How Securities Are Traded
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The trading of stock that was previously issued takes place
A. in the secondary market.
B. in the primary market.
C. usually with the assistance of an investment banker.
D. in the secondary and primary markets.
2. A purchase of a new issue of stock takes place
A. in the secondary market.
B. in the primary market.
C. usually with the assistance of an investment banker.
D. in the secondary and primary markets.
E. in the primary market and usually with the assistance of an investment banker.
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3. Firms raise capital by issuing stock
A. in the secondary market.
B. in the primary market.
C. to unwary investors.
D. only on days when the market is up.
4. Which of the following statements regarding the specialist are true?
A. Specialists maintain a book listing outstanding unexecuted limit orders.
B. Specialists earn income from commissions and spreads in stock prices.
C. Specialists stand ready to trade at quoted bid and ask prices.
D. Specialists cannot trade in their own accounts.
E. Specialists maintain a book listing outstanding unexecuted limit orders, earn income from commissions and spreads in stock prices, and stand ready to trade at quoted bid and ask prices.
5. Investment bankers
A. act as intermediaries between issuers of stocks and investors.
B. act as advisors to companies in helping them analyze their financial needs and find buyers for newly issued securities.
C. accept deposits from savers and lend them out to companies.
D. act as intermediaries between issuers of stocks and investors and act as advisors to companies in helping them analyze their financial needs and find buyers for newly issued securities.
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6. In a \"firm commitment,\" the investment banker
A. buys the stock from the company and resells the issue to the public.
B. agrees to help the firm sell the stock at a favorable price.
C. finds the best marketing arrangement for the investment banking firm.
D. agrees to help the firm sell the stock at a favorable price and finds the best marketing arrangement for the investment banking firm.
7. The secondary market consists of
A. transactions on the AMEX.
B. transactions in the OTC market.
C. transactions through the investment banker.
D. transactions on the AMEX and in the OTC market.
E. transactions on the AMEX, through the investment banker, and in the OTC market.
8. Initial margin requirements are determined by
A. the Securities and Exchange Commission.
B. the Federal Reserve System.
C. the New York Stock Exchange.
D. the Federal Reserve System and the New York Stock Exchange.
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9. You purchased JNJ stock at $50 per share. The stock is currently selling at $65. Your gains may
be protected by placing a
A. stop-buy order.
B. limit-buy order.
C. market order.
D. limit-sell order.
E. None of the options
10. You sold JCP stock short at $80 per share. Your losses could be minimized by placing a
A. limit-sell order.
B. limit-buy order.
C. stop-buy order.
D. day-order.
E. None of the options
11. Which one of the following statements regarding orders is false?
A. A market order is simply an order to buy or sell a stock immediately at the prevailing market price.
B. A limit-sell order is where investors specify prices at which they are willing to sell a security.
C. If stock ABC is selling at $50, a limit-buy order may instruct the broker to buy the stock if and when the share price falls below $45.
D. A market order is an order to buy or sell a stock on a specific exchange (market).
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12. Restrictions on trading involving insider information apply to the following except
A. corporate officers.
B. corporate directors.
C. major stockholders.
D. All of the options are subject to insider trading restrictions.
E. None of the options is subject to insider trading restrictions.
13. The cost of buying and selling a stock consists of
A. broker's commissions.
B. dealer's bid-asked spread.
C. a price concession an investor may be forced to make.
D. broker's commissions and dealer's bid-asked spread.
E. broker's commissions, dealer's bid-asked spread, and a price concession an investor may be forced to make.
14. Assume you purchased 200 shares of GE common stock on margin at $70 per share from your
broker. If the initial margin is 55%, how much did you borrow from the broker?
A. $6,000
B. $4,000
C. $7,700
D. $7,000
E. $6,300
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15. You sold short 200 shares of common stock at $60 per share. The initial margin is 60%. Your
initial investment was
A. $4,800.
B. $12,000.
C. $5,600.
D. $7,200.
16. You purchased 100 shares of IBM common stock on margin at $70 per share. Assume the initial
margin is 50% and the maintenance margin is 30%. Below what stock price level would you get a margin call? Assume the stock pays no dividend; ignore interest on margin.
A. $21
B. $50
C. $49
D. $80
17. You purchased 100 shares of common stock on margin at $45 per share. Assume the initial
margin is 50% and the stock pays no dividend. What would the maintenance margin be if a margin call is made at a stock price of $30? Ignore interest on margin.
A. 0.33
B. 0.55
C. 0.43
D. 0.23
E. 0.25
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18. You purchased 300 shares of common stock on margin for $60 per share. The initial margin is
60% and the stock pays no dividend. What would your rate of return be if you sell the stock at $45 per share? Ignore interest on margin.
A. 25.00%
B. -33.33%
C. 44.31%
D. -41.67%
E. -54.22%
19. Assume you sell short 100 shares of common stock at $45 per share, with initial margin at 50%.
What would be your rate of return if you repurchase the stock at $40 per share? The stock paid no dividends during the period, and you did not remove any money from the account before making the offsetting transaction.
A. 20.03%
B. 25.67%
C. 22.22%
D. 77.46%
20. You sold short 300 shares of common stock at $55 per share. The initial margin is 60%. At what
stock price would you receive a margin call if the maintenance margin is 35%?
A. $51.00
B. $65.18
C. $35.22
D. $40.36
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21. Assume you sold short 100 shares of common stock at $50 per share. The initial margin is 60%.
What would be the maintenance margin if a margin call is made at a stock price of $60?
A. 40%
B. 33%
C. 35%
D. 25%
22. Specialists on stock exchanges perform which of the following functions?
A. Act as dealers in their own accounts.
B. Analyze the securities in which they specialize.
C. Provide liquidity to the market.
D. Act as dealers in their own accounts and analyze the securities in which they specialize.
E. Act as dealers in their own accounts and provide liquidity to the market.
23. Shares for short transactions
A. are usually borrowed from other brokers.
B. are typically shares held by the short seller's broker in street name.
C. are borrowed from commercial banks.
D. are typically shares held by the short seller's broker in street name and are borrowed from commercial banks.
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24. Which of the following orders is most useful to short sellers who want to limit their potential
losses?
A. Limit order
B. Discretionary order
C. Limit-loss order
D. Stop-buy order
25. Which of the following orders instructs the broker to buy at the current market price?
A. Limit order
B. Discretionary order
C. Limit-loss order
D. Stop-buy order
E. Market order
26. Which of the following orders instructs the broker to buy at or below a specified price?
A. Limit-loss order
B. Discretionary order
C. Limit-buy order
D. Stop-buy order
E. Market order
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27. Which of the following orders instructs the broker to sell at or below a specified price?
A. Limit-sell order
B. Stop-loss
C. Limit-buy order
D. Stop-buy order
E. Market order
28. Which of the following orders instructs the broker to sell at or above a specified price?
A. Limit-buy order
B. Discretionary order
C. Limit-sell order
D. Stop-buy order
E. Market order
29. Which of the following orders instructs the broker to buy at or above a specified price?
A. Limit-buy order
B. Discretionary order
C. Limit-sell order
D. Stop-buy order
E. Market order
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30. Shelf registration
A. is a way of placing issues in the primary market.
B. allows firms to register securities for sale over a two-year period.
C. increases transaction costs to the issuing firm.
D. is a way of placing issues in the primary market and allows firms to register securities for sale over a two-year period.
E. is a way of placing issues in the primary market and increases transaction costs to the issuing firm.
31. Block transactions are transactions for more than _______ shares and they account for about
_____ percent of all trading on the NYSE.
A. 1,000; 5
B. 500; 10
C. 100,000; 50
D. 10,000; 30
E. 5,000; 23
32. A program trade is
A. a trade of 10,000 (or more) shares of a stock.
B. a trade of many shares of one stock for one other stock.
C. a trade of analytic programs between financial analysts.
D. a coordinated purchase or sale of an entire portfolio of stocks.
E. not feasible with current technology but is expected to be popular in the near future.
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33. When stocks are held in street name
A. the investor receives a stock certificate with the owner's street address.
B. the investor receives a stock certificate without the owner's street address.
C. the investor does not receive a stock certificate.
D. the broker holds the stock in the brokerage firm's name on behalf of the client.
E. the investor does not receive a stock certificate and the broker holds the stock in the brokerage firm's name on behalf of the client.
34. NASDAQ subscriber levels
A. permit those with the highest level, 3, to \"make a market\" in the security.
B. permit those with a level 2 subscription to receive all bid and ask quotes, but not to enter their own quotes.
C. permit level 1 subscribers to receive general information about prices.
D. include all OTC stocks.
E. permit those with the highest level, 3, to \"make a market\" in the security; permit those with a level 2 subscription to receive all bid and ask quotes, but not to enter their own quotes; and permit level 1 subscribers to receive general information about prices.
35. You want to buy 100 shares of Hotstock Inc. at the best possible price as quickly as possible. You
would most likely place a
A. stop-loss order.
B. stop-buy order.
C. market order.
D. limit-sell order.
E. limit-buy order.
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36. You want to purchase XON stock at $60 from your broker using as little of your own money as
possible. If initial margin is 50% and you have $3,000 to invest, how many shares can you buy?
A. 100 shares
B. 200 shares
C. 50 shares
D. 500 shares
E. 25 shares
37. A sale by IBM of new stock to the public would be a(n)
A. short sale.
B. seasoned equity offering.
C. private placement.
D. secondary market transaction.
E. initial public offering.
38. The finalized registration statement for new securities approved by the SEC is called
A. a red herring.
B. the preliminary statement.
C. the prospectus.
D. a best-efforts agreement.
E. a firm commitment.
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39. One outcome from the SEC investigation of the \"Flash Crash of 2010\" was
A. a prohibition of short selling.
B. higher margin requirements.
C. approval of new circuit breakers.
D. establishment of electronic communications networks (ECNs).
E. passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
40. All of the following are considered new trading strategies except
A. high frequency trading.
B. algorithmic trading.
C. dark pools.
D. short selling.
41. You sell short 100 shares of Loser Co. at a market price of $45 per share. Your maximum possible
loss is
A. $4,500.
B. unlimited.
C. zero.
D. $9,000.
E. Cannot tell from the information given
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42. You buy 300 shares of Qualitycorp for $30 per share and deposit initial margin of 50%. The next
day, Qualitycorp's price drops to $25 per share. What is your actual margin?
A. 50%
B. 40%
C. 33%
D. 60%
E. 25%
43. When a firm markets new securities, a preliminary registration statement must be filed with
A. the exchange on which the security will be listed.
B. the Securities and Exchange Commission.
C. the Federal Reserve.
D. all other companies in the same line of business.
E. the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
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44. In a typical underwriting arrangement the investment banking firm
I) sells shares to the public via an underwriting syndicate. II) purchases the securities from the issuing company.
III) assumes the full risk that the shares may not be sold at the offering price.
IV) agrees to help the firm sell the issue to the public, but does not actually purchase the securities.
A. I, II, and III
B. I, III, and IV
C. I and IV
D. II and III
E. I and II
45. Which of the following is true regarding private placements of primary security offerings?
A. Extensive and costly registration statements are required by the SEC.
B. For very large issues, they are better suited than public offerings.
C. They trade in secondary markets.
D. The shares are sold directly to a small group of institutional or wealthy investors.
E. They have greater liquidity than public offerings.
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46. A specialist on the AMEX Stock Exchange is offering to buy a security for $37.50. A broker in
Oklahoma City wants to sell the security for his client. The Intermarket Trading System shows a bid price of $37.375 on the NYSE. What should the broker do?
A. Route the order to the AMEX Stock Exchange.
B. Route the order to the NYSE.
C. Call the client to see if she has a preference.
D. Route half of the order to AMEX and the other half to the NYSE.
E. It doesn't matter—he should flip a coin and go with it.
47. You sold short 100 shares of common stock at $45 per share. The initial margin is 50%. Your
initial investment was
A. $4,800.
B. $12,000.
C. $2,250.
D. $7,200.
48. You sold short 150 shares of common stock at $27 per share. The initial margin is 45%. Your
initial investment was
A. $4,800.60.
B. $12,000.25.
C. $2,250.75.
D. $1,822.50.
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49. You purchased 100 shares of XON common stock on margin at $60 per share. Assume the initial
margin is 50% and the maintenance margin is 30%. Below what stock price level would you get a margin call? Assume the stock pays no dividend; ignore interest on margin.
A. $42.86
B. $50.75
C. $49.67
D. $80.34
50. You purchased 1000 shares of CSCO common stock on margin at $19 per share. Assume the
initial margin is 50% and the maintenance margin is 30%. Below what stock price level would you get a margin call? Assume the stock pays no dividend; ignore interest on margin.
A. $12.86
B. $15.75
C. $19.67
D. $13.57
51. You purchased 100 shares of common stock on margin at $40 per share. Assume the initial
margin is 50% and the stock pays no dividend. What would the maintenance margin be if a margin call is made at a stock price of $25? Ignore interest on margin.
A. 0.33
B. 0.55
C. 0.20
D. 0.23
E. 0.25
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52. You purchased 1,000 shares of common stock on margin at $30 per share. Assume the initial
margin is 50% and the stock pays no dividend. What would the maintenance margin be if a margin call is made at a stock price of $24? Ignore interest on margin.
A. 0.33
B. 0.375
C. 0.20
D. 0.23
E. 0.25
53. You purchased 100 shares of common stock on margin for $50 per share. The initial margin is
50% and the stock pays no dividend. What would your rate of return be if you sell the stock at $56 per share? Ignore interest on margin.
A. 28%
B. 33%
C. 14%
D. 42%
E. 24%
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54. You purchased 100 shares of common stock on margin for $35 per share. The initial margin is
50% and the stock pays no dividend. What would your rate of return be if you sell the stock at $42 per share? Ignore interest on margin.
A. 28%
B. 33%
C. 14%
D. 40%
E. 24%
55. Assume you sell short 1,000 shares of common stock at $35 per share, with initial margin at 50%.
What would be your rate of return if you repurchase the stock at $25 per share? The stock paid no dividends during the period, and you did not remove any money from the account before making the offsetting transaction.
A. 20.47%
B. 25.63%
C. 57.14%
D. 77.23%
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56. Assume you sell short 100 shares of common stock at $30 per share, with initial margin at 50%.
What would be your rate of return if you repurchase the stock at $35 per share? The stock paid no dividends during the period, and you did not remove any money from the account before making the offsetting transaction.
A. -33.33%
B. -25.63%
C. -57.14%
D. -77.23%
57. You want to purchase GM stock at $40 from your broker using as little of your own money as
possible. If initial margin is 50% and you have $4,000 to invest, how many shares can you buy?
A. 100 shares
B. 200 shares
C. 50 shares
D. 500 shares
E. 25 shares
58. You want to purchase IBM stock at $80 from your broker using as little of your own money as
possible. If initial margin is 50% and you have $2,000 to invest, how many shares can you buy?
A. 100 shares
B. 200 shares
C. 50 shares
D. 500 shares
E. 25 shares
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59. Assume you sold short 100 shares of common stock at $40 per share. The initial margin is 50%.
What would be the maintenance margin if a margin call is made at a stock price of $50?
A. 40%
B. 20%
C. 35%
D. 25%
60. Assume you sold short 100 shares of common stock at $70 per share. The initial margin is 50%.
What would be the maintenance margin if a margin call is made at a stock price of $85?
A. 40.5%
B. 20.5%
C. 35.5%
D. 23.5%
61. You sold short 100 shares of common stock at $45 per share. The initial margin is 50%. At what
stock price would you receive a margin call if the maintenance margin is 35%?
A. $50
B. $65
C. $35
D. $40
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62. You sold short 100 shares of common stock at $75 per share. The initial margin is 50%. At what
stock price would you receive a margin call if the maintenance margin is 30%?
A. $90.23
B. $88.52
C. $86.54
D. $87.12
63. The preliminary prospectus is referred to as a
A. red herring.
B. indenture.
C. greenmail.
D. tombstone.
E. headstone.
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64. The securities act of 1933
I) requires full disclosure of relevant information relating to the issue of new securities. II) requires registration of new securities.
III) requires issuance of a prospectus detailing financial prospects of the firm. IV) established the SEC.
V) requires periodic disclosure of relevant financial information.
VI) empowers SEC to regulate exchanges, OTC trading, brokers, and dealers.
A. I, II, and III
B. I, II, III, IV, V, and VI
C. I, II, and V
D. I, II, and IV
E. IV only
65. The Securities Act of 1934
I) requires full disclosure of relevant information relating to the issue of new securities. II) requires registration of new securities.
III) requires issuance of a prospectus detailing financial prospects of the firm. IV) established the SEC.
V) requires periodic disclosure of relevant financial information.
VI) empowers SEC to regulate exchanges, OTC trading, brokers, and dealers.
A. I, II, and III
B. I, II, III, IV, V, and VI
C. I, II, and V
D. I, II, and IV
E. IV, V, and VI
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66. Which of the following is not required under the CFA Institute Standards of Professional Conduct?
A. Knowledge of all applicable laws, rules and regulations
B. Disclosure of all personal investments, whether or not they may conflict with a client's investments
C. Disclosure of all conflicts to clients and prospects
D. Reasonable inquiry into a client's financial situation
E. All of the options are required under the CFA Institute standards.
67. According to the CFA Institute Standards of Professional Conduct, CFA Institute members have
responsibilities to all of the following except
A. the government.
B. the profession.
C. the public.
D. the employer.
E. clients and prospective clients.
Short Answer Questions
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68. Discuss margin buying of common stocks. Include in your discussion the advantages and
disadvantages, the types of margin requirements, how these requirements are met, and who determines these requirements.
69. List three factors that are listing requirements for the New York Stock Exchange. Why does the
exchange have such requirements?
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Chapter 03 How Securities Are Traded Key
Multiple Choice Questions
1.
The trading of stock that was previously issued takes place
A. in the secondary market.
B. in the primary market.
C. usually with the assistance of an investment banker.
D. in the secondary and primary markets.
Secondary market transactions consist of trades between investors.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Basic
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2. A purchase of a new issue of stock takes place
A. in the secondary market.
B. in the primary market.
C. usually with the assistance of an investment banker.
D. in the secondary and primary markets.
E. in the primary market and usually with the assistance of an investment banker.
Funds from the sale of new issues flow to the issuing corporation, making this a primary market transaction. Investment bankers usually assist by pricing the issue and finding buyers.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Basic
3. Firms raise capital by issuing stock
A. in the secondary market.
B. in the primary market.
C. to unwary investors.
D. only on days when the market is up.
Funds from the sale of new issues flow to the issuing corporation, making this a primary market transaction.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Basic
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4. Which of the following statements regarding the specialist are true?
A. Specialists maintain a book listing outstanding unexecuted limit orders.
B. Specialists earn income from commissions and spreads in stock prices.
C. Specialists stand ready to trade at quoted bid and ask prices.
D. Specialists cannot trade in their own accounts.
E. Specialists maintain a book listing outstanding unexecuted limit orders, earn income from
commissions and spreads in stock prices, and stand ready to trade at quoted bid and ask prices.
The specialists' functions are all of the items listed. In addition, specialists trade in their own accounts.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
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5. Investment bankers
A. act as intermediaries between issuers of stocks and investors.
B. act as advisors to companies in helping them analyze their financial needs and find buyers
for newly issued securities.
C. accept deposits from savers and lend them out to companies.
D. act as intermediaries between issuers of stocks and investors and act as advisors to
companies in helping them analyze their financial needs and find buyers for newly issued securities.
The role of the investment banker is to assist the firm in issuing new securities, both in advisory and marketing capacities. The investment banker does not have a role comparable to a commercial bank, as indicated in accept deposits from savers and lend them out to companies.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
6. In a \"firm commitment,\" the investment banker
A. buys the stock from the company and resells the issue to the public.
B. agrees to help the firm sell the stock at a favorable price.
C. finds the best marketing arrangement for the investment banking firm.
D. agrees to help the firm sell the stock at a favorable price and finds the best marketing
arrangement for the investment banking firm.
In a \"firm commitment,\" the investment banker buys the stock from the company and resells the issue to the public.
AACSB: Analytic
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Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
7. The secondary market consists of
A. transactions on the AMEX.
B. transactions in the OTC market.
C. transactions through the investment banker.
D. transactions on the AMEX and in the OTC market.
E. transactions on the AMEX, through the investment banker, and in the OTC market. The secondary market consists of transactions on the organized exchanges and in the OTC market. The investment banker is involved in the placement of new issues in the primary market.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
8. Initial margin requirements are determined by
A. the Securities and Exchange Commission.
B. the Federal Reserve System.
C. the New York Stock Exchange.
D. the Federal Reserve System and the New York Stock Exchange.
The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System determines initial margin requirements.
AACSB: Analytic
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Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
9. You purchased JNJ stock at $50 per share. The stock is currently selling at $65. Your gains may be protected by placing a
A. stop-buy order.
B. limit-buy order.
C. market order.
D. limit-sell order.
E. None of the options
With a limit-sell order, your stock will be sold only at a specified price, or better. Thus, such an order would protect your gains. None of the other orders are applicable to this situation.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
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10. You sold JCP stock short at $80 per share. Your losses could be minimized by placing a
A. limit-sell order.
B. limit-buy order.
C. stop-buy order.
D. day-order.
E. None of the options
With a stop-buy order, the stock would be purchased if the price increased to a specified level, thus limiting your loss.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
11. Which one of the following statements regarding orders is false?
A. A market order is simply an order to buy or sell a stock immediately at the prevailing market
price.
B. A limit-sell order is where investors specify prices at which they are willing to sell a security.
C. If stock ABC is selling at $50, a limit-buy order may instruct the broker to buy the stock if
and when the share price falls below $45.
D. A market order is an order to buy or sell a stock on a specific exchange (market).
All of the order descriptions above are correct except a market order is an order to buy or sell a stock on a specific exchange (market).
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
3-33
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McGraw-Hill Education.
12. Restrictions on trading involving insider information apply to the following except
A. corporate officers.
B. corporate directors.
C. major stockholders.
D. All of the options are subject to insider trading restrictions.
E. None of the options is subject to insider trading restrictions.
Corporate officers, corporate directors, and major stockholders are corporate insiders and are subject to restrictions on trading on inside information. Further, the Supreme Court held that traders may not trade on nonpublic information even if they are not insiders.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
13. The cost of buying and selling a stock consists of
A. broker's commissions.
B. dealer's bid-asked spread.
C. a price concession an investor may be forced to make.
D. broker's commissions and dealer's bid-asked spread.
E. broker's commissions, dealer's bid-asked spread, and a price concession an investor may
be forced to make.
All of the options are possible costs of buying and selling a stock.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
3-34
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Difficulty: Intermediate
14. Assume you purchased 200 shares of GE common stock on margin at $70 per share from your broker. If the initial margin is 55%, how much did you borrow from the broker?
A. $6,000
B. $4,000
C. $7,700
D. $7,000
E. $6,300
200 shares × $70/share × (1 - 0.55) = $14,000 × (0.45) = $6,300.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
15. You sold short 200 shares of common stock at $60 per share. The initial margin is 60%. Your initial investment was
A. $4,800.
B. $12,000.
C. $5,600.
D. $7,200.
200 shares × $60/share × 0.60 = $12,000 × 0.60 = $7,200.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
3-35
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16. You purchased 100 shares of IBM common stock on margin at $70 per share. Assume the initial margin is 50% and the maintenance margin is 30%. Below what stock price level would you get a margin call? Assume the stock pays no dividend; ignore interest on margin.
A. $21
B. $50
C. $49
D. $80
100 shares × $70 × .5 = $7,000 × 0.5 = $3,500 (loan amount); 0.30 = (100P - $3,500)/100P; 30P = 100P - $3,500; -70P = -$3,500; P = $50.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Challenge
3-36
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McGraw-Hill Education.
17. You purchased 100 shares of common stock on margin at $45 per share. Assume the initial margin is 50% and the stock pays no dividend. What would the maintenance margin be if a margin call is made at a stock price of $30? Ignore interest on margin.
A. 0.33
B. 0.55
C. 0.43
D. 0.23
E. 0.25
100 shares × $45/share × 0.5 = $4,500 × 0.5 = $2,250 (loan amount); X = [100($30) - $2,250]/100($30); X = 0.25.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Challenge
3-37
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McGraw-Hill Education.
18. You purchased 300 shares of common stock on margin for $60 per share. The initial margin is 60% and the stock pays no dividend. What would your rate of return be if you sell the stock at $45 per share? Ignore interest on margin.
A. 25.00%
B. -33.33%
C. 44.31%
D. -41.67%
E. -54.22%
300($60)(0.60) = $10,800 investment; 300($60) = $18,000 × (0.40) = $7,200 loan; proceeds after selling stock and repaying loan: $13,500 - $7,200 = $6,300; Return = ($6,300 - $10,800)/$10,800 = -41.67%.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Challenge
3-38
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McGraw-Hill Education.
19. Assume you sell short 100 shares of common stock at $45 per share, with initial margin at 50%. What would be your rate of return if you repurchase the stock at $40 per share? The stock paid no dividends during the period, and you did not remove any money from the account before making the offsetting transaction.
A. 20.03%
B. 25.67%
C. 22.22%
D. 77.46%
Profit on stock = ($45 - $40) × 100 = $500, $500/$2,250 (initial investment) = 22.22%.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Challenge
20. You sold short 300 shares of common stock at $55 per share. The initial margin is 60%. At what stock price would you receive a margin call if the maintenance margin is 35%?
A. $51.00
B. $65.18
C. $35.22
D. $40.36
Equity = 300($55) × 1.6 = $26,400; 0.35 = ($26,400 - 300P)/300P; 105P = $26,400 - 300P; 405P = $26,400; P = $65.18.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Challenge
3-39
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McGraw-Hill Education.
21. Assume you sold short 100 shares of common stock at $50 per share. The initial margin is 60%. What would be the maintenance margin if a margin call is made at a stock price of $60?
A. 40%
B. 33%
C. 35%
D. 25%
$5,000 × 1.6 = $8,000; [$8,000 - 100($60)]/100($60) = 33%.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Challenge
22. Specialists on stock exchanges perform which of the following functions?
A. Act as dealers in their own accounts.
B. Analyze the securities in which they specialize.
C. Provide liquidity to the market.
D. Act as dealers in their own accounts and analyze the securities in which they specialize.
E. Act as dealers in their own accounts and provide liquidity to the market.
Specialists are both brokers and dealers and provide liquidity to the market; they are not analysts.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
3-40
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23. Shares for short transactions
A. are usually borrowed from other brokers.
B. are typically shares held by the short seller's broker in street name.
C. are borrowed from commercial banks.
D. are typically shares held by the short seller's broker in street name and are borrowed from
commercial banks.
Typically, the only source of shares for short transactions is the short seller's broker in street name; often these are margined shares.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
24. Which of the following orders is most useful to short sellers who want to limit their potential losses?
A. Limit order
B. Discretionary order
C. Limit-loss order
D. Stop-buy order
By issuing a stop-buy order, the short seller can limit potential losses by assuring that the stock will be purchased (and the short position closed) if the price increases to a certain level.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
3-41
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McGraw-Hill Education.
25. Which of the following orders instructs the broker to buy at the current market price?
A. Limit order
B. Discretionary order
C. Limit-loss order
D. Stop-buy order
E. Market order
Market orders are to be executed immediately at the best prevailing price.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
26. Which of the following orders instructs the broker to buy at or below a specified price?
A. Limit-loss order
B. Discretionary order
C. Limit-buy order
D. Stop-buy order
E. Market order
Limit-buy orders are to be executed if the market price decreases to the specified limit price.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
3-42
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McGraw-Hill Education.
27. Which of the following orders instructs the broker to sell at or below a specified price?
A. Limit-sell order
B. Stop-loss
C. Limit-buy order
D. Stop-buy order
E. Market order
Stop-loss orders are to be executed if the market price decreases to the specified limit price.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
28. Which of the following orders instructs the broker to sell at or above a specified price?
A. Limit-buy order
B. Discretionary order
C. Limit-sell order
D. Stop-buy order
E. Market order
Limit-sell orders are to be executed if the market price increases to the specified limit price.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
3-43
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McGraw-Hill Education.
29. Which of the following orders instructs the broker to buy at or above a specified price?
A. Limit-buy order
B. Discretionary order
C. Limit-sell order
D. Stop-buy order
E. Market order
Stop-buy orders are to be executed if the market price increases to the specified limit price.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
30. Shelf registration
A. is a way of placing issues in the primary market.
B. allows firms to register securities for sale over a two-year period.
C. increases transaction costs to the issuing firm.
D. is a way of placing issues in the primary market and allows firms to register securities for
sale over a two-year period.
E. is a way of placing issues in the primary market and increases transaction costs to the
issuing firm.
Shelf registration lowers transactions costs to the firm as the firm may register issues for a longer period than in the past and thus requires the services of the investment banker less frequently.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
3-44
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Difficulty: Basic
31. Block transactions are transactions for more than _______ shares and they account for about _____ percent of all trading on the NYSE.
A. 1,000; 5
B. 500; 10
C. 100,000; 50
D. 10,000; 30
E. 5,000; 23
Block transactions are defined as trades of 10,000 or more shares.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
32. A program trade is
A. a trade of 10,000 (or more) shares of a stock.
B. a trade of many shares of one stock for one other stock.
C. a trade of analytic programs between financial analysts.
D. a coordinated purchase or sale of an entire portfolio of stocks.
E. not feasible with current technology but is expected to be popular in the near future. Program trading is a coordinated purchase or sale of an entire portfolio of stocks.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
3-45
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McGraw-Hill Education.
33. When stocks are held in street name
A. the investor receives a stock certificate with the owner's street address.
B. the investor receives a stock certificate without the owner's street address.
C. the investor does not receive a stock certificate.
D. the broker holds the stock in the brokerage firm's name on behalf of the client.
E. the investor does not receive a stock certificate and the broker holds the stock in the
brokerage firm's name on behalf of the client.
When stocks are held in street name, the investor does not receive a stock certificate; the broker holds the stock in the brokerage firm's name on behalf of the client. This arrangement speeds transfer of securities.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
3-46
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McGraw-Hill Education.
34. NASDAQ subscriber levels
A. permit those with the highest level, 3, to \"make a market\" in the security.
B. permit those with a level 2 subscription to receive all bid and ask quotes, but not to enter
their own quotes.
C. permit level 1 subscribers to receive general information about prices.
D. include all OTC stocks.
E. permit those with the highest level, 3, to \"make a market\" in the security; permit those with a
level 2 subscription to receive all bid and ask quotes, but not to enter their own quotes; and permit level 1 subscribers to receive general information about prices.
NASDAQ links dealers in a loosely organized network with different levels of access to meet different needs.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Basic
35. You want to buy 100 shares of Hotstock Inc. at the best possible price as quickly as possible. You would most likely place a
A. stop-loss order.
B. stop-buy order.
C. market order.
D. limit-sell order.
E. limit-buy order.
A market order is for immediate execution at the best possible price.
AACSB: Analytic
3-47
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Basic
36. You want to purchase XON stock at $60 from your broker using as little of your own money as possible. If initial margin is 50% and you have $3,000 to invest, how many shares can you buy?
A. 100 shares
B. 200 shares
C. 50 shares
D. 500 shares
E. 25 shares
.5 = [(Q × $60) - $3,000]/(Q × $60); $30Q = $60Q - $3,000; $30Q = $3,000; Q = 100.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
3-48
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McGraw-Hill Education.
37. A sale by IBM of new stock to the public would be a(n)
A. short sale.
B. seasoned equity offering.
C. private placement.
D. secondary market transaction.
E. initial public offering.
When a firm whose stock already trades in the secondary market issues new shares to the public, this is referred to as a seasoned equity offering.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Basic
38. The finalized registration statement for new securities approved by the SEC is called
A. a red herring.
B. the preliminary statement.
C. the prospectus.
D. a best-efforts agreement.
E. a firm commitment.
The prospectus is the finalized registration statement approved by the SEC.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
3-49
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McGraw-Hill Education.
39. One outcome from the SEC investigation of the \"Flash Crash of 2010\" was
A. a prohibition of short selling.
B. higher margin requirements.
C. approval of new circuit breakers.
D. establishment of electronic communications networks (ECNs).
E. passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. See \"The Flash Crash of 2010.\"
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
40. All of the following are considered new trading strategies except
A. high frequency trading.
B. algorithmic trading.
C. dark pools.
D. short selling.
See Section 3-5, New Trading Strategies; short selling has been in use for over 100 years in the U.S.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
3-50
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McGraw-Hill Education.
41. You sell short 100 shares of Loser Co. at a market price of $45 per share. Your maximum possible loss is
A. $4,500.
B. unlimited.
C. zero.
D. $9,000.
E. Cannot tell from the information given
A short seller loses money when the stock price rises. Since there is no upper limit on the stock price, the maximum theoretical loss is unlimited.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
42. You buy 300 shares of Qualitycorp for $30 per share and deposit initial margin of 50%. The next day, Qualitycorp's price drops to $25 per share. What is your actual margin?
A. 50%
B. 40%
C. 33%
D. 60%
E. 25%
AM = [300 ($25) - .5(300) ($30)]/[300 ($25)] = .40.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
3-51
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43. When a firm markets new securities, a preliminary registration statement must be filed with
A. the exchange on which the security will be listed.
B. the Securities and Exchange Commission.
C. the Federal Reserve.
D. all other companies in the same line of business.
E. the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
The SEC requires the registration statement and must approve it before the issue can take place.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Basic
3-52
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McGraw-Hill Education.
44. In a typical underwriting arrangement the investment banking firm
I) sells shares to the public via an underwriting syndicate. II) purchases the securities from the issuing company.
III) assumes the full risk that the shares may not be sold at the offering price.
IV) agrees to help the firm sell the issue to the public, but does not actually purchase the securities.
A. I, II, and III
B. I, III, and IV
C. I and IV
D. II and III
E. I and II
A typical underwriting arrangement is made on a firm commitment basis.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
3-53
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McGraw-Hill Education.
45. Which of the following is true regarding private placements of primary security offerings?
A. Extensive and costly registration statements are required by the SEC.
B. For very large issues, they are better suited than public offerings.
C. They trade in secondary markets.
D. The shares are sold directly to a small group of institutional or wealthy investors.
E. They have greater liquidity than public offerings.
Firms can save on registration costs, but the result is that the securities cannot trade in the secondary markets and therefore are less liquid. Public offerings are better suited for very large issues.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
46. A specialist on the AMEX Stock Exchange is offering to buy a security for $37.50. A broker in Oklahoma City wants to sell the security for his client. The Intermarket Trading System shows a bid price of $37.375 on the NYSE. What should the broker do?
A. Route the order to the AMEX Stock Exchange.
B. Route the order to the NYSE.
C. Call the client to see if she has a preference.
D. Route half of the order to AMEX and the other half to the NYSE.
E. It doesn't matter—he should flip a coin and go with it.
The broker should try to obtain the best price for his client. Since the client wants to sell shares and the bid price is higher on the AMEX, he should route the order there.
AACSB: Analytic
3-54
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
47. You sold short 100 shares of common stock at $45 per share. The initial margin is 50%. Your initial investment was
A. $4,800.
B. $12,000.
C. $2,250.
D. $7,200.
100 shares × $45/share × 0.50 = $4,500 × 0.50 = $2,250.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
48. You sold short 150 shares of common stock at $27 per share. The initial margin is 45%. Your initial investment was
A. $4,800.60.
B. $12,000.25.
C. $2,250.75.
D. $1,822.50.
150 shares × $27/share × 0.45 = $4,050 × 0.45 = $1,822.50.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
3-55
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49. You purchased 100 shares of XON common stock on margin at $60 per share. Assume the initial margin is 50% and the maintenance margin is 30%. Below what stock price level would you get a margin call? Assume the stock pays no dividend; ignore interest on margin.
A. $42.86
B. $50.75
C. $49.67
D. $80.34
100 shares × $60 × .5 = $6,000 × 0.5 = $3,000 (loan amount); 0.30 = (100P - $3,000)/100P; 30P = 100P - $3,000; -70P = -$3,000; P = $42.86.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Challenge
50. You purchased 1000 shares of CSCO common stock on margin at $19 per share. Assume the initial margin is 50% and the maintenance margin is 30%. Below what stock price level would you get a margin call? Assume the stock pays no dividend; ignore interest on margin.
A. $12.86
B. $15.75
C. $19.67
D. $13.57
1,000 shares × $19 × .5 = $19,000 × 0.5 = $9,500 (loan amount); 0.30 = (1,000P - $9,500)/1,000P; 300P = 1,000P - $9,500; -700P = -$9,500; P = $13.57.
AACSB: Analytic
3-56
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Challenge
51. You purchased 100 shares of common stock on margin at $40 per share. Assume the initial margin is 50% and the stock pays no dividend. What would the maintenance margin be if a margin call is made at a stock price of $25? Ignore interest on margin.
A. 0.33
B. 0.55
C. 0.20
D. 0.23
E. 0.25
100 shares × $40/share × 0.5 = $4,000 × 0.5 = $2,000 (loan amount); X = [100($25) - $2,000]/100($25); X = 0.20.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Challenge
3-57
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52. You purchased 1,000 shares of common stock on margin at $30 per share. Assume the initial margin is 50% and the stock pays no dividend. What would the maintenance margin be if a margin call is made at a stock price of $24? Ignore interest on margin.
A. 0.33
B. 0.375
C. 0.20
D. 0.23
E. 0.25
1,000 shares × $30/share × 0.5 = $30,000 × 0.5 = $15,000 (loan amount); X = [1,000($24) - $15,000]/1,000($24); X = 0.375.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Challenge
3-58
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McGraw-Hill Education.
53. You purchased 100 shares of common stock on margin for $50 per share. The initial margin is 50% and the stock pays no dividend. What would your rate of return be if you sell the stock at $56 per share? Ignore interest on margin.
A. 28%
B. 33%
C. 14%
D. 42%
E. 24%
100($50)(0.50) = $2,500 investment; gain on stock sale = (56 - 50)(100) = $600; Return = ($600/$2,500) = 24%.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Challenge
3-59
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McGraw-Hill Education.
54. You purchased 100 shares of common stock on margin for $35 per share. The initial margin is 50% and the stock pays no dividend. What would your rate of return be if you sell the stock at $42 per share? Ignore interest on margin.
A. 28%
B. 33%
C. 14%
D. 40%
E. 24%
100($35)(0.50) = $1,750 investment; gain on stock sale = (42 - 35)(100) = $700; Return = ($700/$1,750) = 40%.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Challenge
3-60
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McGraw-Hill Education.
55. Assume you sell short 1,000 shares of common stock at $35 per share, with initial margin at 50%. What would be your rate of return if you repurchase the stock at $25 per share? The stock paid no dividends during the period, and you did not remove any money from the account before making the offsetting transaction.
A. 20.47%
B. 25.63%
C. 57.14%
D. 77.23%
Profit on stock = ($35 - $25)(1,000) = $10,000; initial investment = ($35)(1,000)(.5) = $17,500; return = $10,000/$17,500 = 57.14%.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
3-61
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56. Assume you sell short 100 shares of common stock at $30 per share, with initial margin at 50%. What would be your rate of return if you repurchase the stock at $35 per share? The stock paid no dividends during the period, and you did not remove any money from the account before making the offsetting transaction.
A. -33.33%
B. -25.63%
C. -57.14%
D. -77.23%
Profit on stock = ($30 - $35)(100) = -500; initial investment = ($30)(100)(.5) = $1,500; return = $500/$1,500 = -33.33%.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
3-62
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McGraw-Hill Education.
57. You want to purchase GM stock at $40 from your broker using as little of your own money as possible. If initial margin is 50% and you have $4,000 to invest, how many shares can you buy?
A. 100 shares
B. 200 shares
C. 50 shares
D. 500 shares
E. 25 shares
You can buy ($4,000/$40) = 100 shares outright and you can borrow $4,000 to buy another 100 shares.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
3-63
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McGraw-Hill Education.
58. You want to purchase IBM stock at $80 from your broker using as little of your own money as possible. If initial margin is 50% and you have $2,000 to invest, how many shares can you buy?
A. 100 shares
B. 200 shares
C. 50 shares
D. 500 shares
E. 25 shares
You can buy ($2,000/$80) = 25 shares outright and you can borrow $2,000 to buy another 25 shares.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
59. Assume you sold short 100 shares of common stock at $40 per share. The initial margin is 50%. What would be the maintenance margin if a margin call is made at a stock price of $50?
A. 40%
B. 20%
C. 35%
D. 25%
$4,000 × 1.5 = $6,000; [$6,000 - 100($50)]/100($50) = 20%.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Challenge
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McGraw-Hill Education.
60. Assume you sold short 100 shares of common stock at $70 per share. The initial margin is 50%. What would be the maintenance margin if a margin call is made at a stock price of $85?
A. 40.5%
B. 20.5%
C. 35.5%
D. 23.5%
$7,000 × 1.5 = $10,500; [$10,500 - 100($85)]/100($85) = 23.5%.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Challenge
61. You sold short 100 shares of common stock at $45 per share. The initial margin is 50%. At what stock price would you receive a margin call if the maintenance margin is 35%?
A. $50
B. $65
C. $35
D. $40
Equity = 100($45) × 1.5 = $6,750; 0.35 = ($6,750 - 100P)/100P; 35P = $6,750 - 100P; 135P = $6,750; P = $50.00
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Challenge
3-65
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McGraw-Hill Education.
62. You sold short 100 shares of common stock at $75 per share. The initial margin is 50%. At what stock price would you receive a margin call if the maintenance margin is 30%?
A. $90.23
B. $88.52
C. $86.54
D. $87.12
Equity = 100($75) × 1.5 = $11,250; 0.30 = ($11,250 - 100P)/100P; 30P = $11,250 - 100P; 130P = $11,250; P = $86.54.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Challenge
63. The preliminary prospectus is referred to as a
A. red herring.
B. indenture.
C. greenmail.
D. tombstone.
E. headstone.
The preliminary prospectus is referred to as a red herring.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Basic
3-66
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McGraw-Hill Education.
64. The securities act of 1933
I) requires full disclosure of relevant information relating to the issue of new securities. II) requires registration of new securities.
III) requires issuance of a prospectus detailing financial prospects of the firm. IV) established the SEC.
V) requires periodic disclosure of relevant financial information.
VI) empowers SEC to regulate exchanges, OTC trading, brokers, and dealers.
A. I, II, and III
B. I, II, III, IV, V, and VI
C. I, II, and V
D. I, II, and IV
E. IV only
The Securities Act of 1933 requires full disclosure of relevant information relating to the issue of new securities, requires registration of new securities, and requires issuance of a prospectus detailing financial prospects of the firm.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Basic
3-67
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
65. The Securities Act of 1934
I) requires full disclosure of relevant information relating to the issue of new securities. II) requires registration of new securities.
III) requires issuance of a prospectus detailing financial prospects of the firm. IV) established the SEC.
V) requires periodic disclosure of relevant financial information.
VI) empowers SEC to regulate exchanges, OTC trading, brokers, and dealers.
A. I, II, and III
B. I, II, III, IV, V, and VI
C. I, II, and V
D. I, II, and IV
E. IV, V, and VI
The Securities Act of 1934 established the SEC, requires periodic disclosure of relevant financial information, and empowers SEC to regulate exchanges, OTC trading, brokers, and dealers.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Basic
3-68
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McGraw-Hill Education.
66. Which of the following is not required under the CFA Institute Standards of Professional Conduct?
A. Knowledge of all applicable laws, rules and regulations
B. Disclosure of all personal investments, whether or not they may conflict with a client's
investments
C. Disclosure of all conflicts to clients and prospects
D. Reasonable inquiry into a client's financial situation
E. All of the options are required under the CFA Institute standards.
See \"Excerpts from CFA Institute Standards of Professional Conduct.\" Personal investments need not be disclosed unless they are in potential or actual conflict.
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
67. According to the CFA Institute Standards of Professional Conduct, CFA Institute members have responsibilities to all of the following except
A. the government.
B. the profession.
C. the public.
D. the employer.
E. clients and prospective clients.
See \"Excerpts from CFA Institute Standards of Professional Conduct.\"
AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply
3-69
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Difficulty: Intermediate
Short Answer Questions
68.
Discuss margin buying of common stocks. Include in your discussion the advantages and disadvantages, the types of margin requirements, how these requirements are met, and who determines these requirements.
Buying stock on margin means buying stock with partially borrowed funds. These funds are borrowed from your broker, who has borrowed the funds from a commercial bank. The initial margin requirement is the percent of the funds that must be your own. The current initial margin requirement is 50% and is set by the Federal Reserve System. Margin is simply equity as a percent of the value of your account. Subsequent to opening the account, stock prices change and thus the margin of your account changes. The maintenance margin is the relevant margin after you open your account. A 25% maintenance margin is required for NYSE listed stocks; however, most brokers will require a maintenance margin above that amount. If the margin of your account falls below the maintenance margin requirement, you will receive a margin call. You can either send your broker more cash to reduce the amount of the original loan to get your account back to the required maintenance margin, or your broker can sell some of the shares for you, using the proceeds to reduce the amount of your original loan, thus getting your account back to the margin requirement.
The advantage of margin is that of leverage. If the price of stock increases, you own more shares than had you used only your own funds and your returns will be greater. The
disadvantage of margin is that if the price of the stock declines, you will own more shares and your losses will be greater than had you used only your own funds.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
3-70
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Intermediate
69. List three factors that are listing requirements for the New York Stock Exchange. Why does the exchange have such requirements?
Factors include, but are not limited to, minimum pretax income in the last year, minimum average annual pretax income in the previous two years, minimum market value of publicly held stock, minimum number of shares publicly held, and a minimum number of holders of one hundred shares or more. The NYSE has these requirements to ensure that the firm has enough trading interest for the NYSE to allocate facilities and floor space.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Intermediate
3-71
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McGraw-Hill Education.
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