天我将去北京。
31. specially adv. 特意地 专门地 特别地 special adj. 特别的 32. donation n. 捐赠物 donate v. 捐赠 赠送 33. part of speech 词性 词类
34. disabled adj. 肢体有残疾的 disable v. 不能 1. 被动语态
(1). 被动语态表示句子的主语是谓语动词所表示的动作承受者。 (2). 被动语态基本结构：be+及物动词的过去分词 (如果是不及物动词，其过去分词应带有相应的介词)
(3). 被动语态中的be 是助动词，有人称、数和时态的变化。 一般现在时被动语态为：am/is/are+过去分词 一般过去时被动语态为：was/were+ 过去分词
与情态动词连用的被动语态：情态动词+ be + 过去分词
(4). 被动语态中动作的发出者或执行者做介词by的宾语，放在句末，by 表示\"由，被\"的意思如何理解被动语态？
为取胜更清晰、更深刻地理解被动语态的含义，可以将主动语态和被动语态的句子结构进行比较。
2. 本单元要掌握的句型 见课本P69 中的Grammar Focus
3. invent v. 发明 inventor n. 发明家 invention n. 发明 可数名词 4. be used for doing用来做…(是被动语态) 如：
19
Pens are used for writing. 笔是用来写的。 Pens aren't used for eating. 笔不是用来吃的。
5. 给某人某样东西 give sth. to sb. 如：I gave a pen to him. 我给他一支笔。 give sb. sth. I gave him a pen. 我给他一支笔。 6. all day 整天
7. salty adj. 咸的 salt n. 盐
8. by mistake 错误地 如： I took the umbrella by mistake. 我不小心拿错了雨伞。
9. make sb./sth. +形容词 使…怎么样 It made me happy. 它使我高兴 make sb./sth. +名词 让…做… It made me laugh. 它让我发笑 10. by accident 意外 偶然 I met her by accident at bus stop. 我在公共汽车站意外地见到了她。 11. not…until… 直到…才做… 如： I didn't go to bed until I finished my work. 我直到完成我的工作才去睡觉。
12. according to +名词 根据… 如： according to an legend根据一个神话 according to this article根据这篇文章 13. over an open fire 野饮
14. leaf n. 叶子 复数形式 leaves
15. nearby adj. 附近的 如： the nearby river
16. fall into 落入 掉进 如：The leaf fell into the river. 叶子落入了河里。fall down 摔倒 如：She fell down from her bike. 她从她自行车摔倒了。 17. quite 非常 adv. 与冠词a连用时，冠词a必须放在它的后面 如： quite a beautiful girl 一个漂亮的女孩 very 非常 adv. 与冠词a连用时，冠词a必须放在它的前面 如： a very beautiful girl 一个漂亮女孩 注：当不与冠词a 连用时，两者可以互用 如：
I am very happy.=== I am quite happy. 我非常高兴。 18. in the way 这样
19. pleased adj. 表示外部因素引起人发自内心的欣慰和愉快 pleasant adj. 愉快 高兴 指天气、时间、旅行令人高兴愉快 please v. 使高兴 使同意
20. battery-operated adj. 电池控制的
是名词+动词的运动分词构成的合成形容词 21. in the sixth century 在第6世纪 22. travel around 周游
23. more than === over 超过 如：
more than 300 == over 300 超过300
24. including prep. 介词 包括 可以与名词和动名词连用
20
如: Six people, including a baby, were hurt. 6个人包括一个小孩受伤了。
25. have been played 被上演 是现在完成时的被动语态 现在完成时的被动语态的结构：have /has been +过去分词 26. be born 出生 He was born in Canada. 他在加拿大出生 27. safety n. 安全 safe adj. 安全的 28. knock into 撞上(某人)
29. divide sth. into … 将…划分成..
通常指将一个整体分成几个对应相对的部分 如：
Let's divide ourselves into 4groups. 让我们把我们自己划成4组。 30. since then 自从那以后 常与完成时 态连用 如：
Since then, I have left Beijing. 自从那以后，我已经离开了北京。 新目标九年级英语语法总结 Unit10 1. 过去完成时
(1) 构成：由助动词had + 过去分词 构成
否定式：had not + 过去分词 缩写形式：hadn't (2) 用法
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了 的动作。
(3) 它所表示的时间是\"过去的过去\"。
①表示过去某一时间可用by, before 等构成的短语来表示 ②也可以用when, before, after 等引导的时间状语从句来表示 ③还可以通过宾语从句或通过上下文暗示。 When I got there, you had already eaten you meal. 当我到达那里时，你已经开始吃了。 By the time he got here, the bus had left. 到他到达这里时，汽车已经离开了 2. by the time 直到…时候
指从过去某一点到从句所示的时间为止的一段时间 如： By the time we got to his house, he had finished supper. 在我们到达他就已经吃完了晚饭。
3. 英语中表示\"把某物遗忘在某处\"常用 leave + 地点 而不是forget+地点 如：Unluckily, I left my book at home . 不幸的是，我把书忘在家里了。 4. close v. 关 adv. 接近地 靠近地 closed adj. 关的 5. come out 出来
6. on time 按时 准时 既不早也不迟 in time 及时 指在时限到来之前 7. luckily adv. 幸运地 lucky adj. 幸运的 luck n. 好运 8. give sb. a ride 让某搭便车 如：
21
He often gives me a ride to school. 他经常让我搭便车去学校。 9.only just 刚刚好、恰好
10. go off (闹钟)闹响 The alarm went off just now. 刚才警钟响了。 11. break down 坏掉
12. fool n. 傻子 呆子 v. 愚弄 欺骗 如： He is a fool. 他是一个呆子。
We can't fool our teach. 我们不能欺骗我们的教师。(动词)
13. show up 出现 出席 She didn't show up last night. 昨晚她没有出现 14. invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某做事 如：
My friend invited me to watch TV. 我的朋友邀请我看电视。 15. set off 激起 出发 set up 建立 16. ①so … that 如此…以致于
引导结果状语从句，so后面接形容词、副词.
②so that作\"为了\"时，引导目的状语从句，从句常出现情态动词， 作结果状语从句时，从句中一般不用情态动词 。 如：She got up early so that she could catch the bus. 为了能赶上车，她起得很早。(目的状语从句) She was so sad that she couldn't say a word. 她悲伤得一句话也说不出来。(结果状语从句)
17. flee from 从…逃跑 避开They fled from their home. 他们从他们家逃了出来。
18. thrill v . 使人非常激动，使人非常紧张 thrilled adj. 指某人感到激动或感到紧张 thrilling adj. 指某事物使人心情激动 19. get married 结婚
20. convince v. 使信服 convincing adj. 令人信服的 21. land v. 着落 22. be late for 迟到
23. a piece of 一片/块/张 如： a piece of paper/ bread 一张纸/ 一块面包 1.宾语从句 宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。 ①由连接词+ 主语+ 谓语 构成 常由下面的一些连接词引导：
②由that 引导 表示陈述意义 that 可省略 He says (that) he is at home. 他说他在家里。
③由if , whether 引导 表示一般疑问意义(带有是否、已否、对否等) I don't know if / whether Wei Hua likes fish. 我不知道韦华是否喜欢鱼。
④由连接代词、连接副词(疑问词) 引导 表示特殊疑问意义
Do you know what he wants to buy? 你知道他想要买什么吗？
22
⑤从句时态要与主句一致
当主句是一般现在时，从句根据情况使用任何时态 He says (that ) he is at home. 他说他在家里。
I don't know (that) she is singing now. 我不知道她正在唱歌。 She wants to know if I have finished my homework. 她想要知道我是否已经完成了我的作业。
Do you know when he will be back? 你知道他将会什么时候回来？ 当主句是一般过去时，从句应使用过去某时态(一般过 去时,过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时)
He said (that) he was at home. 他说他在家里。
I didn't know that she was singing now. 我不知道她正在唱歌。 She wanted to know if I had finished my homework.
Did you know when he would be back? 你知道他将会什么时候回来？ 2. get v. 得到、买、到达 3. make a telephone call 打电话 4. save money 省钱、存钱 5. ①问路常用的句子：
Do you know where …is ?
Can you tell me how can I get to …? Could you tell me how to get to …？
②Can/Could/Will/Would you please tell me sth. 表示十分客气地询问事情 ③Could you tell me how to get to the park?请你告诉我怎么才能去邮局好吗？ 中的how to get to the park 是疑问词与动词不定式连用，用作宾语，但不是宾语从句，可是相当于how I can get to the park（宾语从句）如：
I don't know how to solve the problem. ==I don't know how I can solve the problem.我不知道如何解决这个问题
Can you tell me when to leave? ==
Can you tell me when I ill leave? 你能告诉我什么时候离开？ 6. 日常交际用语：
take the elevator / escalator to the … floor.乘电梯/自动扶梯到…楼 turn left / right === take a left / right 向左/ 右转 go past 经过 go straight 向前直走
7. next to 旁边、紧接着 如：Lily is next to Ann. 莉莉就在安的旁边。 8. between … and… 在…和…之间
如: Lily is between Ann and Tom. 莉莉就在安和汤姆的之间。
9. decide to do 决定做… She decided to go to have lunch. 她决定去吃午餐。 decide v. decision n. make a decision 做个决定
10. Is that a good place to hang out? 那是不是一个闲荡的好地方？
中的to hang out修饰前面名词place，不定式作定语. 如：There are
23
something to eat. 这有吃的东西。中的to eat修饰代词something，作定语. 11. kind of +adj./ adv. 译为\"有点、一点\" 如：She is kind of shy. 她有点害羞。 12. expensive 贵的 反义词 inexpensive 不贵的 13. crowded 拥挤的 反义词 uncrowded 不拥挤的 14. take a vacation == go on a vacation 去度假 15. dress up 打扮 dress up as 打扮成..
如：He wanted to dress up as Father Christmas. 他想要打扮成圣诞老人。 16. on the beach 在海滩上 的介词用 on
17. politely adv. 有礼貌地 polite adj. 有礼貌的
18. depend on sth / doing / 从句 根据、依靠、依赖、决定于 Living things depend on the sunlight.生物对阳光有依赖性。 We can't depend on his answer. 我们不能根据他的回答。 That depends on how you did it. 那决定于你怎样做这件事。 19. prefer动词 更喜欢 宁愿 常用的结构有：
prefer sth. 更喜欢某事 I prefer English. 我更喜欢英语。
prefer doing/ to do 宁愿做某事 I prefer sitting/ to sit.我宁愿坐着。
prefer sth to sth. 同…相比更喜欢… I prefer dogs to cats. 与猫相比我更喜欢狗。
prefer doing to doing 宁愿做某事而不愿做某事 I prefer walking to sitting. 我宁愿走路也不愿坐着
prefer to do rather than do 宁愿做某事而不愿做某事
I prefer to work rather than be free. 我宁愿工作而不愿闲着。 20. on the other hand 另一方面
21. 把…借给某人 lend sb. sth. ＝＝ lend sth.to sb. 如：
Lily lent me her book. = Lily lent her book to me . 莉莉把她的书借给了我。 22. such as 例如
23. I'm sorry to do sth. 对做某事我觉得很抱歉、伤心。 24. in a way 在某种程度说
25. in order to do 为了做… 表目的 如： He got up early in order to catch the first bus. 他起早床，是为了赶上头班公共汽车。 26. 等级/同级比较：as…as ， not as/so…as ①as + 形容词/ 副词原级 + as
表示\"和…一样的…\"\"…和…一样的…\"
如： He works as hard as we. 他工作和我们同样努力。 ②否定式：not as + 形容词/ 副词原级 + as == not so + 形容词/ 副词原级 + as
He doesn't work as / so hard as we. 他工作没有我们那样努力。 27. hand in 上交
24
Unit12
1. be supposed to do . 应该 如：
We are supposed to stop smoking. 我们应该停止吸烟。
知识拓展 表示应该的词有：should, ought to ,be supposed to 2. shake hands 握手 shake 本意是\"摇动、震动\" 3. You should have asked what you were supposed to wear.
你本应该问清楚怎么样穿才得体。中的\"should have asked\"是 \"情态动词＋现在完成时\"表示过去本应该做某事，事实上没有做 如：She should have gone to Beijing. 她本应该去了北京。（没有去） 4. be relaxed about sth. 对某事随意、不严格 如：
They are relaxed about the time. 他们对时间很随意。
5. pretty adv. 相当,很＝very She is pretty friendly. 她相当友好。 adj. 美丽的 She is a pretty girl.她是一个美丽的女孩。 6. make plans to do == plan to do. 打算做某事 如：
She has made plans to go to Beijing.==She has planed to go to Beijing. 7. drop by 访问 看望 拜访 串门
We just dropped by our friends' homes.我们刚刚去朋友家串门。 8. on time 按时
9. after all 毕竟 终究 如：You see I was right after all.你看，毕竟还是我对了。
10. invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事 如： Lily invited me to have dinner.莉莉请我吃晚饭。
11. without 没有 Without your help, I can’t finish the work on time. 12. around the world == all over the world 全世界
13. pick up 捡起 挑选 如：He picked up his hat. 他捡起他的帽子。 14. start doing == start to do 开始做某事 如
He started reading.== He started to read. 他开始读。 15. point at 指向
16. stick v. 剌 截 n. 棒，棍
chopstick 筷子 是由chop(砍)＋stick(棒)合成， 通常用复数形式：chopsticks
17. go out of one's way to do 特意，专门做某事 如：
He went out of his way to make me happy. 他特意使我高兴。 18. make mistakes 犯错误（复数）make a mistake 犯错误（一个） 19. be different from 与…不同 如：
Chinese food is different from theirs. 中国菜与他们的不同. 20. get/be used to sth. 习惯于… get/be used to doing 习惯于…
be used to do 被用于做…
25
be used for doing 被用于做… used to do 过去常常做… 如：
I wash clothes everyday. But I'm used to it.我每天都洗衣服，但我习惯了 I am used to washing clothes. 我习惯于洗衣服了。
The knives are used to cut things. 小刀被用来切东西。 The knives are used for cutting things. 小刀被用来切东西。 She used to watch TV after school. 她过去放学后常常看电视。 21. 我发现要记住每一样事是困难的。
常见的形式宾语有：
find / think + it/them +形容词 to do sth. 如： I think it hard to study English. 22. cut up 切开 切碎 如：Let's cut up the water melon. 让我们切开这个西瓜吧。
23. make a toast 敬酒
24. crowd v.挤满 其形容词和过去式及过去分词都是：crowded 25. set n. 一套 v. 设置
26. can't stop doing 忍不住做某事 I can't stop laughing. 我忍不住笑 27. make faces 做鬼脸 28. face to face 面对面
29. learn…by oneself 自学 如： I learn English by my self. 我自学英语。
◆ Unit 11 Could you please tell me where the restrooms are? 目标语言：ask for information politely 知识点：
1． 宾语从句的定义：宾语从句就是在复合句中作主句的宾语。
2． 宾语从句的引导词：1）连词that引导的宾语从句，在口语和非正式文件中可以省略。2）由连接代词what, which, who, whose或连接副词when, where, why, how等词引导的宾语从句。3)由连词if或whether引导。如，I hope that you will have a good holiday. He asked who could answer this question. They don’t know if they will visit the history museum tomorrow.
3． 宾语从句的语序：宾语从句的语序应当用陈述语序。即，从句的连接词后面是主语+谓语+宾语的语序。注意连接词在句子中当主语时，后面直接跟谓语和宾语。如He asked who could answer these questions. Could you tell us what time the plane leaves?
4． Perhaps, maybe, probably: perhaps表示“可能，也许”，之意但不能肯定，它修饰整个句子。Maybe为副词，表示“或许，大概”之意，一般用于句子的开头，常用于口语。Probably有可能性较大的意味，可以位于句首，也可以位于谓语动词前，情态动词，助动词或be动词的后面。
26
5． both, either, neither: both表示“两者都”；either表示“两者中的任何一个”；neither表示“两者中任何一个都不”。1）作形容词时，neither,either修饰名词的单数形式，both则修饰名词的复数形式。2）作代词时，neither,either通常被视为单数，both用作复数。作代词时，both还可以作同位语，neither, either则不可以。3）neither…nor意思为“既不…也不…”；either…or意思为“或是….或是…”；both…and…意思为“双方都….;既….又…”三者均为并列连词。即连接两个相同的句子成分。当neither…nor, either…or连接句子的两个主语时，其后谓语动词通常和最邻近的主语在人称及数上保持一致。Both…and….连接句子的两个主语时，其后的谓语动词通常使用复数形式。
6． dress, have on, put on, wear: dress作及物动词用时，指“给某人穿衣服”，dress既可以表示动作，也可以表示状态。Dress表示替别人穿衣服时，接表示人的名词或代词作宾语。如，The mother dressed her son quickly and took him to the kindergarten. Dress表示自己穿衣服这个动作时，接反身代词作宾语，或者用作不及物动词。如，Lily is old enough to dress herself. Dress作不及物动词用，意思是“穿衣，穿礼服”。
◆ unit 12 You’re supposed to shake hands. 目标语言：Tell what you are supposed to do 重点句型：P95-2b&2c, P97-1&2b 要求背诵的是P98-3a 知识点：
1． be supposed to do sth.：be supposed是suppose一词的被动语态结构。后接动词不定式时，含义相当于should后接不定式。但should后面的不定式要省略不定式符号to，且属于主动语态形式，使用起来较严肃和正式；而be supposed to do sth的使用教随便，建议性强。否定式为be not supposed to do sth.，另外ought to do sth也是其一个同义表达的形式，但要注意表示过去时，ought后接完成式的不定式，使用时需要灵活掌握和运用。如You are not supposed to shake hands.= You shouldn’t shake hands.= You ought not (oughtn’t) to shake hands.你不应与之握手。
2． Unfamiliar的用法：为形容词，意思为“不熟悉的；没有见过或听过的”，其同义为strange，其反义词为familiar.1) be unfamiliar to…表示“不深知的；生疏的”如，That face is unfamiliar to me.那副面孔我很生疏。2）be unfamiliar with…表示“没听过，没听见，不熟悉的”如，I am unfamiliar with their music.我没听过他们的音乐。
3． used to do sth, be used to do sth, be/get used to sth./ doing sth.: 1) used to do sth意思是“过去常常做某事；过去曾经做某事”，表示过去发生的动作，其中的to do sth为不定式结构。如，I used to take piano lessons.我过去上钢琴课。2）be used to do sth意思为“被用来做某事”，其中的to do sth是不定式结构。如，Paper is used to make kites.纸用来做风筝。3）be/get used to 表示“习惯于”，如果
27
get/be used to后面接动词时，则要使用动词-ing形式。如，She is used to living in the country.她习惯居住在农村。
4. most, mostly, the most:1)most可修饰动词，意思是“最，第一”如，That problem troubles him most.那个问题最使他头痛。Most常可作very 用，修饰kind, helpful, grateful, beautiful等表示主观感觉的形容词和副词。这时不表示比较，不能和the连用。如It’s most kind of you.你真好。Most作代词用，意思为“大多数的，最多的，最大的”。其反义词为fewest,least.2)mostly为副词，表示“大体上，大部分”等意思。如She is mostly out on Sunday.星期天她多半不在家。3）the most表示“最大数量，最大限度”。如，This is the most I can do.这是我力所能及的。 5．Except, besides,but都含有“除了，除…外”的意思。1）except意思为“除…外（不再有）”，其前常接all, any, every, no及其复合词等词。如I answer all the questions except the last one.除了最后一个问题灭有答上外，其余问题我都答上了。2）besides意思为“除…外（还有）”如，I have a few friends besides you. 除了你之外，我还有几个朋友。3）but后接名词，代词和原形动词，可以和except互换，但except后接副词，介词短语时，不能用but 来代替。如，Mary did nothing except/ but clean the dishes.玛丽只洗盘子。
6．point at, point to, point out: point意思为“指着，指向”，在用事物名词作主语时，一般和point to连用，在用人物名词作主语时，常用point at.如，Our teacher is pointing at the map on the wall.我们的老师在指着墙上的地图。The land of the clock points to six.时钟的针指向六。2）point at可以分开来理解，也就是point后直接跟名词或代词作宾语，at表示方向，point to没有这种用法。3）point out是“指出“的意思，属于“动副”结构的短语，虽可跟宾语，但若是代词，须放point和out之间。如，Can you point out the church in this picture?你能指出这张图画中的教堂吗？ 知识点：
1. make的用法：1）make+名词/代词+形容词或形容词短语 如，The good news made us happy.这条好消息使我们很高兴。2）make+名词/代词+省略to的动词不定式 如，They made us laugh.他们让我们大笑起来。3）make+名词/代词+介词短语或名词短语 如，The boss made her his assistant.老板让她作自己的助理。4）make+名词或代词+过去分词短语 如，Can you make yourself understood in English?你能用英语把意思表达清楚吗？5）make it+时间 如，Let’s make it half past two.让我们把时间约定在2：30吧。
2. would rather, prefer: 1）prefer是一个行为动词，后接带to的不定式，表示一个具体的特定行为，意思为“更喜欢”。如，He preferred to have a part-time job.他宁愿找一份兼职工作。2）两者接不定式时，分别与than和rather than搭配，即prefer to do…rather than do…意思为“宁愿做…而不愿做….”,would rather do…than
28
do…意思为“宁愿做…而不愿做…”.如，Liu Hulan preferred to die rather than surrender.= Liu Hulan would rather die than surrender.刘胡兰宁死不屈。3）prefer…to…相当于like…better than…意思为“喜欢….更胜过喜欢…..”。其后接名词，代词，动词-ing形式。如，I prefer tea to coffee.我喜欢喝茶胜过喜欢喝咖啡。4）prefer和 would rather后都可接从句，从句要用虚拟语气。Prefer后接从句时，用 should加动词原形的形式，should也可以省去，而wouldrather后接从句时，要用过去时态表示现在和将来，用过去完成时态表示过去。如 I would rather you came on Sunday.我倒希望你星期天来。I prefer that we(should)do it in another way.我更希望我们用另一种方式做这件事。
3. learn…from, learn of, learn…by: 1）learn…from后接表示人的名词，意思为“向…学习”；后接表示事物的名词，意思为“从…中学习”。如，We must learn from Comrade Lei Feng.我们一定要向雷锋同志学习。We have learnt a lot from your lecture.我们从你的报告中学到了很多东西。2）learn of后接表示人或事物的名词，意思为“听说，了解到”，相当于hear of。指间接地获得信息，有时可用介词about代替of，但learn about还有“学习有关方面知识”的意思。如，We were sorry to learn of his failure.听到他失败的消息我们非常遗憾。3）learn..by后接表示事物的名词或动词。接表示事物的名词时，意思为“从…学习”,可与learn from互换；接动词-ing形式时，意思为“通过…方式学习”。如You should learn a language by speaking it.你应当通过说的方式来学习一种语言。另外，learn …by heart是“熟记；背下来”的意思。如You should learn all the words by heart.你应当把所有的单词都背下来。
4. other, another, the other, others, the others: 1)other作前置定语时，修饰单数或复数名词。如I will come again some other days.我改日再来。2）another用于泛指三者以上的不定数目中的“另一个”，其所修饰的名词前不加冠词。如I don’t want this one. Please give me another.我不想要这个，请给我另一个。3）the other表示两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”，是特指。如There are six people in the room.Four are girls, the other two are boys.房间里有六个人，四个是女孩，其余两个是男孩。4）others用作代词，泛指“其他人”或“其他事物”。如，Some are singing and dancing, some are drawing ,others are climbing the hill.一些人在唱歌，跳舞，一些人在画画，还有一些人在爬山。5）the others指整体中除去一部分后，剩余的全部。如 There are fifty-five students in our class. Thirty of us are girls. The others are boys.我们班有五十五名学生，三十人是女生，其余的是男生。
29
5. compare…to…意思“把…比作….”着重注意两者间的相似点。如，Young people are often compared to the sun at eight or nine in the morning.年轻人常被比作早晨八，九点钟的太阳。２）compare…with…意思为“拿….与…相比，把…与…相比较”，侧重指两者间的区别。如，Compare your composition with hers and you will see whose is better.如果把你的作文与她的加以比较的话，便知谁的较好了。
6. carry, bring, take , get, fetch: carry的意思是“携带，搬运，负担”，即把某人带在身边后把某物带在身上，指随身携带，并将它从一处带到另一处。携带的方式可以是提，扛，背，抱，抬等。Carry不说明带的方向。２）bring的意思是把某人或某物“带来，拿来”，强调方向，即从别处拿到说话人这儿来，而不强调带的方式，其后可跟双宾语。３）take的意思是把某人或某物“带走，拿走”，即说话人这儿带到别处去。４）get和fetch的意思相近，表示到某处去把某人找到并带来，或把某物找到并取来。Get常用于口语中。 知识点：
1． 现在完成时的构成：have/has+动词的过去分词 2． 现在完成时的肯定句：
主语（第一，二人称单复数，第三人称复数）+have
主语（第三人称单数）+has +动词过去分词
3． 现在完成时的否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词
4． 现在完成时的疑问句及回答：Have/Has +主语+过去分词？
5． 现在完成时的用法：1）表示一个过去发生并结束的动作对现在产生的结果和影响，可以细分为下列两种情况：a.表示开始于过去的动作刚刚结束，常和just, now , already, yet等连用。如，I have finished my homework now.现在我已经做完作业了。b.表示过去动作的结果现在仍残留着，一般不和时间状语连用。如I have lost my pen.我把钢笔弄丢了。（说明过去某时丢的，现在还没有找到这支钢笔）。2）表继续（动作未结束）。如 I have lived here since 1989.我自从1989年就住在这。（表示现在仍住在这）【注意】表示过去已经开始，持续到现在，而且还继续下去的动作或状态。
6． 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：两种时态都表示过去发生的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的联系，对现在产生的结果，影响等，而一般过去时则只表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系。表示过去固定时间状语只能与一般过去时连用，而不能与现在完成时连用。表示过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week, a week ago, on Friday, just now, in the evening, the other day。现在完成时的时间状语：since Monday, until now, for a long time, since I came here, since last week, up to now, lately, recently.
30
7． look for, find , find out, search: look for表示“寻找”，强调找的动作或过程。2）find表示“找到”，强调找的结果。3）find out表示“找出，查明”之意，指经过调查，观察，询问或研究等手段发现或找到。4）search是指对某一处所，人身进行搜查或指寻找想找的人或物，后面可以接介词for，但比look for语气更强些。
8． go on的其他用法：go on意思为“继续”时，有下列几种用法：1）go on doing sth.意思为“继续做某事”2）go on to do sth意思为“继续做（另一件事）3）go on with sth有时与go on doing互换使用，意思为“继续做某事”。
9． in the last/past +数字+名词表示“在过去的….时间里”，常用于现在完成时的句子中。
10． get back意思为“取回”；get back意思为“回来”，相当于return
11． yet, already:yet用于否定句和疑问句中。Already主要用于肯定句中，用于疑问句中时常表示惊讶。2） yet常放在句尾，也可以紧跟在not的后面，而already则常放在句中。
◆ Unit 15 We’re trying to save the manatees!
1． be proud of…, be proud to do sth, be the pride of…:1）be proud of表示“以…为自豪/骄傲”2）be proud to do sth表示“骄傲/自豪去做某事”3）be the pride of表示“是...的骄傲”
2． be suitable for适合的，恰当的
3． be made from, be made of:1) be made from指制成的东西完全失去了原材料的外形或特性，原材料发生了本质的变化，在成品中已无法辨认。2）be made of意思为“由…构成，由…制成”，但be made of是指未经变化，仍可以看出原材料是什么，保持了原材料的质或形状。
4． 长，宽，高的表达法 ：数字+量词+形容词。如20 metres wide二十米宽 5． Little, small, tiny: little是一般用语，与great和big相对；small含有“比较小”的意味，与large相对；tiny常和little通用，但little侧重指形体小的，常带有爱惜，赞赏，轻蔑等情感的意味；tiny表示非常小，带有较强的感情色彩；small是就实体而言，按平均大小对比，是“比较小的”，侧重度量，面积，数字等；little也表示“小”，往往指不可数的量。 6． Feed on吃…过日子； 用…喂养
7． Foot的用法：on foot 步行 foot by foot一步一步地 at the foot of在…脚下on one’s feet站立着 set foot in踏进 stand on one’s own feet自立 ould rather的用法
一、would rather意思是“宁愿、宁可、更、最好、还是为好”，后接动词原形,常省略为’d rather，表示优先选择的一种方式
其否定形式是would rather not do sth。would rather没有人称和数的变化，所有的人称一律用would rather。
“would rather+动词原形”是英语中常见的一个惯用句式，美国英语中多用had
31
rather。would (had)在此决无“过去”之意，它是一个情态助动词，且无词性、时态变化。
例 Mr Li would rather not listen to rock music. 李先生不愿意听摇滚音乐。 If you’d rather be alone, we’ll all leave here. 如果你宁愿独自呆着，那我们都离开这儿。
He’d rather work in the countryside. 她宁可到农村去工作。
You would rather stay at home and do some reading this evening. 今晚你最好呆在家中读点书。
二、如果在两者中进行取舍，表示“宁愿……而不愿……，与其……宁可……”的意思时，则可用would rather…than…或would…rather than…的句型
例 I would rather watch TV at home than go to the cinema. 我宁可在家看电视而不愿去看电影。
The children would walk there rather than take a bus. 孩子们宁愿步行去那里而不愿乘公共汽车。
请注意 1） would rather…than…/would…rather than…也可以颠倒为：rather than…would…。Would(rather)和than后都接不带to的动词不定式，若选用的动词相同，那么than 后的动词可以省略。
例 I would rather have noodles than rice. 我宁愿吃面条也不吃米饭。
He would rather drink wine than beer． 他喜欢喝红葡萄酒而不喜欢喝啤酒。 Rather than work in such bad condition, he would give up. 与其在这样差的条件下工作，他宁愿放弃。
2)使用would rather…than…句型时要注意“平行结构”，即在than 的前后要用两个同类的词或词组，如两个名词、两个不定式、两个介词短语等。
例 I would rather go to work by bike than by bus. 我宁愿骑自行车也不愿乘公共汽车去上班。
I would rather talk with his mother than with his father. 我宁愿和他妈说话而不愿和他爸说话。
三、在疑问句式中，would rather 与would rather…than…中的would要放在主语之前
例 Would you rather stay here or go home? 你愿意呆在这里，还是回家？ Which would you rather have, apples or bananas? 你喜欢吃苹果还是香蕉？ Would you rather read a novel than read a poem?你宁愿看小说而不愿朗读诗歌吗？
四、would rather+从句，是一个常用的虚拟语气句型 Would rather+从句,谓语一般用过去时来表示现在或将来。其意为“宁愿……,还是…… 好些”“一个人宁愿另一个人做某事”。引导从句的that常省略。在谈到过去的动作时，谓语则用过去完成时。
例 John wants to see me today. I would rather he came to tomorrow than today. 约
32
翰今天想去看我。我宁愿他明天来看我而不是今天。(句中came不是表示过去而是表示将来)
We’d rather he paid us the money tomorrow. 我们宁愿他明天付给我们那笔钱。
Don’t come tomorrow. I’d rather you came next weekend. 明天别来。我希望你下周末来。
请注意 1） 如果谈到过去的动作，也就是表示过去已经发生的事情在选择上不恰当。此时，主句一般为I had rather ,其（that）从句则用过去完成时。 例 Would rather you had not done that. 我真希望你没有做那件事。
2）如果只涉及主语本人而不涉及另一个人，则would rather之后不接that从句而接have done结构。
例 I would rather have gone to the theatre than stayed home night. 我真希望昨天晚上去看了戏而不是呆在家里。 He would rather be poor than have got money by dishonest methods． 他宁可穷也不愿意用不诚实的手段获取金钱。
Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does．亨利希望他的女朋友和他在一个部门工作。
五、would rather/sooner和prefer/would prefer的区别 would rather和would sooner之间一般没有区别，但经常接触到的是would rather。
例 Tom would rather/sooner read than talk． 汤姆宁可读书而不愿谈天。 Tom prefers reading to talking．汤姆喜欢读书而不喜欢谈天。
请注意 1）would rather后跟不带to的不定式+than+不带 to的不定式，而prefer后跟动名词+to+动名词。有时prefer后面也可跟名词，而在would rather之后要求只带动词原形。
例 He prefers wine to beer．= He would rather drink wine than beer． 他喜欢喝红葡萄酒而不喜欢喝啤酒。
I prefer tennis to golf．= I’d rather play tennis than golf． 我喜欢打网球而不喜欢打高尔夫球。 2）某些 prefer+名词的情况不能用 would rather完全确切地表达出来：He prefers dogs to cats．（他喜欢狗而不喜欢猫。）和 He would rather have dogs than cats．（他宁可养狗而不愿养猫。）很明显，这两句的意思并不完全相同。
3） would rather+不带to的不定式有时可代替 would prefer+带 to的不定式。 例 I’d rather fly than go by sea．=I’d prefer to fly． 我宁愿乘飞机也不愿乘船。 这两个结构后面带名词时情况也一样： 例 —Would you like some gin？
—I’d prefer a coffee．=I’d rather have coffee than gin． —您想喝点杜松子酒吗？
—我想喝点咖啡。/我想喝点咖啡，不想喝杜松子酒。
4）would rather/sooner和would prefer后面都可跟完成式，但后者带to。
33
例 We went by sea but I’d rather have gone by air=I’d prefer to have gone by air． 我们是乘船去的，可我本想乘飞机去。（我愿意乘飞机去，可我的愿望未能实现。）这和 would like+不定式的完成式有点相似，would like+带to 的不定式的完成式也表示未能实现的愿望
prefer的用法
1、后接不定式时与rather than 或instead of连用，如：He preferred to die rather than (to) steal. / He perferred to die instead of stealing. 他宁死也不去偷窃。
2、注意介词搭配，如： I prefer swimming to skating. (I like swimming better than skating.)我喜欢游泳胜过滑冰。prefer 因其本身含有比较之意，而不可再与more 或most连用。
3、prefer＋名词或动名词“宁愿”，“更喜欢”。He comes from Shanghai, so he prefers rice. 他是上海人，因此更喜欢吃米饭。I prefer going by bike.我宁愿骑单车去。I prefer the white one.我喜欢那个白的。
4、prefer to do “愿意做”。I prefer to go at once.我愿意马上就走。
5、prefer sb. to do “愿意某人做” I prefer you to go at once.我倒希望你马上就走。 6、prefer to sth.“宁愿做...而不做...”. I prefer tea to milk.我宁愿喝茶也不喝牛奶。I prefer watching TV to going out. 我宁愿看电视也不出去。
7、prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.“宁愿做...而不做...” I prefer to watch TV rather than go out.我宁愿呆在家里也不出去。
8、prefer＋ that从句“宁愿”（从句一般用虚拟语气）I prefer that you should do it.我宁愿你做这件事。
would like 的用法 不可以跟doing
“ would like ”意为“想要”，其语气比用 like 婉转些。具体用法如下：
1. 后面接名词或代词，表示“具体要”某样东西。例如：
I'd like two sweaters for my daughters. （ JB III， L59 ）
（我想给我的女儿们买两件毛衣。）
Would you like one of these mooncakes？ （ JB II， L10 ）（你想要一块这样的月饼吗？）
2. 后面接动词不定式，表示“愿望，喜爱”，常用于有礼貌地提出邀请、请求或
34
建议。例如：
I would like to drop maths. （ JB III， L12 ）（我想放弃数学。）
Would you like to come to supper？ （ JB II， L21 ）
（你愿意来吃晚饭吗？）
3. 当主语是第一人称时， would 可与 should 换用，它们都可以缩写为 'd ，并且 like 也可换成 love .例如：
I'm sure he would love to come. （ JB II， L69 ）（我确信他愿意来。）
I should like the red one. （我想要红色的。）
4. “ would like ”后面可以用动词不定式作宾语补足语。例如：
What would you like me to do？ （ JB II， L45 ）
（你想要我干什么？）
I'd like you to meet my parents， too. （ JB II， L9 ）（我想要你也见见我的父母。）
Young trees must be watered often. Your mistakes should be corrected right now. The door may be locked inside. Your homework can be handed in tomorrow. 6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now. They are planting trees over there. → Trees are being planted over there by them. 7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词 There are two books to be read. → There are twenty more trees to be planted. 二、 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态? 把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤： 1. 先找出谓语动词； 2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语； 3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语； 4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。 例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week. 2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning. 3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far. 4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now. 6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave. 三、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题： 1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 2. 有些动词用主动
35
形式表示被动意义。 This pen writes well. This new book sells well. 3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。 例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定,或是间接宾语加被动语态再加只接宾语。 He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. 或是I was given a book by him. He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him. 或是i was shown a ticket by him. My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 或是Lwas bought a new bike by my father. 5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 We can’t laugh him. →He can’t be laugh by us 宾语从句
宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。 ①由连接词+ 主语+ 谓语 构成 常由下面的一些词引导：
②由that 引导 表示陈述意义 that 可省略 He says (that) he is at home. 他说他在家里。
③由if , whether 引导 表示 一般疑问意义(带有是否、已否、对否等) I don't know if / whether Wei Hua likes fish. 我不知道韦华是否喜欢鱼。
④由 连接代词、连接副词(疑问词) 引导 表示特殊疑问意义 Do you know what he wants to buy? 你知道他想要买什么吗？ ⑤从句时态要与主句一致
当主句是一般现在时，从句根据情况使用任何时态 He says (that ) he is at home. 他说他在家里。
I don't know (that) she is singing now. 我不知道她正在唱歌。 She wants to know if I have finished my homework. 她想要知道我是否已经完成了我的作业。
Do you know when he will be back? 你知道他将会什么时候回来？ 当主句是一般过去时，从句应使用过去某时态(一般过去时, 过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时)
He said (that) he was at home. 他说他在家里。
I didn't know that she was singing now. 我不知道她正在唱歌。 She wanted to know if I had finished m homework. 她想要知道我是否已经完成了我的作业。
36
Did you know when he would be back? 你知道他将会什么时候回来？ 现在完成时态
⑴由have/ has ＋ 过去分词
⑵表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果 常与already, just , yet , ever, never 连用
Have you finished your work yet？你完成了你的工作了吗？ Yes, I have. I have just finished it. 是的。我刚刚完成了。 I have already finished it . 我已经完成了。
Have you ever been to China? 你曾经去过中国吗？
No, I have never been there. 没有，我从来也没有去过。
⑶①表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作 或状态和表示过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括现在在内）的一段时间的状态连用如：（for + 时间段，since + 时间点，或过去某一动作， 以及how long ）
②注： 非延续性动词在现在完成 时态中不能和for, since 引导的表示一段时间的状语的肯定句连用。
应转为相应的延续性动词 如：
buy---- have die---- be dead join ---- be in borrow----- keep leave---- be away
I have bought a pen.------ I have had a pen for 2 weeks.
The dog has died.------- The dog has been dead since last week. ⑷①have (has) been to + 地点 去过某地 已经回来 ②have (has) gone to + 地点 去了某地 没有回来
③have been in + 地点 一直呆在某地 没有离开过 如： She has been to Shanghai. 她去过上海。(已经回来) She has gone to Shanghai. 她去了上海。(没有回来)
She has been in Shanghai for 2 days.她呆上海两天了。(没有离开过上海)
37
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容