1翻译就是接受语言复制出与原语信息最接近的自然等值体---首先是就意义而言,其次是就风格而言.
Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style. 2按翻译技巧来分: 直译、意译、音译
Literal translation does not mean word-for-word translation. Superficially speaking, it means “not to alter the original words and sentences”, strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style of the original”.
例如：paper tiger—纸老虎
Free translation is an alternative approach generally used to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to copy its sentence patterns of figures of speech. 例如：Adam’s apple—喉结；at sixes and sevens—乱七八糟 It rains cats and dogs—大雨滂沱
3按翻译原则方向来分: 异化翻译（Foreignization）和归化翻译 （Domestication ） 归化的例子：
as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠 at a stone’s throw 一箭之遥 wet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡 as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪
5 傅雷：1951年在《高老头 重译本序》 中提出“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。”
6. 钱钟书：1964年在《林纾的翻译》一文中提到“文学翻译的最高理想可以说是“化”，把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入与“化境”。
7 But I hated Sakamoto, and I had a feeling he’d surely lead us both to our ancestors. 但是我恨坂田，并预感到他肯定会领着咱们去见祖先。 8 Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必担心太早。（不必自寻烦恼） 9 Do you see any green in my eyes? 你以为我是好欺骗的吗？
10 Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her the door. 鲁斯一直在扰乱别的孩子，我就把他撵了出去。 第二单元 英汉对比
1汉语和英语的对比研究，始于100年多前《马氏文通》，这是我国第一部汉语语法书，是在比较和模仿拉丁文法的基础上写成的。
2中国传统哲学主张“天人合一”、“万物与我为一”，反映在语言上就是施事主体可以蕴含在行为事件的主观表现中。
3因此在句子构造中，汉语并不把主语看成必要的成分。正如王力所说：“就句子结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。法治的不管主语用得着用不着，总要呆板地求句子形式的一律，人治的用得着就用，用不着就不用，只要能使人听懂说话人的意思，就算了。”
4正因为汉语缺乏主语，语言学家从语言类型学的角度出发，认为汉语是主题显着(topic-prominent)的语言。
5 A dialect is known by every linguist in this room.
一种方言被这间屋子里的每一个语言学家所懂得。
有一种方言这间屋子里的每一个语言学家都懂得。 6.I would not believe what he said. 他的话，我可不信。
7.I did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting. 会上讲了什么，我一点没记住。 8 I know Mr. Wang. 王先生我认识。
9. He is the best singer. 唱歌，他是最棒的。
11. Even if the monk can run away, his temple cannot run with him. 跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。
12. Even if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell. 打死我也不说。
13. Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
14. If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
15. We will not attack unless we are attacked. 人不犯我，我不犯人。
16. As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain. （由于）天气很好，我们决定去爬山。
17. My sister was expecting me, so I had to go now. 我妹妹在等我，我得走了。
18. A body in motion remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.
没有外力的作用，运动的物体就连续做匀速直线运动。 19 We knew spring was coming as we had seen a robin. 我们看见了一只知更鸟，知道春天快要到了。
20西文句中名物字,多随举随释,如中文之旁支,后乃遥接前文,足意成句。”(严复)英语句子“多随举随释”，枝杈蔓生,呈树状结构,分叉处有介词,关系代词连接。而汉语按时间顺序或逻辑顺序逐层展开,节节延伸,犹如竹子。
21 The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungray because he had had no food for two days.
男孩哭得心都快碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃了。
22. The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elepants were walking about, we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have been invented.
月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着大树，有大象在跑来跑去，我们用已经发明的最高倍率的望远镜也不能看到它们。
23. Upon his death in 1826, Jefferson was buried under a stone which described him as he had wished to be remembered as the author of the Declaration of Independence and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom and the father of the University of Virginia.
1826年杰斐逊逝世。按他生前遗愿，在他墓地的石碑上刻着：独立宣言和弗吉尼亚州信教自由法令的作者，弗吉尼亚大学创建人之墓。
24 由此可见，英语是“静态”的语言，而汉语则是“动态”的语言。“英语的静态修辞实质是名词优势和介词优势，而介词优势又是名词优势的必然结果。因为名词与名词之间要借助介词来联结。” 因此，在英译汉时常常要变“静”为“动”，摆脱名词化的框架和大量介词的干扰，突出原文的动态色彩。
25. Admittance Free 免票入场
26. Out of Bounds 游客止步
27. No Admittance Except on Business 闲人免进
28. Danger of Death – High Voltage! 高压（电），生命危险！
29. Party officials worked long hour on meagre food, in cold caves, by dim lamps. 党的干部吃着粗茶淡饭，住着寒冷的窑洞，点着昏暗的油灯，长时间地工作。 30 What film will be on this evening? 今晚放映什么影片？
31. He walked around the house with a gun. 他拿着枪，绕着屋子走。 32 A study of that letter leaves us in no doubt as to the motives behind it. 研究一下那封信，就使我们毫不怀疑该信是别有用心的。
33. The very first sight of her made him fall in love with her. 他对她一见钟情。
34中国传统哲学以人为本，追求人与自然的和谐，把天、地、人视为一个统一体，即“天人合一”。《易经》提出了有机整体的图式，把自然现象和人事凶吉都纳入阴阳两极所组成的六十四卦系统之中，为中国传统思维奠定了基础。
35 I have read your articles, but I expect to meet an older man. 我读过你的文章，但没料想你会这样年轻。
36 A seaman knows that the sea is all-powerful and can, under certain circumstances, destroy man and the product of his brain and hand, the ship.
水手们都知道，大海的威力是势不可挡的；在某些情况下，它能把人及人所制造的船只统统摧毁掉。(正说反译)
37 Mine! Mine!” They would shout at the pretty rainbows that are down to the earth, seeming never very far away.
他们会冲着那从天际弯弯地挂向地面的，看来好像伸手可及的美丽彩虹大声呼喊：“哎呀!哎呀!”(反说正译)
38 He was not displeased with her honesty…it took a certain amount of experience in life, an courage, to want to do it quite that way.
他对于她的直率没有感到不快……有点生活经验、又有点胆量的人才敢这么做。 39 Wisdom prepares for the worst; but folly leaves the worst for the day it comes. 聪明人防患于未然，愚蠢者临渴掘井。
40 Because of the circuitous and directional flow of waterways, railways often have energy advantage over barges.
由于河道迂回曲折且水流具有方向性，铁路运输对于水运而言，常常具有节能优势。 41. Memory, as time goes on, is a selective thing. 随着时间的流逝，记忆使人忘怀了许多事物。 42. The subversion attempts proved predictably futile. 不出所料，颠覆活动证明毫无效果。
43. The guerrillas would fight to death before they surrendered. 游击队员宁愿战斗到死，而绝不投降。
44. We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust. 我们相信，年轻一代不会辜负我们的信任。 45. It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. 他无权签订这种合同。
46. The custom-made object, now restricted to the rich, will be within everyone’s reach. 目前这种订做的产品仅限于有钱人才能享受，而将来人人都能买得起。 47. In the end things will mend. 车到山前必有路。
48. He wanted to learn, to know, to teach.
他想学习，增长知识，也愿意把知识教给别人。
49. These problems are too complicated to be explained clearly in a few words.
这些问题盘根错节，三言两语说不清楚。
50.Rockets have found application for the exploration of the Universe. 火箭已经用于探索宇宙。
51 The irony is that Mrs. Gandhi presides over a nation with a highly promising long-term potential but which is saddled with equally difficult current problems.
颇为耐人寻味的是，从长远的观点来看，甘地夫人掌管的国家是大有希望的，但目前却有着难以克服的困难。
52 She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone. 她被没完没了的电话铃声搞得心烦意乱。 53 All the inventors have a restless mind.
所有的发明家都有一个思想活跃的头脑。
54. He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved.
他是一个正直的人，但不幸有某种坏名声。我相信他这种坏名声是不该有的。 55. He lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds. 他欺骗了我，使我成了他进行罪恶勾当的工具。
56. Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it. 凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。
57. The film actress appeared in all her glory at the ball. 这位女影星在舞会上真是仪态万方。
58. He is always saying the usual polite nothings. 他老是在说那些寻常的客套话。
59 When John was two years old, he was impossible, a typical “Terrible Two”. He was destructive and stubborn.
约翰两岁时变得异常调皮，是个不折不扣的“两岁魔王”。他固执，常常损坏东西。
6.0 With determination, with luck, and with the help from lots of good people, I was able to rise from the ashes.
凭着我的决心、我的运气，还有许多善良人们的帮助，我终于得以东山再起。 61 The Universe is not rich enough to buy the vote of an honest man. 即使你用天下所有的财富也收买不了一个正直人的选票。 62 It seems that a very difficult decision now faces him. 他好像面临着困难的抉择。
63 Anger and bitterness covered upon me for weeks. 几周来我一直感到生气和伤心。
63 西方人喜外露，中国人喜含蓄。英语经常表态在前，叙事在后；汉语经常相反。 英汉对译时，信息重心常需做前后调整。
64 I am very happy to receive your message of greetings. 接到你的贺信，我十分愿意。
65 The two sides found it beneficial to have this opportunity to present to one another their views on a variety of issues.
现在有机会互相介绍彼此对各种问题的观点，对此，双方认为是有利的。
66中华文化以人本为主，西方文化以物本为主体。人本文化以人文为中心，以人生为本位。道家的代表人物老子曾说：“人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然”。而儒家先哲对世界的认识主要不是出于对自然奥秘的好奇，而是出于对现实社会政治和伦理道德的关注。孔子哲学以“仁”“礼”为中心，“仁”寻求人伦关系规范化，“礼”要求社会有序化。先哲们谈论人生哲学的目的是“究天人之际，通古今之变”，关心的是人道，而非天道，是人生之理，而非自然之性。这种人本文化的长期积淀便形成了汉民族本体型的思维方式。
67而物本文化以物本为主体，以自然为本位。西方人偏重于对自然客体的观察与研究，例如，亚里士多德认为“求知是人类的本性”，培根推崇“知识就是力量”。西方人以认知自然为视
觉焦点，崇尚自然、认识自然、探索自然，最终征服自然。主宰宇宙。这种物本文化的长期积淀则形成了西方人客体型的思维模式。
68 两种思维方式在语言上表现为：英语多用无生命的名词作主语，主动和被动两个范畴始终泾渭分明；而汉语常以有生命的名词作主语(或潜在的主语)，充分地反映了汉民族重主体意识的思维方式。
69 American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson. 托马斯·杰佛逊对美国的教育事业作出了巨大的贡献。
70 Memoranda were prepared in advance of private meetings on matters to be discussed. 在举行个别交谈之前,我已经就所有要讨论的问题预先拟好了备忘录。 1. What has happened to you? 2. An idea suddenly struck me.
3. American English owes a great deal to Noah Webster, an American lexicographer and writer. 4. Her good work and obedience have pleased her teacher. 1. 你怎么了？
2. 我突然想到了一个主意。 3. 美国词典编纂家及作家诺阿·韦伯斯特对美国英语做出了巨大的贡献。 4. 她学业优良、性情温顺，深得老师喜欢。 71 让世界了解中国，让中国走向世界。
Let the other people of the rest of the world know China. Let China make close contact with the rest of the world.
72 中国人的思维趋向于具象化，而西方人的思维则趋向于抽象化。这种不同的侧重与选择，植根于各自的民族文化土壤之中。中国传统文化的重要特征之一是“尚象”，而西方文化的重要特征之一是“尚思”。中国人“尚象”的文化传统形成了其偏重具象的思维方式。
73 The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments. (= No news is good news. 没有消息就是好消息。
74 No one is satisfied with his favoritism in his work.
对他在工作中表现出来的徇私作风谁都感到不满意。
75Any discourtesy shown to Chinese persons by any official of the Government will be cause for immediate dismissal.
任何政府官员，如果对中国人有任何粗暴行为，必须立即予以开除。 1. A son, a job and housekeeping forced romance out. 2. But there had been too much publicity about my case.
3. The complexity of the human situation and the injustice of the social order demand far more fundamental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing to admit in their speeches.
4. With the credit card it is unnecessary to carry large amounts of cash and are always useful in emergencies.
1. 有了儿子，又要工作，又要做家务，就不能卿卿我我了。 2. 但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨、人人皆知了。
3. 和有些政客们在演讲中愿意公开承认的事实相比，人类生存状态和社会不公正现象目前已经非常复杂，这种复杂性要求社会结构进行根本性改革。
4. 有了这种信用卡，就无需随身携带大量现金，而且在急需用钱时非常有用。
76从意义的表达来看，中国人的传统思维方式总是习惯于整体把握对象，因而汉语在于以上具有较高的整体概括性；而英语思维注重细节分析，在对自然社会的思考中往往把整体加以局部性、具体性分解。但是从英汉语言的语法系统，即外在形态来看，英语的句子往往是以形来统句，一个句子往往是一个支点，其他的部分围绕着这一支点展开，逻辑关系明确，语法条理清晰，构成一个形态的整体；而汉语则是以意辖界，意尽为界，因此有时为了说明一个事情需要许多独立的句子，这些句子围绕一个意义的支点而阐发，形成一个意义整体。
77王力先生曾经说过：“英国人写文章往往化零为整，而中国人则化整为零。”这是从语言的形态而言，不是从语言的意义来说的。汉译时要特别注意整体意义的把握以及英语形态的拆零。 78 The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light small bulbs, even to run electric motors, is almost unbelievable.
鱼能发电，其电量足以点亮小灯泡，甚至能开动马达，这种想法简直是令人难以相信的。 79The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.
因为距离远，交通工具缺乏，使农村社会与外界隔绝。这种隔绝，由于通讯工具的不足，而变得更加严重。
1. They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.
2. Incidentally, I hope to get better medical treatment in these countries than I can possibly get here in the United States.
3. The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements. 4. She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner of the kitchen. 1. 他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。
2. 顺便提一下，与我在美国所能得到的治疗相比，我希望能在这些国家得到更好的治疗。 3. 中国人似乎为他们在经济上取得的成绩而自豪，这是合乎情理的。 4. 她坐在那儿双手托着下巴，眼睛凝视着小厨房的一角。
80从本体论角度来讲，中国人受“易经”哲学的影响，注重整体统一，强调从多归一的思想；而西方人更多地侧重于分析原则，注重逻辑推理，强调由一到多的思想。不同的传统文化的影响，形成了“东方重综合,西方重分析”(季羡林语)的思维习惯。
81中国传统哲学重视人与自然的和谐，视“天人合一”为最高境界，天中有人，人中有天，“天人之际，合二为一”。庄子认为“天地与我并生，万物与我为一”，这种物我不分、物我两忘的诗意境界，是天人同体同德、万物有情的宇宙观。
82 There are several reasons why Kissinger no longer appears to be the magician the world press had made him out to be, an illusion which he failed to discourage because, as he would admit himself, he has a tendency toward megalomania.
全世界报界曾经把基辛格渲染成魔术师般的人物，他也没有阻止人们制造这种错误印象，因为正如他自己愿意承认的，他有一种自大狂的倾向。现在他不再像是这样的人物了，这有几个原因。
1. He had a sound feeling that idiom was the backbone of a language and he was all for the racy phrases.
2. Somebody lied, if he said my life is a happy little tale, or he told you I’m just an ordinary guy in the world.
3. The theory is of great importance that the hotter the body is, the more energy it radiate.
1. 他感到习语是语言的主要支柱，因此特别主张用生动的短语，他的想法是非常正确的。 2. 如果有人说我的一生是一个喜剧，或者说我只是个普通人，他们都在撒谎。 3. 物体的温度越高，放射的能量越多，这一理论非常重要。 第三单元
1 What you have always wanted until now has been a set, steady, constant purpose. I therefore exhort you to persevere in a thorough determination to do whatever you have to do as well as you can do it. I was not so old as you are now when I first had to win my food, and do this out of this determination, and I have never slackened in it since.
直到当前为止，你所缺乏的一直是确定的，持续不变的目标。因此我极力劝告你，以坚定的决心去做你必须要做以及你能够做的事情，并坚持到底。我初次必须自食其力(自谋生计)时，年岁还不及你大。我即借着此种决心，迄今从未松懈。 2 Official sanction has not yet been given. 尚未获得正式批准。
3 The British and the French imposed sanctions on Italy in 1935.
英法两国在1935年对意大利实施制裁。
4 He took charge of his failing father and after a time obtained permission for his sister to live with him. Her malady frequently returned, but always with due warning, when brother and sister would be seen walking together to the asylum, both weeping bitterly.
此后，他即照顾风烛残年的父亲，且在一段时间之后，获准自精神病院中将他的姐姐接回与他同住。她的疾病经常复发，所幸皆有征兆，此时人们见到他们姐弟二人相偕走向精神病院，双双泣不成声。
5 Few expected to see so large a man: he is gigantic, a six feet four at least; few expected to see so old a person; his hair appears to have kept silvery record over fifty years; and then there was a notion in the minds of many that there must be something dashing and “fast” in his appearance, whereas his costume was perfectly plain, the expression of his face grave and earnest, his address perfectly unaffected and such as we might expect to meet with in a well-bred man somewhat advanced in years. 很少人预料见到如此高大的一个人：他身材魁梧,身高至少也有六尺四寸。很少人预料见到年纪如此大的一个人，他的头发看起来已花白了五十多年。此外，在很多人的心目中，他的外表必定有些时髦和“放荡”的样子，但是，相反的是他衣着十分朴素，面部的表情严肃而诚挚，他的演讲十分自然，他具有我们可能遇到的年高德劭者的特征。
6 Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it that he agreed with Mr. Morris immediately; that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week.
嗨，亲爱的，你可要知道，朗太太说，租内瑟菲德庄园的是英格兰北边来的一个年轻人，有大笔家当；说他星期一坐了一辆驷马轿车来看了房子，一看就十分中意，马上跟莫里斯先生租妥，说要在米迦勒节以前就搬进去，而且他的几个佣人下个周末就要先住进去了。 7. back
I’ll be back in a couple of days.
It was said that they would back the plan.
It’s the last straw that breaks the camel’s back. 8. popular
a popular man a popular novel a popular price popular science popular readings 9 regular
regular reading regular job regular flight regular visitor regular speed regular army regular gasoline 10. delicate
delicate skin delicate porcelain delicate upbringing delicate living delicate health delicate stomach delicate vase delicate diplomatic question delicate difference delicate surgical operation delicate ear for music delicate sense of smell delicate touch delicate food
11 I write this note today because your going away is much upon my mind, and because I want you to have a few parting words from me to think of now and then at quiet times. I need not tell you that I love you dearly, and am very, very sorry in my heart to part with you.
今天我写这封短笺，一方面是因为你的离去萦绕我心，另一方面是因为要给你只字片语，供你在宁静的时刻里，时而思量。我毋须告诉你，我爱你有多深，与你分离，我心惆怅不已。 12 It is my comfort and my sincere conviction that you are going to try the life for which you are best fitted. I think its freedom and wildness more suited to you than any experiment in a study or office would ever have been; and without that training, you could have followed no other suitable occupation.
你将体验的生活是最适合你的，这是我的安慰，也是我诚挚的信念。我认为那种自由与无
拘无束的生活较比书房或办公室的工作更适合你。缺少那种训练，你就不能从事其他适合你的职业。
13 A plain man of the people, and extraordinary fortune attended him. He offered no shining qualities at the first encounter; he did not offend by superiority. He had a face and manner which disarmed suspicion, which inspired confidence, which confirmed good will. He was a man without vices. He had a strong sense of duty, which it was very easy for him to obey. Then, he had what farmers call a long head; was excellent in working out the sum for himself; in arguing his case and convincing you fairly and firmly.
他是一位平凡的人，但生逢其时（但有不平凡的际遇）。初次见面，人们看不出他有什么才华。他不会以优越惹人不快（盛气凌人）。他的容貌与举止消除（人们对他的）猜疑，激发（人们对他的）信心，而且肯定他的善意。他是一位行为端正的人。他具有强烈的责任感，（尽忠职守），对他来说易如反掌。他有着农夫们所谓的“长头”（即深具远见），擅长于找出问题的症结，他辩才无碍，使人们对他的论点坚信不疑。
14 Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. For expert men can exe-cute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar.
读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。
15 You couldn’t expect her to throw her arms round’ee, an’ to kiss and to coll’ee at once 你总不能指望她一下子就抱着你又亲又啃吧？
1. Hans was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous man he had ever seen.
2. Mr. Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture. 3. She is fidgety and restless.
4. All the inventors have a restless mind.
5. As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred. 6. As luck would have it, there was rain on the day of the picnic.
7. Many people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our times. 8. Although he is very young, he is very ambitious in his research work.
16 The weather of summer is hot, while winter is cold and dreary. Both of these seasons are not for us to study. In the time of autumn, cold winds which are not at all pleasant generally blow. But spring has none of these drawbacks; the flowers bloom, the woods and grasses grow luxuriantly. The weather is mild and the air is balmy. In fact, this season seems full of good things and better fitted to be the time for doing something.
夏天的天气炎热，冬天的天气寒冷阴沉。这两个季节均不适合我们读书。在秋天的日子，通常寒风飒飒，一点也不令人喜悦。但是春天毫无这些缺憾，(百)花儿盛开，草木茂盛，气候温和，春风和煦。事实上，这一季节似乎充满美好的事物，且是更宜于工作的时间。
17 The Presidency is an eighteen-century invention up against the problems of the late twentieth; it has never been as all-powerful as a generation of civics texts made it seem, and it has been further reduced by the reaction—some say overreaction—to its Empire Period under Johnson and Nixon. 总统的职务是在18世纪创立的，而现在面临的却是20世纪末的问题。这个职位从来没有像历代的公民学教科书中所描绘的那样权威赫赫；而且，经过约翰逊和尼克松两个王朝所得到的反应——有些人说那是过火的反应——使它已遭到进一步削弱。
18 She tries to calm her daughter with a faint smile and gentle caress of her hair. 她淡淡地微笑着，温柔地爱抚着女儿的头发，让她平静下来。
1. An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current. 2. The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance. 3. We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem. 4. He had the kindness to show me the way. 5. I had the fortune to become a teacher.
6. This little present is a token of our friendship.
7. While no one questioned his word, he was never a financial success. 8. The railway bridge is still under construction.
9. His suggestion is that we should set out before 8 o’clock.
19 The pictures that linger in his mind, called up in a moment by such sensations as the smell of roses or of new-mown hay, are of a simpler nature. A little cottage nestling amidst the wayside trees, the blue smoke curling up against the green, and a bower of roses round the door; or perhaps a village street of which the name has been long forgotten, with its rambling old inn, and, a little distance away, the hoary, grey church-tower in its township of tombstone—there are the pictures of old England that are carried away to other climes. 小小的农舍偎依在路旁的树丛中，袅袅炊烟飘向绿色的屏障，荫凉的蔷薇丛环绕着门庭；远处的小街可见一座设计不太规范的客店，灰色教堂的尖顶在不远处耸立于乡村墓地中——这才是古老英国的真实图景，这才是英国留给游客的印象。
20 We have achieved much because we have built on each other’s successes. We have been open to new partnerships, to new projects, to new ideas, and to new horizons. And above all, we have joined together as a Pacific community, turning a great ocean into a bridge, not a barrier, between nations. 我们取得了巨大成就，因为我们从各自的成功中相互受益。我们欢迎新的伙伴关系、新项目、新思想和新环境。最重要的是，我们作为太平洋地区的成员共同努力，将浩瀚的海洋变成了连接国与国之间的桥梁，而不是设置壁垒。
21 The list of candidates being talked about in Washington and on Wall Street is half what it was before the Nov. 2 election, when prominent Democrats such as former Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin were considered hot prospects had Massachusetts Sen. John Kerry won the White House.
与11月2日总统大选之前相比，美国政府内部和华尔街所关注的美联储主席候选人人数减少了一半。当时假若民主党总统候选人约翰·克里成功入主白宫的话，同是民主党人的前财政部长罗伯特·鲁宾是新一任美联储主席的热门人选。
22 Never take a mean advantage of any one in any transaction, and never be hard upon people who are in your power. Try to do to others as you would have them do to you, and do not be discouraged if they fail sometimes. It is much better for you that they should fail in obeying the greatest rule laid down by our Savior than that you should.
在处理任何业务时，决不要占任何人便宜，也决不要苛刻对待你的部属。你要别人怎样对待你，你就要怎样对待别人(己所不欲，勿施于人)。如果他们有时亏待你，你也不必气馁。宁可别人不遵从我们救世主订下的最伟大的法规，你自己也不能违背
23 Mouth cancer was once considered to mostly affect older men, but it is now becoming more common in younger people and women. It is possible that binge-drinking and smoking could be helping to fuel rising rates of the disease as these are key risk factors.
过去一度认为那些年纪大一些的人更容易患口腔癌，但从目前情况来看，该病在年轻人中正呈现出与日俱增的发展趋势。医生们经研究认为，年轻人过度饮酒和吸烟可能是导致口腔癌在该群体中发病率节节上升的两个“帮凶”。
1. After the basketball match, he still has an important conference. 2. She lingered long over his letter.
3. The recruit threw the grenade 50 meters.
4.The development of economy remains one of the priorities of the Chinese Government. 5.White clouds float over the blue sky.
6. Long-range guns aimed at the position of the enemy. 7. Don’t get angry. I am just having a joke with you.
8. How time flies!
9. A red sun rising slowly on the horizon.
10. He is so absorbed in the work that he hasn’t had a bite since morning. 11. Hydrogen burns in air of oxygen, forming water.
12. More thorough testing might have caught the failure initially.
24The whole sky sparkled gay twinkling stars, and the Milky Way is as distinct as though it had been washed and rubbed with snow for holidays.
•可怜织女星，化为马郎妇。乌鹊疑不来，迢迢牛奶路。 •鲁迅的杂文《二心集/风马牛》可以看作是对这首诗的注解。原来赵把上半身为人下半身为马的人头马怪物译成“半人半牛怪”，既然译“马”为“牛”，那么“牛郎”岂不成了“马郎”；既然把“银河”译成“牛奶路”，有了路还要鹊桥干什么？所以乌鹊也就不知道是不是还用来了。 •William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚George W．Bush 乔治· W·布什 •Mark Twain 马克·吐温Helen Keller 海伦·凯勒 •Allen Greenspan 阿伦·格林斯潘 •Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林Casablanca 卡萨布兰卡 •Vancouver 温哥华Mexico City 墨西哥城
•Seoul 首尔Edinburgh 爱丁堡Frankfort 法兰克福
• East River 东河 West Point 西点Green Island 绿岛Big Rapids 大瀑布城 Windward Islands 向风群岛 Hardly Human 卜世仁 to be in the dog house 在狗窝里；实为“失宠或受冷遇” •to bend sb’s ear 折弯某人的耳朵；实为“与某人交谈”
•to get the lead out 把铅弄出来；实为“振作精神或焕发热情” •fruit 水果；俚语为“同性恋者”
•duck 鸭子；俚语为“奇特的人”，作动词用表示“闪避” •He tried to duck his responsibilities.他想要逃避责任。
•on the make： 英国指热衷于追名逐利，在美国多指一个男人拜倒在妇人石榴裙下 to go to sleep 长眠 to be no more 没有了，不在了 to close one’s eyes 闭眼，瞑目 to log down one’s life 献身 to expire 逝世
to pass away与世长辞 to breathe one’s last 咽气
to go west 命赴黄泉to pay the debt of nature 了结尘缘 She is five months gone. 她怀孕5个月了
to wear the apron high不是围裙系得高高的，而是怀有身孕
to be in a delicate condition 不是处于碰不起的状态，而是怀有身孕的妇女 to be a parrot 鹦鹉学舌；人云亦云
a sly old fox老奸巨猾的人；老狐狸 stir up a hornet’s nest 捅了马蜂窝 fish in troubled waters 浑水摸鱼 turn a deaf ear to 置若罔闻 to fish for praise 沽名钓誉 a drop in the ocean 沧海一粟
like father like son 有其父必有其子 Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。 To die on one's feet is better than to live on one's knees. 好死不如赖活。 Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。
He who laughs last laughs best. 谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。
Give knaves an inch and they will take a yard. 得寸进尺。 as strong as a horse 强壮如牛
bullshit 狗屁，胡说八道love me, love my dog 爱屋及乌
to shed crocodile tears 猫哭老鼠 to throw pears before swine 对牛弹琴 as timid as a rabbit /chicken 胆小如鼠 goose skin/flash 鸡皮疙瘩
the black sheep of the family 害群之马 the goose is cooked 生米已经煮成熟饭
like a cat on hot bricks 热锅上的蚂蚁 Live like cat and dog. 成天吵架。 monstrous audacity 狗胆包天 Like begets like. 龙生龙，凤生凤。
A bull in a china stop 动辄闯祸的粗人 A damned snobbish 狗眼看人低
A dog with two tails 非常高兴，兴高采烈 After a storm comes a calm. 否极泰来。 He that respects others shall likewise be respected. 敬人者，人恒敬之。 All good things come to an end. 天下无不散之筵席。
Give a dog a bad name and hang him. 欲加之罪何患无词。
His eyes were sparkled with fire. 他的眼睛闪耀着激情之光。 money bill 金融法案 real estate 房地产 money market 短期资金市场 game management 狩猎管理 treasury bonds 长期国债time deposit 定期存款 idle loans 呆滞贷款，呆账 good governance 善政廉政 inventory 库存产品 第四单元
1 Sometimes an innocent person who is involved in an accident is crippled for life and the person who caused the accident might not have the money to pay him for years – but the insurance company does. 有时事故中的无辜受害者终身残废，而肇事者就是拖上几年也拿不出钱来赔偿，可是保险公司却赔得起。
2 And I will lay you ten to one that after you have answered the questions, and explained how to find the information, and why you want it, the clerk will go off and get one of the other clerks to help him try to find Garcia - and then come back and tell you there is no such man.
当你回答完这些问题，当你说明了怎样查以及你为什么要查之后，我敢跟你打个十赔一的赌，这个职员会离去并找其他职员协助他找加西亚 —然后回来时他会说，你要了解的这个人根本不存在。
3 Yet as Indian IT companies are discovering as they develop local centers to service global customers, market access in China may add up to nothing if the country's graduate and post-graduate community of software professionals lacks proficiency in English. 然而，印度信息技术企业发现，在中国设立地区中心以期为全球客户提供服务时，进军中国市场的举动可能会毫无意义，要是中国软件专业的应届本科和研究生毕业生英语水平不高的话。
4 Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.
这在西方倒是人之常情，许多人常常宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位。
5 (Have I put the matter too strongly?) Possibly I have; but when all the world has gone a-slumming I wish to speak a word of sympathy for the man who succeeds, the man who, against great odds, has directed the efforts of others, and having succeeded, finds there’s nothing in it: nothing but bare board and clothes. （我是不是有点言过其实？） 或许吧。然而在整个世界走下坡路的时候，有些人顶住了指挥下属的种种麻烦和压力，结果他成功了，成功后却发现：不过是一场虚无，下属们为公司干活不过只为衣食住行而已。让我们为这样的人士说句公道话吧！
6 Malaysia's Ministry of Plantation Industries and Commodities wants to include the mandatory sale of biodiesel in a proposed biofuel bill expected to be submitted for cabinet approval this month, a ministry official told the Financial Times.
马来西亚种植与原产业部希望将生物柴油的强制销售纳入将在本月提交内阁审批拟议的生物燃料法案，这个部门的一名官员这样告诉《金融时报》。
7 Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
行为主义者的看法是,如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长, 而这些刺激物能够发展
其作出适当反应的能力, 这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。
8 Of course I know that one so morally deformed is no less to be pitied than a physical cripple; but in our pitying let us drop a tear, too, for the men who are striving to carry on a great enterprise, whose working hours are not limited by the whistle, and whose hair is fast turning white through the struggle to hold in line dowdy indifference, slipshod imbecility, and the heartless ingratitude which but for their enterprise, would be both hungry and homeless.
当然，我知道像他这样心理上不正常的人同身体上有残障的人一样值得我们同情。不过在我们同情他们时，别忘了还有另外一些，他们苦心经营着大企业，别人下班了，他们仍在工作。心不在焉的、懒散的、愚蠢的、忘恩负义的员工让他们伤透脑筋，他们的头发在日复一日的操劳中逐渐变灰、变白。若是没有他的企业，那些员工就要饿肚子并且无家可归。
9 Mr. Murdoch who owns the New York Post indicated that US newspaper’s editorial strategies were to blame for their financial problems. 拥有《纽约邮报》的默多克先生指出，美国报纸的编辑战略应承担报纸财务问题的责任。 10 After spending $1.5 bn so far this year on acquisitions such as MySpace.com, a fast-growing online community, and IGN Entertainment, a games and content site, Mr. Murdoch disputed the recent claim by Sir Martin Sorrell, chief executive of WPP, that some traditional media owners were panic buying new media assets.
迄今为止，默多克先生已花费15亿美元进行收购，如收购快速成长的网络社区MySpace.com，以及游戏和内容网站IGN Entertainment。 默多克先生反驳了WPP首席执行官马丁索雷尔爵士最近的说法：一些传统媒体的所有者在恐慌性收购新媒体资产。
11 Mr. Murdoch, who once described classified revenues as “rivers of gold”, said: “Sometimes rivers dry up”.
默多克先生一度把报纸分类广告形容为“黄金之河”，但他说：“有时河流也会干涸。”
12 Copper prices, which reached record highs last week, fell back yesterday after China’s State Reserve Bureau failed to sell all of the metal it put up for auction this week.
铜价在上周创下历史新高，但中国国家物资储备局本周拿出拍卖的铜未能全部售出导致铜价昨天回挫。
13 He wants to write an article, which will attract public attention to the air pollution in this city. 他想写一篇文章，用来引起公众对该城市空气污染的关注。 14 The thief, who was about to escape, was caught by the policemen.
小偷正要逃跑时，被警察抓住了。
15 How can anyone hope to be a qualified teacher, who doesn’t know what the students are thinking and demanding?
一个人如果不知道他的学生在想什么，需要什么，怎么能指望自己成为一个合格的教师呢？
16 When you apply for a job, you must present your resume. 当你应聘一份工作时，必须提交简历。
17 Michael used to look hurt and surprised when scolded. 麦克尔过去受到责难时，看起来又伤心又惊讶 18 As soon as I have finished it, I’ll give you a call. 我一做完就给你电话。 （一……就……）
19 Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.
一直到你告诉我，我才知道发生了什么事。（直到……才……） 20 He threw off his coat because he felt hot. 他觉得很热，把上衣脱掉了。
21 I have kept that portrait where I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London.
我把那幅画像摆在每天能看得见的地方，因为他总是让我想起在伦敦上大学的那些日子。 22 You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don't mind taking the night train.
如果你不介意坐夜车的话，你可以早一点到北京去参加那次会议 23 If I were you, I would not go. 我要是你我就不去。
24 If punished, they will not cooperate. 他们如果受到损害，将不予合作。
25 I've already told you that I'm going to buy it, however much it costs。 已经告诉过你了，不管花多少钱，我都打算买它。
26 Even if the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately.
即便计算是正确的，科学家们也无法肯定他们已经把所有的变量都包括进去并精确地模拟了它们。
27 I was advised to arrange for insurance in case I needed medical treatment. 有人劝我投保，以防治病之需。
28 I was looking for a temporary job so that I could save up some money to go traveling. 我在找一份临时工作，以便积攒些钱去旅游。
29 They usually have less money at the end of the month than they have at the beginning. 通常到了月底，他们的钱就比月初少了
30 In the course of a day, students do far more than just attend classes. 在一天的学习生活中，学生所做的远不止听课。
31 Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs as directed.
周密的调查已经表明：多达50%的病人没有按照医嘱服药。 32 Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well. 凡是值得做的事，就值得把它做好。
33 Whether an organism is a plant or an animal sometimes taxes the brain of a biologist. 一种生物究竟是植物还是动物，有时候会使生物学家颇伤脑筋。
34 It can be seen that precleaning alone would not reduce the total sulfur content of the four coals to level anywhere near the standards.
可以看出，这4种煤的总含硫量仅靠预洗是不能降低到接近标准规定的水平的。 35 It doesn’t matter whether we start now or later. 我们现在开始还是以后开始都没有关系。 36 It happened that I had bought the book. 我碰巧买了这本书。
37 I don’t remember whether I cried at that moment, but my sister did. 我不记得当时我究竟哭没哭，但我妹妹的确哭了。
38 Your assumption, that things will improve, is unfounded. 你认为事情都会改进的设想是没有根据的。 39 He is not who he was thought to be. 他不是人们过去所想的那种人。
40 The end of the short-lived age of fossil fuels is already in sight; soon we will have consumed all the world’s resources of oil and coal.
短暂的矿物燃料时代结束的日子已经在望;不久，我们就会耗尽世界上所有的石油和煤炭资源。
41 Keep your face to the sunshine and you cannot see your shadow. 你要是面对阳光，那就看不到自己的影子。
42 Milk must be kept in a cool place, or else it will go sour. 牛奶要放在阴凉的地方，否则就会变酸。
43 The fuel must have been finished，for the engine stopped. 燃料准是用完了，因为发动机熄火了。
44 This machine is simple in design，yet it is efficient in operation.
这机器结构简单，但操作有效。
45 Even more interesting is the probability that life on other planets may be in a more advanced stage of evolution.
更为有趣的是，其他行星上的生命可能已经处于更先进的进化阶段。 46 Only in Paris can you buy clothes and shoes like that. 只有在巴黎你才能买到那样的衣服和鞋子。 47 Up went the rocket into the air. 火箭直冲云霄。
48 Proudly, the captain hoisted the flag. Softly, a bugle sounded. 船长升起了旗子，满心自豪；喇叭声响了起来，清脆悦耳。 49 Not all the employees are to be laid off. 不是所有的员工都会被裁员。 50 He was not entirely happy.
[参考译文]他并不是很高兴。
51Not every man is polite, and all are not born gentlemen.
[参考译文]人人都懂礼貌，而不见得所有的人都是生为君子。 52 Pizza Hut was nowhere to be found in this small town. [参考译文]这座小城哪都没有必胜客。 53 Every man can not be an artist.
[参考译文] 不是人人都可以当演员 54 No man can be an artist.
[参考译文] 没有人可以当演员。
55 You can’t make something out of nothing. [参考译文]巧妇难为无米之炊。 56 We never thought of nothing wrong.
[参考译文] 我们从未想过不会出什么差错。
57 I worked and worked, and I didn't know how much I had not done. [参考译文]我夜以继日地工作，不知道干了多少活。 58 I don’t suppose you need my help any more. [参考译文]我看你不再需要我的帮助了。
59 You can find no reason for being lazy during studies. [参考译文]你没有理由在学习中偷懒。 60 He is no more than a puppet.
[参考译文] 他只不过是一个傀儡。 He is no less guilty than you.
[参考译文]他和你同样有罪。 I desired nothing but to go home. [参考译文]我只希望回家。
61 The chemical plant was built in 1963. [参考译文]化工厂建于1963年。
The low staff morale was caused by the constant disagreements between the managers overseeing the project.
[参考译文]管理项目的经理们长期的意见不合使得员工士气低迷。 Very often, introductions are made using both first and last names. [参考译文]介绍的时候，往往是连名带姓。
Heat can be converted to energy and energy can be converted to heat.
[参考译文]热可以被转换成能量，能量也可以被转换成热。
The performance, price and style of the car were considered important by Mr. Cheung.
[参考译文]车的性能、价格和风格对于张先生来说是十分重要的。
1) If you learn to read the signs, you can tell whether what a person says is what he really means, or whether, like the man whose stomach does not move when he laughs, he is trying to deceive you. 如果你学会理解这些姿势，你就能分辨出一个人所说的话是否是他真正要表达的东西，是否是那种“笑里藏刀”的人试图蒙蔽你。
2) As to the precise value of this initial fund of knowledge, this depends to a great degree on how it has been acquired and on who has been imparting it.
至于这种最初积累起来的知识有多少确切的价值，这在很大程度上取决于获得知识的方法和传授知识的人。
3) You are posted in what had preceded all this, but I was not.
你现在已经明白了这件事的全部原委，但我当时却全然不知。
4) The danger of a recession in world trade that could hit all countries cannot be ignored, but it would bear most heavily on the weakest partners in the world economy.
能够冲击所有国家的世界贸易衰退是不能被忽视的，但受害最深的是在世界经济中最弱的那些伙伴。
5) If you would know the value of money, go and try to borrow some; for he that goes a borrowing goes a suffering.
要想知道钱的价值，就得体会一下借钱的滋味，因为那个去借钱的人会吃苦头。 6) Of many thousand spare parts does not come up to the standard but one. 在成千上万个备件中，就一个合格。
7) Very few will doubt that it is science which has at once quickened the demand for general education in modern times and the education itself effective.
绝大多数人将会意识到：由于科学高速发展，当今时代的教育普及必须加快步伐，而且对教育本身也提出了增效要求。
8) For the man sound in body and serene of mind there is no such thing as bad weather; every sky has its beauty, and storms which whip the blood do but make it pulse more vigorously.
对于一个身体健全、神志安详的人来说，根本不存在什么坏天气；在他看来，无论什么样的天气都有其美好的一面，譬如说暴风雨，它可以激荡血液的流淌，振奋一个人的精神。
9) And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.
他有着这样的母亲，出生在这样的地方和这样一类人中间。他很清楚，如果这些让她全知道的话，他该多么丢面子！
10) I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.
我就希望能在工作时死去。在弥留之际知道自己已经功德圆满并且自己的未竟之业已后继有人，就可以心满意足地离开人间了。
1) It is not a question how much a man knows, but what use he can make of what he knows; not a question of what he has acquired, and how he has been trained, but of what he is, and what he can do. 问题不在一个人知道多少，而在于他能否运用他的知识；问题不在他学的是什么，受怎样的教育，而在于他的人品以及他的能力。
2) Future does not wait. It becomes present and past with every second that ticks. You have barely time to turn around and already the coming has met the going…what will be is entirely in what has been, and no matter how fast you run, tomorrow is behind you – never ahead.
[译文] 未来是不等人的。随着每秒钟的流逝，未来变成了现实，继而又成了往昔。你几乎来不及转身顾盼，来者就变成了逝者。……未来的一切全都蕴育于现实之中。不论你跑得多快，明天总落在你的身后，绝不会跑到你的前头。
3) Even his critics say the Ames test – his simple, inexpensive laboratory procedure that helps determine whether a substance might cause cancer – is a remarkable achievement.
[译文] 甚至他的批评者们也承认，爱姆兹试验是一项突出的成就。这种试验是在实验室里进行的一种简便、廉价的操作方法，有助于检测出一种物质是否能引起癌症。
4) If we were not too proud to explain ourselves or to ask explanations of others, most of the misunderstandings of life would disappear.
[译文] 只要我们不持傲慢态度，凡事多加解释说明，同时也请求别人进行解释，那么生活中的大部分误会将会消除。
5) The material destruction of the war not so great but that it could by this time have been repaired, had a good peace been made without delay.
[译文] 假如当时立即恢复了和平，战争在物质方面的破坏无论怎样大，到现在也本来能够得到修复了。
6) I had read too many novels and had learned too much at school not to know a good deal about love, but I thought it was a matter that only concerned young people. I could not conceive that a man with a beard, who had sons as old as I, could have any feelings of that sort.
[译文] 我阅读过许多小说，在学校也学到了不少东西，所以对于恋爱的事不会不懂，但我想这只是年轻人的玩意。我认为一个于思老翁是不会有那种情感的，因为他的几个儿子都像我这样的年纪了。
7) This is not an easy lesson to learn, especially when we are young and think that the world is ours to command, that whatever we desire with the full force of our passionate being can, nay, will, be ours. [译文] 这并不是容易学到手的一课。特别是当我们年轻的时候，这一课尤其难学。因为我们在青春时期年轻气盛，认为世界是由我们掌握的，只要我们满腔热情、全力以赴地去追求，不管什么东西都能够得到——不，就一定会得到。
8) If you have wide and keen interests and activities in which you can still be effective, you will have no reason to think about the merely statistical fact of the number of years you have already lived, still less of the probable brevity of your future.
[译文] 你要是具有广泛的爱好和强烈的兴趣，而且还有能力参加一些活动，你就没有理由去考虑自己已经活了多少岁这样的具体数字，更没有理由去考虑自己的余年大概是很有限的了。
原文Why do you teach? My friend asked the question when I told him that I didn’t want to be considered for an administrative position. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a “step up” toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.
Certainly I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me. Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living: mechanic, carpenter, writer. For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession. Red-eye, because I never fell ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing. Sweaty-palm, because I’m always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am. Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual.
Nor do I teach because I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share. Sometimes I am amazed that my students actually take notes on what I say in class! [译文]
我告诉一位朋友我不想谋求行政职务时，他向我提出这样一个问题：你为什么要教书呢？美国人受的教育是长大成人后应该去追求金钱和权力，而我却偏偏不朝这个方向“发展”，这使他大惑不解。
当然，我之所以教书并不是因为做教师轻松。为了谋生，我做过各种各样的工作：机修工、木工、作家，可教书是最难的行业。就我而言，教书是个令人熬红眼睛、手掌出汗、精神沮丧的职业。说它是熬红眼睛的职业，是因为我晚上无论备课到多晚，总觉得准备的不够充分；说它是令人手掌出汗的职业，是因为我进教室前总是紧张不已，认为学生会发现我原来是个笨蛋；说它是令人精神沮丧的职业，是因为我走出教室一小时后，仍觉得这堂课上得比平常还要平淡无味。
我之所以教书，不是因为我认为自己能够解答问题，也不是因为我满腹经纶，非得与他人分享不可。有时，学生竟把我课上讲的东西做了笔记，这令我感到很惊异！
A recent phenomenon in the choice of careers on the part of college graduates is the increasing
trend towards big companies. Few are interested in the research fields. This is an unavoidable problem in a materialistic society, where tempting salaries and fringe benefits are offered by big companies to compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies. On the other hand, as many big enterprises and even government departments tend to concentrate on immediate economic results and show comparatively little interest in long range research, there is a steady shift of scientists and researchers from the pure research to the applied field, where there are more jobs available with better salaries. All this has not only seriously influenced young people’s view on the choice of careers, but on education as well. Many college teachers deplore that fewer and fewer students these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake.
最近在高校毕业生择业问题上出现了一种倾向，这就是毕业生越来越青睐大公司，很少有人到研究单位。在崇尚物质的社会里，这是一个不可避免的问题。一方面，学生还没有走出校门，大公司便在竞相聘用他们，向他们提供具有诱惑力的薪水和福利待遇。另一方面，由于许多大企业，甚至包括一些政府部门往往看重直接经济效益，而相对来说，对长期的理论研究不感兴趣。所以研究人员不断地从纯理论研究领域流向实用工业。因为在那里工作就比在研究领域里好找，工资也往往高。这些情况不仅严重影响青年人的择业观，而且还影响教育，许多大学老师哀叹，现在单纯为了学知识而学习的人越来越少了。 第五单元
例1：……烧山芋和热茶的香味，便一下子扑入你的鼻子。抬头看，四周闪着微笑的眼睛，欢迎着，丝毫没有怪你唐突的神情。你刚开口说由哪儿来的时候，一杯很热的浓茶，就递在你的下巴边上。老太婆吩咐她的孙女，快把火拨大些，多添点子柴，说是客人要烘暖他的身子；你暖和了，还不觉得疲倦的话，你可以摸摸小孩子的下巴，拧拧他们的脸蛋，做一点奇怪的样子，给他们嬉笑。
[译文] Immediately your nose is filled with the aroma of hot tea and roast sweet potatoes. When you look around you see friendly faces smiling at you; there is no hint of anything like blame for what elsewhere might be considered as brusqueness. Scarcely have you begun to tell them where you come from when a cup of hot and strong tea is handed over to you. Grandma will tell her granddaughter to make the fire bigger and feed it with more wood because the guest needs more heat to warm up. When you are recovered from coldness and fatigue, you may play with children, stroking them on the chin, giving them gentle pinches on the cheek or making a face to provoke them to gurgle. 例2：Phoebe Anna was thin and black，a very umbrella of a woman. 安娜是一个又黑又瘦的女人，活像一把细长的雨伞。
例3：The newspaper quoted the study as saying abortion may be responsible for as much as half the over-all reduction in the U.S. crime rate that occurred from 1991 to 1997.
报纸引述这项研究说道，堕胎也许对于从1991年到1997年间美国的犯罪率的全面下降起到了一半的作用。
例4：Some parents simply cannot stand letting their baby cry until he or she learns to fall asleep on their own, or when the baby awakens in the middle of the night. Most expert advice suggests this is shortsighted.
有些家长根本无法忍受婴儿自己学会入睡之前的啼哭，或是半夜里婴儿醒来时的啼哭。大多数专家的意见表明这是一种短见。
例5：Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon was a stern challenge. Consider these factors：a 1.5 million action movie that was to be a poignant, tragic romance. Fight choreographer, Yuen Wo-ping (of international acclaim for The Matrix), was bound to tangle with soft-spoken, but stubborn, Lee. A top-flight pan-Asian cast featuring Chow Yun Fat (Hong Kong), Michelle Yeoh (Malaysia), Zhang Ziyi (Beijing) and Chang Chen (Taiwan), with only 19-year-old ingénue, Zhang, speaking the classical mainland Mandarin that Lee demanded. 拍摄《卧虎藏龙》是一个严峻的挑战。想一想以下这些因素：这是一部耗资150万美元的武打大片，却定位于拍成一部深刻而带有悲伤色彩的浪漫剧。由于《黑客帝国》而享誉国际影视界的武术指导袁和平碰上了言辞温和但生性执拗的李安，两人注定要打得不可开交。一流的泛
亚明星阵容由来自不同国家和地区的演员组成：香港的周润发、马来西亚的杨紫琼、北京的章子怡、台湾的张震。其中年轻的章子怡年仅19岁，只有她一个人能说一口标准的大陆普通话，而这正是李安需要的。
例6：Discipline means choices. Every time you say yes to a goal or objective, you say no to many more. Every prize has its price. The prize is the yes; the price is the no.
自律意味着有取有舍。每当你选取了一个目标，也就同时舍弃了其他许多目标。每项收获都要付出代价，所选取的就是收获，所舍弃的就是代价。
例7：Where there is willingness and intelligence, there is a place within the company to try and to succeed. In Japan, a person’s capabilities are not forced into an inflexible specialty. And we feel the company owes a worker something for loyalty and commitment.
在日本，公司不会把一个人的能力限制在一个固定的专业上，只要有抱负和才智，就一定会在公司内部找到施展抱负和取得成功的地方。因为我们感到，公司应该对员工的忠诚和奉献做出回报。
例8：Human beings are capable of acting from purely unselfish motives: we can be genuinely sorry for others and try to share in their troubles in an effort to offer comfort. It is unlike that a chimpanzee acts from feelings quite like these; I doubt whether even members of one family, united as they are by strong mutual affection, are ever motivated by pure altruism in their dealing with one another.
在发出安慰行为时，人类的动机可以是毫不利己的：我们努力地安慰别人，是因为我们真心地为他们感到难过，希望与他们分忧。而黑猩猩的安慰行为不可能处于这种感受。我认为，即使是在感情联系十分强烈的家庭成员之间，纯粹利他的行为动机也是不存在的。
例9：Many people in industry and the Services, who have practical experience of noise, regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time; they are not prepared even to admit the possibility that noise affects people. On the other hand, those who dislike noise will sometimes use most inadequate evidence to support their pleas for a quieter society.
在工业部门和部队服役的许多人对噪音都有切身的体会，然而这些人认为对于噪音问题的研究纯属浪费时间，他们甚至不愿意承认噪音对人体有任何影响。另一方面，那些不喜欢噪音的人在要求安静的社会环境时，使用的证据却极不恰当。
1. Self-esteem is feeling worthy and able to meet life’s challenges. It is as essential as the air we breathe, and just as intangible. It comes from the depths of our core, yet it is reflected in every outward action we take, grand or small. It is the essence from which we measure our worth and the most important building block in the foundation of our intangible.
[提示] meet life’s challenges可译为“接受人生/生活的挑战”；from the depths of our core可译为“来源于我们的心灵深处”；in every outward action we take, grand or small更需要意译，可考虑译为“一举一动”。
2. We do not seem to realize that very little excellence is achieved by living a well-balanced life. Edison, Ford, Einstein, Freud all had single-minded devotion to work whereby they sacrificed many things, including family and friendship. The accusation is made that workaholics bear guilt by not being good parents or spouses. But guilt can exist in balanced life also. Consider how many “normal” people find, at middle-age, that they have never done anything well – they are going to settle for less than what they could have become.
[提示] very little excellence is achieved by living a well-balanced life可译为“取得卓越的成就很少是通过四平八稳的生活实现的”。settle for less than what they could have become必须加以引申进行意译，如译为“他们原本可以有所作为，但现在却只能就此罢休。”
3. One of the generalities most often noted about Americans is that we are a restless, a dissatisfied, a searching people. We bridle and buck under failure, and we go mad with dissatisfaction in the face of success. We spend our time searching for security, and hate it when we get it. For the most part we are an intemperate people: we eat too much when we can, drink too much, indulge our senses too much. Even in our so-called virtues we are intemperate: a teetotaler is not content not to drink – he must stop all the drinking in the world; a vegetarian among us would outlaw
the eating of meat. We work too hard, and many die under the strain; and then to make up for that we play with a violence as suicidal.
[提示] a restless, a dissatisfied, a searching people 可译为“生性好动、从不满足、乐于探索”； go mad with dissatisfaction in the face of success 可译为“面对成功，我们却不满足，表现出烦躁不安”； hate it when we get it 可译为“一旦获得却对此感到厌倦”； indulge our senses too much 可译为“纵情声色”。
4. A good companion is better than a fortune, for a fortune cannot purchase those elements of character which make companionship a blessing. The best companion is one who is wiser and better than ourselves, for we are inspired by his wisdom and virtue to nobler deeds. Greater wisdom and goodness than we possess lifts us higher mentally and morally.
[提示] for a fortune cannot purchase those elements of character which make companionship a blessing 这句话应根据上下文变通翻译，不应受原文外形的限制，可译为“因为财富买不到交友中使你受益的那些宝贵的东西”。
5. We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a person’s knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It really is extraordinary that after all these years, educationists have still failed to devise anything more efficient and reliable than examination. For all the pious claim that examinations test what you know, it is common knowledge that they more often do the exact opposite. They may be a good means of testing memory, or the knack of working rapidly under extreme pressure, but they can tell you nothing about a person’s true ability and aptitude.
[提示] 翻译第一句时应侧重于语篇考虑，基本意思是：别的学科都有惊人的进展，唯有考试方式没有什么改变。they more often do the exact opposite可译为“实际情况常常与之相反”。 例1：In Dubai, it is unusual to find a family that keeps animals, whereas back home we never thought twice before adopting a cat or dog. It’s not just that laws are strict here, but people in general appear to have little time and inclination towards pets-keeping. I cannot imagine how a child can grow without knowing the joy of having a dog to cuddle.
我的国家，人们总是毫不犹豫地收养无家可归的猫狗们。可是在迪拜，你却很难发现养宠物的家庭。原因不仅仅是相关法律较为严格，更重要的是，这里的人对养宠物既没有时间也没有兴趣。我很难想象在孩子的成长过程中，怎么能缺少和小狗一起嬉戏的乐趣。
例2：Before long, plastic may transform its image from eco-villain to environment hero, thanks to “smart” plastics now in development. These could allow vehicles to eliminate ozone-depending emissions and help windows store and make use of the sun’s heat. Perhaps by then, the name itself will morph from a pejorative jab into a genuine complement.
目前，“智能”塑料正在开发之中，这种材料不仅能消除汽车排放的破坏臭氧的废气，还可以让窗户储存和利用太阳的热量。不久的将来，塑料的形象将从生态魔鬼摇身一变为环保英雄。也许到那时，塑料一词的含义将从恶意的挖苦转成真正的赞美。
例3：When Sharon Stone won the Golden Globe award for best actress for her role in Casino, she may have silenced the critics who derided her for her panty-less scene in Basic Instinct. The public validation that she’s received lately helps her get past shaky private moments, such as when she realized she was approaching 40 – a dangerous age for female Hollywood stars. Is she worried?
“If I have to diet, I’ll diet,” Stone says, “If I have to work out, I’ll work out. If I have to sleep upside down like a bat so I don’t look like a basset hound, that’s what I’m going to do. Because I’m not leaving.” [译文] 由于在影片《赌场》中的出色表演，莎朗·斯通获得了金球奖最佳女演员的殊荣。过去几年以来，因为影片《本能》中一个没穿内裤的镜头，莎朗一直备受评论界的嘲笑。现在她终于可以让这些评论家无话可说了。最近她的表演也赢得了观众的认可，这些成绩无疑有助于她度过私底下一些忐忑不安的时刻。比如说，有时她会想到自己已年近40——对好莱坞的女演员来说，40岁显然是一个危险的年龄。她对此是否感到担心呢？
“需要我节食我就节食，”斯通说，“需要我健身我就健身，如果我必须像蝙蝠一样倒挂着
睡觉，才不至于变成皱巴巴的沙皮狗，我会毫不犹豫地这么去做，因为我不会离开影坛。” 例4：1911年，在一个小县城里边，我生在一个小地主的家里。那县城差不多就是中国的最东北部——黑龙江省——所以一年之中，倒有四个月
[译文] In the year of 1911, I was born into a petty landlord family in a small county town in Heilongjiang – China’s northeast most province where there was snow for at least four months of the year.
例5：面对复杂多变的国际形势，突如其来的非典型肺炎疫情和频繁发生的自然灾害，在中国共产党领导下，各级政府和全国人民一道，以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，贯彻落实党的十六大精神，迎难而上，顽强拼搏，奋力开拓创新，在全面建设小康社会的道路上迈出重要步伐。
In the face of a complex and volatile international situation, the unexpected outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and frequent natural disasters, governments at all levels and the people of all our ethnic groups put into practice the guiding principles of the Sixteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) under the leadership of the CPC and the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents. We braved difficulties and hardships in an indomitable and innovative spirit and made important advances in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.
例6：在一个春节前一天的下午，到重庆郊外去看一位朋友。她住在那个乡村的乡公所楼上。走上一段阴暗的仄仄的楼梯，进到一间有一张方桌和几张竹凳、墙上装着一架电话的屋子，再进去就是我的朋友的房间，和外间只隔一幅布帘。她不在家，窗前桌上留着一张条子，说是她临时有事出去，叫我等着她。 [译文] On the afternoon before Chinese New Year’s Day I went to visit a friend in the suburbs of Chongqing. She lived on the top floor of the village building. A flight of dark, narrow stairs led to a room where a table and several bamboo stools stood and a telephone hung on the wall. Beyond this room, separated by a mere cloth curtain, was the room where my friend lived. She had gone out, leaving a note on the desk by the window saying that she had been called away unexpectedly and wanted me to wait for her to come back.
例7：在四川西部，有一美妙去处。它背依岷山主峰雪宝顶，树木苍翠，花香袭人，鸟声婉转，流水潺潺。它就是松潘县的黄龙。
[译文] One of Sichuan’s finest spots is Huanglong (Yellow Dragon), which lies in Songpan County just beneath Xuebao, the main peak of the Minshan Mountain. Its lush green forests, filled with fragrant flowers, bubbling streams and songbirds, are rich in historical interest as well as natural beauty. 段落翻译
1. Recently psychologists have found only about two percent of adults use their creativity, compared with ten percent of seven-year-old children. When five-year-olds were tested, the result soared to ninety percent! The findings set off many people thinking. Curiosity and originality are daily occurrences for the small child, but somehow most of us lose the freedom and flexibility of the child as we grow older. The need to follow “directions” and “do-it-right”, plus the many societal constraints we put on ourselves, prevent us from using our creative potential.
[提示] set off…thinking可译为“引起……思考，发人深省”；daily occurrences宜译为动词词组；prevent us from using our creative potential需要引申翻译，如译为“使我们无法发挥自己的创造潜力。”
2. One of the basic questions facing our society today is: What promise or threat does new technology hold for our global future? Since the decisions our society makes about technological development will undoubtedly have tremendous consequences in the years to come, it is urgently necessary to explore this question, especially by examining science and technology in their relationship to development of humanity.
[提示] “hold for…”在这里可译为“为……带来”；“have tremendous consequences”可译为“产
生巨大的影响”。
3. Traditionally, young adults are preoccupied with business careers, financial success, the accumulation of possessions and comfortable living. But now the pendulum seems to be swinging the other way. According to the 1994 census, many counter-culture ideas have entered mainstream culture. More people are defining success in terms of intangibles – creativity, autonomy, pleasure, participation, adventure, stimulation, and love. Many are questioning the kinds of work society offers and the payoffs it provides. And many are dissatisfied with the traditional social identities of wife and husband.
[提示] “are preoccupied with”译为“对……关心；关心的是……”；“the pendulum seems to be swinging the other way”可根据上下文直译或意译。
4. The proposition which I mean to maintain as the basis of the liberty of the press, and without which it is an empty sound, is this: that every man, not intending to mislead, but seeking to enlighten others with what his own reason and conscience, however erroneously, have dictated to him as truth, may address himself to the universal reason of a whole nation either upon the subject of government in general, or upon that of our own particular country: that he may analyze the principles of its constitution, point out its errors and defects, examine and publish its corruptions, warn his fellow-citizens against their ruinous consequences, and exert his whole faculties in pointing out the most advantageous changes in establishments which he considers to be radically defective, or sliding from their object by abuse. All this every subject of this country has right to do, if he contemplates only what he thinks would be for its advantage, but seeks to change the public mind by the conviction which flows from reasonings dictated by conscience.
[提示] 这是一个长句，必须采用拆译法，以表意明晰为依归。如“is this”之前的主语部分可以译为：“我主张新闻出版自由必须具备以下的基础（如果失去了这个基础，新闻出版自由只能是一句空话），即……”；“all this every subject of this country has right to do”可译为“上述这一切，每一个公司都有权去做”。
5. It is simpler to say than to do, but there are ways. The most common is to ban all cigarette advertising on television and films. Another method is to raise cigarette prices with higher tobacco taxes – and use the money for anti-smoking campaigns. But the most important is to make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit by publicizing public awareness of the decline in social acceptability of smoking and its harmful effect.
[提示] “It is simpler to say than to do”虽然简单，但并不好译。宜译得通俗一点，如“说起来容易，做起来难”、“说说容易，真要做起来就不那么简单了。”“with higher tobacco taxes”宜发挥汉语的动态优势来翻译，如“对烟草课以重税”，“增加对烟草的税收”。
下面的原文是《飘》中的一段。请仅对划线的部分进行改进，并说出理由，也可以对该篇译文作一个较为详细的分析。
Gone With the Wind By Margaret Mitchell (An excerpt from Chapter 15)
The army, driven back in Virginia, went into winter quarters on the Rapidan – a tired, depleted army since the defeat at Gattysburg – and as the Christmas season approached, Ashley came home on furlough. Scarlett, seeing him for the first time in more than two years, was frightened by the violence of her feelings. When she had stood in the parlour at Twelve Oaks and seen him married to Melanie, she had thought she could never love him with a more heartbreaking intensity than she did at that moment. But now she knew her feelings of that long-past night were those of a spoiled child thwarted of a toy. Now, her emotions were sharpened by her long (1) dreams of him, (2) heightened by the repression she had been forced to put on her (3) tongue .
This Ashley Wilkes in his faded, patched uniform, his blond hair bleached tow by summer suns, was a different man from the (4) easy-going, drowsy-eyed boy she had loved to desperation before the war. (5) And he was a thousand times more thrilling. He was bronzed and lean now, where he had once fair and slender, and the long golden moustache drooping about his mouth, cavalry style, was the last touch needed to make him the perfect picture of a (6) soldier.
grim lines were beginning to emerge about his mouth. There was something new and strange about the (8) square set of his shoulders and the cool bright gleam of his eyes. Where he had once been lounging and indolent, he was now as alert as a prowling (9) cat, with the tense alertness of one whose nerves are perpetually drawn as tight as the strings of a violin. In his eyes, there was a fagged, haunted look, and the sunburned skin was tight across the (10) fine bones of his face –- her same handsome Ashley, yet so very different.
联盟军既被打回维吉尼亚，便都归到刺匹丹河上的冬令营来了。他们自从葛的斯堡吃了那么一个打败仗，元气业已大亏，并且疲倦得不能不休息了。因此将近圣诞节的时候，希礼便也请假回来。思嘉跟他一别两年多，现在重新见面，感情激动得非常厉害，连她自己也觉得吃惊。当初她站在十二根橡树的客厅里，眼看着他跟媚兰结了婚，总以为自己以后即使还爱他，也绝不会跟那一刻的情感一样那么强烈。现在她方才明白，自己那天晚上所经验的情感，实在还不过是一个纵容惯了的孩子得不到玩具时的情感罢了。现在经过了这两年多的离别，她的情绪因对他的长久的（1）梦想而越发（2）尖锐化了，因一直闷在（3）肚里不能说出口而越发高涨了。 希礼回家时，身上穿着褪色补缀的军服，头发已被烈日灼晒成了漂过的麻屑一般，跟战前她所痴恋的那个（4）潇洒风流的男子完全不同了。（5）从前他是风度翩翩的，现在变成红铜色了，瘦了。两撇金黄的长髭须挂在口角，竟是一个道地的（6）兵大爷了。
他穿着那间破军服笔挺地站着，破枪袋里装着手枪，破指挥刀在长帮鞋边荡着，上锈的马刺早已失去了光芒——这就是现任联盟军陆军少校的卫希礼。他现在已经养成了命令人的习惯了，颇有一种自信自尊的威严气度，嘴角边上也渐渐长出（7）狰狞的纹路了。他的肩膀本来是（8）方的，他的眼光本来是清澈的，现在都觉有些异样了。从前他一直是那么懒洋洋，不振作，现在他机警得像一头（9）野猫，仿佛他的神经一直都像小提琴的弦线那么紧张着。他的眼睛里含着忧烦憔悴的神情，他的面皮紧紧绷在两个（10）配置均匀的颊骨上——她所朝思暮想的希礼而今依旧是个美男子，然而与前大不相同了。 第六单元 修辞翻译 6.1.1明喻(simile)：
例句：Fat reserves are 1ike bank accounts to be drawn on in the winter when food suppliers are limited and some times difficult to reach because of deep snow.
脂肪储备如同银行账户里的存款，供冬天食物来源有限以及有时由于大雪深得难以获得时支取使用。
Every tree and every branch was encrusted with bright and delicate hoarfrost, white and pure as snow, delicate and defined as carved ivory.
每棵树，每一根树枝都包上一层明亮、精美的白霜，像雪花般洁白和纯净，如象牙雕一般精致优美。
as hard as nails (铁石心肠的)，as thin as a lath (骨瘦如柴的)，as poor as a church mouse（一贫如洗），as timid as a rabbit(胆小如鼠)，雨后春笋（like mushrooms）等，这是我们在翻译过程中需要注意的。
6.1.2 暗喻（metaphor）
Time is money 直译为“时间就是金钱”
莎翁有言：All the world is a stage, and all the men and women merely players. (William Shakespeare)
整个世界是一座舞台，所有的男人和女人只不过是演员而已。
While we cannot close the gulf between us, we can try to bridge it so that we may be able to talk across it.
尽管我们不能填平我们之间的鸿沟，我们却可以设法架一座桥，以便跨过这座桥来进行交谈。
Money is a bottomless sea, in which honor, conscience and truth may be drowned. (Kozlay) 金钱是无底的海洋，荣誉、良心和真理都可以淹没在其中。
Passion was to go to sleep in the presence of Mrs. General and blood was to change to milk and
water.（Charles Dickens: Little Dorrit）
在詹勒洛夫人面前，一个人的激情会变得麻木不仁，热血也会变成掺水的牛奶。 例如：drink like a fish. 牛饮(不宜译作“鱼饮”) as cunning as a dead pig
像狐狸一样狡猾(不宜译作“像死猪一样狡猾”，涉及形象的转换) 6.1.3借代（metonymy）
如用White House (白宫) 指代美国政府，用dove (鸽子) 象征和平等。 又如：The kettle is boiling.
壶里的水开了。这是用容器代替被盛的东西。
Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (Francis Bacon)
书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则需咀嚼消化。 Every life has its roses and thorns. 人生自有甘苦。
这里的roses (玫瑰花) 和thorns (荆棘) ，喻代生活中的happiness (甜美) 和misery(痛苦)。日常生活中有鲜花也有荆棘，比喻人生充满着酸甜苦辣。
But you have not seen my Corots. They are in the music room. (Oscar Wilde)
可是你还没有看见我收藏的科罗特的风景画，它们挂在我的音乐室里。 Young men are suggested to read Shakespeare. 年轻人应该去读一读莎士比亚。
And since Washington’s budget alchemy permits the current generation to spend whatever it wants on retiree income and health programs and pass the tab on to their children, who wants to pay more? ———Newsweek , April 13 , 1992
[参考译文] 既然美国政府所耍的预算法术容许这一代在退休金和医疗计划方面随意花钱，而把账单推给他们的孩子来付，那谁还愿意多缴税? （Washington代指美国政府） 6.1.4夸张（hyperbole）
We were tired to death on reaching the peak.
[参考译文] 我们爬到山顶后，简直要累死了。 I'd give the world to see you. [参考译文] 我十分想见你。
I have told you forty times that if you touched that jam I'd skin you.
[参考译文] 你要是偷吃果酱，我就剥你的皮。我跟你已经讲过不下一百遍了。 Mary's two daughters are different in their personalities in a thousand and one ways. [参考译文] 玛丽的两个女儿在性格上有天壤之别。
For she was beautiful--her beauty made the bright world dim, and everything beside seemed like the fleeting image of shade.
[参考译文] 因为她太漂亮了——她的美使光灿的世界黯然失色，她身边的一切都像是瞬间而逝的烟云。（恰如其分地道出她的美）
It's a crime to stay inside on such a beautiful day.
[参考译文] 今天阳光明媚，躲在家中，实在是罪过。
I could feel her pain as she must have felt mine on a thousand occasions when I had sought comfort in her arms.
在小男孩的心目中，妈妈一直是那么的坚强、勇敢，但是当小男孩第一次看见妈妈哭泣的时候，他突然感觉到了妈妈也和他一样有失败、有痛苦，就像妈妈过去千百次体会到他的痛苦一样。例句中的a thousand occasions利用数字进行夸大渲染，体现了妈妈对儿子的关爱之情。 When I heard the news, each hair on my head seemed to be standing on end.
[参考译文] 当我听到那个消息时，头上的每根头发都好像倒竖了起 五．双关（pun）。
例如：Seven days without water makes one week.
[参考译文] 一个人一周七天不喝水会变得虚弱。
又如：We must all hang together, or we shall hang separately.
[参考译文] 我们必须团结在一起,否则我们将一个一个地被绞死。
例如：My sister, Mrs. Joe Gargery, was more than twenty years older than I, and had established a great reputation with herself and the neighbors because she had brought me up \"by hand.\" Having at that time to find out for myself what the expression meant, and knowing her to have a hard and heavy hand, and to be much in the habit of laying it upon her husband as well as upon me, I supposed that Joe Gargery and I were both brought up by hand. (Charles Dickens, Great Expectations) 我的姐姐，也就是乔·葛吉瑞大嫂，要比我大二十多岁。我是由她“一手”带大的；不光是她自己老爱拿这件事自赞自夸，连街坊邻居也都这样赞她。那时候，我怎么也弄不明白这“一手”两字究竟是什么意思，只知道她的手生来又粗又笨，动不动就要啪的一下落到她丈夫和我的身上，我就想：大概乔?葛吉瑞和我两个都是她“一手”打大的吧。 A: I can’t bear a fool.B: Your mother could. A：我不能忍受一个傻瓜 B：你母亲能。
You will go nuts for the nuts you get in Nux.(坚果广告) 纳克斯坚果，让你欲罢不能的坚果 6.1.6 委婉（euphemism）
以money为例：In his scale of values he places power and economics at the top of the list. 这里说话人就是用 economics （经济）来代替 money（金钱），这样可弱化事物，达到语用效果。又如在一个野外旅行的场景当中，女友对男友说 Wait a minute, I want to pick a daisy. 如果你把它翻译成“等一等，我想去摘一朵菊花”，那可就要闹笑话了，因为她说的 to pick a daisy 是“方便”的委婉语，不妨译成“我去去就来”或其他一些为委婉的表达，而不至于掉入误译的陷阱。 “死亡”的说法古今中外不胜枚举，在汉语里，有“崩”或“驾崩”、“驾鹤归西”、“羽化飞天”、“圆寂”、“仙逝”、“涅盘”、“香消玉殒”、“玉碎珠沉”等。现在，人们常用“长眠了”、“停止呼吸”等一些委婉的表达方式。英语中死亡的委婉说法有数百种之多：to pass away (离开)，to go to sleep (长眠)，to go to heaven (上西天) ，to be no more (不在了)，to join the majority (加入了大多数)，to go to glory expire (去了光荣的国度) ，corpse (跨了)，depart(离开), kick the bucket(蹬腿), breathe one’s last(停止了呼吸)等等。关于死亡的委婉说法，可能由于数量太多，所以有许多说法在出现之后，甚至没有流传开来便渐渐湮没了。
社会职业。西方社会职业的高低、贵贱十分明显，一些社会地位低下的人对自己职业的卑微很敏感，出于虚荣心，希望自己的职业能有一个好听的名称，于是“秘书”成了administrative assistant（行政助理），把保姆maid称为domestic-help（内务助手），老人被称之为“年长公民”(senior citizen)，清洁工被尊称为sanitary engineer（卫生工程师）。在谈到某人失业时（out of job），常用between jobs，to be developing a new project，to be self-employed，相当于汉语的“待业”，“找工作当中”。就连屠夫(butcher)也摇身一变，成了meat technologist (肉类技术专家)，贫民窟也有了悦耳动听的叫法substandard housing(不标准的住宅)或special area (特殊区)，这些职业的委婉说法很大程度上是出于礼貌，并且与社会的发展进步是分不开的。
此外，一些禁忌话语也会被委婉的说法取代，例如如果说到某位女士已pregnant(怀有身孕) ，听者就会联想到“挺得高高的肚子”。若说她是eating for two(吃双份饭) 的人，就能淡化“挺着大肚子”概念。用expecting或in the family way也可表达同样的意思。
在商业、广告方面，现今人们为了使自己的行业赢得他人的喜欢，有些关于行业的委婉用词越来越广泛。如industry这个词最初只限于使用机器制造成品的企业，如今几乎一切能够产生利润的部门，都可用这一词。如extractive industry（赌博业）women's beauty industry（美容业），tourist industry（旅游业）等。商店里的鸡蛋，不应再分大蛋，小蛋，而被称为large，medium，
standard。在广告方面，旧汽车不再叫old car或second-hand，而叫做pre-owned car尽管新的说法并不能改变现实，但这些说法使听者得到了一种精神上的安慰。 6.1.7 拟人（personification）
Then night, like some great loving mother, gently lays her hand at our fevered head, and turns our little tear – stained face up to hers, and smiles, and, though she does not speak, we know that she would say and lay our hot, flushed cheek against her bosom and the pain is gone.
夜像一个慈祥伟大的母亲，轻轻地把她的手放在我们发烫的额头上，把我们沾满泪水的小脸扭向她的面孔，微笑着，虽然她不说话，但我们知道她会说些什么。她把我们烧得发烫的面颊靠在她的胸上，疼痛也就消失了。
The moon rose from behind the copse, nearly full and the two lights struggled till moonlight conquered, changing the color and quality of all the garden, stealing along the flagstones reaching their feet, climbing up, changing their faces.
快要圆了的月亮从矮树丛后升起，月光和薄暮互相争辉，最后月光胜利了，它改变了整个花园的面貌和气氛，月光偷偷地沿着石板路来到他们的脚旁，渐渐地往上爬，使他们的脸上起了变化。
The one in the brown suit gaped at her. Blue suit grinned, might even have winked. But big nose in the grey suit still stared and he had small angry eyes and did not even smile.
穿棕色衣服的人目瞪口呆地盯着她，蓝衣服笑着，甚至还使了个眼色。但是穿灰衣服的大鼻子仍然凝视着，他长着一双红肿的小眼睛，脸上没有笑容。 6.1.8 轭式（zeugma）
1.She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy.
[参考译文] 她为这个无家可归的孩子打开自己的家门，也打开了自己的心扉。 He swallowed bread and butter and a spasm of emotion. [参考译文] 他吞下奶油面包，也咽下一阵激动。
During the next year, a young widow and a fortune fell in love with him. 接下来的一年里，一位年轻的寡妇爱上他，一大笔财产也跟着爱上了他。 She was seen washing clothes with happiness and Pears' soap.
[参考译文] 有人见到她在洗衣服，手拿皮尔斯肥皂，一脸的欢快。 The room was not light, but his fingers were.
[参考译文] 房间光线差，可他灵活的手指却不差。 The umpire lost his cap and his cool.
[参考译文] 裁判员丢了帽子，也丢了忍耐。
She possessed two false teeth and a sympathetic heart. [参考译文] 她有两颗假牙和一颗同情心。
You devils ought to search our heads not our pocket. (Gorky: Mother)
[参考译文] 你们这些魔鬼要搜就搜我们的脑袋，而不是搜我们的腰包。
Miss Bolo rose from the table considerably agitated, and went straight home, in a flood of tears and a sedan chair.
[参考译文] 伯洛小姐餐毕离席，相当焦急不安，泪如泉涌地坐着轿子径直回家。 6.1.9移就（transferred epithet）
例如：The big man crashed down on a protesting chair.
大个子一屁股坐了下来，椅子吱吱嘎嘎地作响，好像是在提抗议似的。
There was a short, thoughtful silence. Then he said, “Dad, you have just worked a profound change in my personality.” [参考译文] 电话里出现了短暂的沉默，思考片刻后，他接着说道:“爸爸，您刚才的话使我深受启迪，让我恍然大悟。”
When I’m having trouble with a story and think about giving up, or when I start to feel sorry for myself and think things should be easier for me, I roll a piece of paper into that cranky old machine and type, word by painful word, just the way Mother did.
每当我写文章遇到困难想打退堂鼓时，或是自叹不走运时，我就往那台破旧的打字机里卷进
一张纸，像妈妈当年一样，一个字一个字地吃力地打着。
An expensive failure can be made into an asset if you’ve learnt from it。
失败的代价虽然昂贵，但是只要你能从中吸取教训，它就能化为一笔财富。
When a woman dresses to kill, the victim is apt to be time. Kill 一词与 victim 相映成趣。当该句翻译成中文“当女人梳妆打扮的时候，时间就成了牺牲品”时，应该说译文的表达非常忠实，但是 kill 一词与 victim 的这个呼应就消失了。kill这个词在汉语中找不到对应语，这时省略该词就成为合适的方法。翻译过程中形象的处理是一门重要的艺术。译文若想达到一种艺术的境界，形象上的处理也要下一番工夫。似可改译为：当女人极力把自己打扮得花枝招展的时候，时间成了无谓的牺牲品。
又如：All that sleepless night I replayed the moment those black gloves came up to the car window. 如当晚我彻夜难眠，眼前不时重现出那副黑手套伸向车窗的那一瞬间。
At present, the super powers are armed to the teeth with nuclear weapons, placing the people of the whole world under their nuclear threat.
目前，超级大国用核武器武装到了牙齿，把全世界人民都置于他们的威胁
Nothing venture, nothing have与“不入虎穴，焉得虎子”从语义基本等值的角度可以互译，但若在特定的语篇以及相关的文化语境中就不可以简单套用。中国古语：“不入虎穴，焉得虎子”对于人们的实践是真理。
In the end things will mend.
将此句译成“车到山前必有路。”或“船到桥头自然直。”虽然添加了形象，但却仍保留了原语简洁有力的特征，使译语读者达到与源语读者基本一致的接受效果，当然，这是一种比较大胆的改译，译者是出于对原文所要传达的形象的考虑。 例句：He has a butterfly in his stomach.
[参考译文2] 他怀里像揣着兔子一般。 又如：Ass in the lion’s skin.狐假虎威。 例如：It rains cats and dogs.
大雨倾盆（而非下猫下狗）。
例如：Snobs talk as if they had begotten their own ancestors.
势利鬼大言不惭，似乎把他们的先人也能说成是自己的后代。
又如：“Well, its my duty to help them out of it.” “It’s your duty to invite all the rats in the world to gnaw at your bones.” (D. H. Lawrence: Women in love)
“唉——我该帮帮他们来解脱困难。”“你该把全世界的老鼠都叫来啃你的骨头才对!” I hope they do give you the Nobel Prize, it would serve you right.
这是美国现代诗里继承惠德曼传统的诗人William Carlos Williams写给另一个诗人Ezra Pound的两行，其变异全在第二行。（人们不禁要问：为什么得诺贝尔奖金是：“报应”，是“活该”？此中的消息是这两人都自命不俗，也许在嘲笑这项奖金和它的获得者。）
对于译者来说，他有双重任务：一是要有慧眼能在原作里发现变异之处，而这就需要他对那个语言的常规很熟悉；二是要有本领能在自己的译文里再现这变异所造成的效果，而这就需要他对自己语言的各种表达方式有充分的掌握。 All grammars leak.
Einstein took a huge conceptual leap.
The British thrusted their language down the linguistic throats of the conquered peoples. Those slick operators, with their patent teather souls!
以上见于非文学的“语类”。有的比喻用动词形式表现，有的用名词，有的用形容词，而在第三例则由动词与名词合起来表现，二者呵成一气。比喻的好处，一是形象化、具体化，一见就明白，捉摸得住；二是高度集中，在纷纭现象中用一二字就点出核心，语言的运用不能比它更精炼了。而要做到这两点，须有将两种不同事物联在一起——将熟悉的、身边的东西同生疏
的、辽远的东西联在一起，将琐碎的、实际的、无甚意义的小东西同一个大背景、大的精神世界联在一起——的想象力。正因如此，历来的哲学家、文学批评家都强调比喻的重要性，亚里士多德就在《诗学》里称之为“天才的标志”。然而在时间的长河里，比喻却又是不断受到淘汰的，用久了成了套语，因此文学作家——特别是诗人——无不致力于创造新的比喻、新的形象。20世纪作家笔下出现的比喻是这样一类：
The multitudinous windows of the new Hilton look to me like the heavy-lidded eyes of insomnia sufferers, aching for rest.
White and black trade words as do front-line soldiers lobbing back and undetonated grenade.
All art must be for the end of liberating the masses. A landscape is only good when it shows the oppressor hanging from a tree!
这些比喻有明显的时代与社会特色，在它们背后有着70年代的“敏感”。有时比喻的运用持续几行诗句，如在Robert Lowell的“For the Union Dead”(1964)里： Everywhere
giant finned cars nose forward like fish; a savage servility slides by on grease.
诗人对于“汽车社会”的鄙弃是如闻其声的。
比喻之常见于重要既如此，翻译者又应对他们采取什么方法、什么战略？在这里，文体学的“语类”之分似乎可以帮助我们决策。当然，每一个比喻或形象都需要根据它的实际情况慎重对待，但是一般地说，对于非文学的语类中的非关键性的比喻，特别是那些早已同普通语言化为一体的所谓“死比喻”（如：the bonnet of a car, foothills, throw a monkey wrench into之类），就无须拘泥，意译即可。而在文学作品中，特别在诗里，既然比喻有着体现作者的敏感和时代风貌等等的特殊重要性，那就应该直译。所谓直译，是指：（1）不要用四字成语等套语去译，宁可“欧化”些，以保持其新鲜。（2）要十分准确。例如雪莱有一首题为“England in 1819”的十四行诗，其最后两行是
Are graves, from which a glorious phantom may Burst, to illumine our tempestuous day
这当中的phantom一词，按照我们现在通行的词典，有“幽灵、鬼怪；阴影，令人恐惧的东西”等释义，但用来译此诗都不合适。也许用“神灵”比较好些，因为雪莱此处此词所指的，实是革命，而“神灵”同后来马克思、恩格斯在《共产党宣言》第一局里所用的“幽灵”一词（德文是Gespenst，英译作spectre）——
一个幽灵，共产主义的幽灵，在欧洲徘徊
——既可以有所区别，又可以有所呼应。雪莱当然想不到会有《共产党宣言》这一具体的书，马克思、恩格斯也未必对雪莱这一具体的诗或比喻有特别深刻的印象，但是我们后世读者心里明白：这两篇着作相隔不过30年，正是在这风云变幻的30年中，工人阶级揭开了人类历史的新页，一个年轻英国诗人在1819年所憧憬和渴望的，在1848年变成了震惊全欧洲的现实。在这样的背景之前，如果译者漫不经心地将phantom一词译为“鬼怪、怪物”之类，那就减缩了雪莱的革命性和预见性，也就是在一个关键的地方没有忠实于原作的精神了。 第七单元 7.1.1 指代
• A green caterpillar was slowly crawling out from under the lettuce. It was huge, fat, and apparently well-fed. It paused in its travels to survey the scene. Purple with fury, Henry could barely find his voice. (A Hard Day in the Kitchen, Shannon Hodge)
一条绿虫子正慢吞吞地从生菜底下爬出来。那虫子又大又肥，显然吃得很好，在途中还停下来审视周围的环境。亨利此时气得脸色发青，话都差点说不出来了。
1朋友有点不好意思地解释说，买这座房子时，孩子们还上着学，如今都成家立业了。 My friend looked somewhat ill at ease when he told me this: At the time when he bought this big house, his children had all been at school. Now they had their own homes and jobs. 2 杨志取路，不数日，来到东京。入得城来，选个客店，安歇下。
Yang Zhi thus journeyed on for many days and he went toward the eastern capital and he came into the city and found an inn and there settled himself to rest.
3 A man is sometimes more generous when he has but a little money than when he has plenty, perhaps through fear of being thought to have but little. (Three Great Rolls, Benjamin Franklin) • 人有的时候钱少了反倒比钱多了大方，也许是怕人嫌贫吧。
4 Though a brother, I was his apprentice and he considered himself my master. He expected the same services from me as he would from another; while I thought he asked too much of a brother. (Three Great Rolls, Benjamin Franklin)
虽是兄弟，我却成了哥哥的学徒，而他也把自己看作是我的老板，要求我像其他人一样给他卖力；可是我觉得这样对兄弟也太不讲情分了。 7.1.3替代
I never met a more interesting man than Mayhew. He was a lawyer in Detroit. He was an able and successful one. By the time he was thirty-five he had a large and a lucrative practice, he had amassed a competence, and he stood on the threshold of a distinguished career. (Mayhew, William S. Naugham)
我从未见过比梅休更有意思的人了。梅休是底特律的一名律师，他精明能干，事业有成，35岁时就拥有一份收入不菲的工作。如今累累胜诉的他真可谓前程似锦。
After the play, I took home the flower (the dandelion blossom) I had stuffed in the apron of my costume. My mother pressed it between two sheets of paper toweling in a dictionary, laughing as she did it that we were perhaps the only people who would press such a sorry-looking seed. (My Mother’s Gift, Suzanne Chazin)
演出结束后，我把那朵塞在表演服围裙里的蒲公英带回家中。妈妈用两张纸巾把花压平，然后夹在字典里。她一边夹花一边笑，似乎只有我们俩才会珍藏这样一朵打了蔫的野花。
When my brother finally found out, he was not exactly pleased. Perhaps this might be one cause for the arguments that we began to have about this time. (Three Great Rolls, Benjamin Franklin) 哥哥终于发现了，很不乐意。大概从那时起我们便常常争吵，这件事也许是个原因。 7.1.4连词
Our arguments were often brought before our father, and I guess I was either generally in the right, or else a better debater, because the judgment was usually in my favor. (Three Great Rolls, Benjamin Franklin)
我们往往要争吵到父亲那儿去，我想若不是我占理，那就是我嘴更硬，因为父亲评起理来通常是偏向我的。 [参考译文2] 我们之间的争吵最后常常要父亲决断，我想要么是我在理，要么就是我能说善辩，反正父亲评起来往往是我在理。
•We tend to treat persons like goods. We even speak of children “belonging” to their parents. But
nobody is “belonging” to anyone else. (Love Is Not Like Merchandise, Sydney J. Harris) 我们总是把人看作是货物，甚至会说孩子是“父母的”。可是，没有谁是“哪个人的”。
I started wondering why I refused to run the light. I was not afraid of being arrested, because there was obviously no cop around, and there certainly would have been no danger in going through it. (Trust ，Andy Rooney)
我开始纳闷儿为什么没闯红灯呢。当时旁边肯定没有警察，又不用担心被拘留，而且即便冒险闯了灯也没什么危险啊。
With night approaching, the boatman and I had no choice but to wait until the wind stopped. (Three Great Rolls, Benjamin Franklin)
夜幕渐渐降临，船夫和我别无选择，只能等待风停下来再说。
Though osteoporosis afflicts, for example, about 25 million Americans, most of them women, the disease offers no early symptoms. Usually it is not diagnosed until after age 50, when a victim suffers a fracture. (Why the Bones Break Anastasia Toufexis)
虽然骨质疏松症困扰着许多患者，仅美国就有2500万人，而且大多是妇女，但这种疾病却没有任何早期症状，通常是患者在50多岁时不幸骨折后才被诊断出已经患病。
It was a lovely spring day and the rose vine on the trellis was turning green. Under the huge elm trees, we could see yellow dandelions popping through the grass in bunches, as if a painter had touched our landscape with dabs of gold. I watched my mother casually bend down by one of the clumps. “I think I’m going to dig up all these weeds,” she said, yanking a blossom up by its roots. “From now on, we’ll have only roses in this garden.” (My Mother’s Gift, Suzanne Chazin)
那真是一个可爱的春日，棚架上蔷薇的藤蔓正在转青。在一些高大的榆树下面，我们可以看到，一丛丛黄色的蒲公英冒出草坪，仿佛是一位画家为了给眼前的美景增色而着意加上的点点金色。
我看到母亲在一簇花丛旁漫不经心地弯下身来。“我看得把这些野草都拔了，”她说，一边使劲把一丛蒲公英连根拔出，“往后咱这园子里只让长蔷薇花。”
Could anything be more majestic, serene or threatening than the largest bird of prey in the world, the harpy eagle, soaring above its domain? Weighing nine kilograms and with a 2.2 meter wingspan, this giant of the sky glides at 65 kilometers per hour over dense Brazilian rainforest. Its cruel head with flaring colored crest and huge hooked beak twists constantly from side to side. (Killer on Wings is Under Threat, Bruce Gooding)
有什么比世界上最大的食肉猛禽热带大雕在它的领地上方搏击长空更加壮丽、更加安详，又更具威胁性呢？体重9公斤，翼幅达2.2米的空中巨物在茂密的巴西雨林上空以每小时65公里的速度滑翔。它那长着展开的有色肉冠和巨大钩状鹰嘴的残暴的脑袋不断地向两边扭来扭去。 And under these seas the largest single geological feature on earth has been found—— a mountain range that dwarfs the Himalayas. It’s a range that covers nearly one quarter of the earth’s surface. (The Living Seas)
在这些大海的深处发现了地球上所知的最大规模的地质奇观——一座让喜马拉雅相形见绌的山脉。这座山脉几乎覆盖地球表面的四分之一。
•The earth is the only planet we know that has an ocean. The ocean is the largest feature on earth. Yet it’s the one feature we know the least about. We know more about the moon 240,000 miles away than we know about the three-fourths of the earth covered with water. Man has set foot on the moon, but not on the most remote part of the earth, 35,000 feet under the sea. (The Living Seas)
地球是我们所知有海洋存在的唯一行星。海洋是地球构成的最大部分，而正是这部分我们知道得最少，这一覆盖地球四分之三的水域我们所知的情况还不如我们对离地球24万英里的月球所知道的多。人类已涉足月球，但对海面以下3万5千英尺地球最深邃的地方却从未涉足过。
•The desire to move about unknown in the well-clad world, the world of the frequenters of costly
hotels, the world to which he was accustomed, had overtaken him. Moreover, he felt hungry. Hence he had descended to the famous restaurant.
这是个衣冠华丽的世界，是豪华饭店常客们的世界，也是他所熟悉的世界。他极想在这个世界里默默无闻地来往，再说他也饿了，于是便下楼来到这家着名的餐厅。
例如：In the father’s hands was the potato stalk and from its straggling thin roots there hung a cluster of tiny new potatoes, smaller than small marbles. Already their seeds had borne fruit and multiplied. They all stood around and wondered. Then suddenly the eldest son, a stripling, spat on his hands and said wistfully:
“Ah! If Mary were here now wouldn’t she be glad to see the new potatoes. I remember, on this very spot, she spread seaweed last winter.” (The Letter ， Liam O’Flaherty)
父亲的手里握着土豆秧，只见稀稀拉拉的根上悬着一串新生的小土豆，看起来还没有小石块那么大。土豆已经长出了果实，繁衍生息。大家围在父亲周围，一副若有所思的神情。突然，已经长大成人的大儿子往手上吐了口唾沫，略带惋惜地说：“嗐！要是玛丽在，看到新长出的土豆不知会多开心啊。记得去年冬天，就在这块地里，还是她施的海藻呢！”
The mother bowed her head and murmured sadly: “God is good. Maybe today we’ll get a letter.”
The father stooped again, struck the earth fiercely with his shovel, and whispered harshly: “Get with the work.” (The Letter ， Liam O’Flaherty)
母亲低头伤心地嘟囔着：“上帝保佑，但愿我们今天能收到来信。” 父亲又弯下腰，狠狠地把铲子插到土里，严厉地低声说：“快干活！ •篇章翻译热身练习
1. Peering into the 21st century, new scientific breakthroughs will allow genetic engineering to transform everything from machine and agriculture to computer technology and industry.
A few near-term prospects. In agriculture, possibilities include larger tress, increased grain yields and even square tomatoes, easily packaged with less water content. It is possible to breed cows the size of elephants that could produce 40 percent more milk.
Scientists talk of using protein to replace the silicon in computer chips to allow billions of times more information to be contained in the same space.
[提示] 原文无复杂结构，但要译得通顺易懂却并非易事。因此，有必要打破其外形结构，进行必要的重组并适当增加一些词汇。possibilities include…英文只有一个动词，译成汉语时要大量使用动词，不宜译为“可能性包括……”。
2. The increase in international business and in foreign investment has created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication. Americans, however, have not been well trained in either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the same level of success in negotiation in an international arena as have their foreign counterparts.
Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching an agreement. It involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is reached within the culture of the negotiation.
[提示] The increase in…has created a need… 翻译时最好冲破其结构外形，译成通顺的汉语。这句可译为：“随着国际贸易和海外投资的增加，需要培训出一批既懂外语又有跨文化交流技巧的管理人才。”试比较直译的译文：“国际贸易和海外投资的增加产生了对具有外语知识和跨文化交流的经理的需求。” counterpart 是使用频率较高的一个词，翻译时应根据上下文灵活处理，这里可译为“他们的谈判对手”。在翻译 participate in either one 时应参照上下文译得实一点，把上文中的内容重复出来：如“进行说服和妥协”。
3. But we also know that this greater openness and faster change mean that problems which start beyond one nation’s borders can quickly move inside them – the spread of weapons of mass destruction, the threats of organized crime and drug trafficking, of environmental degradation, and severe economic dislocation. No nation can isolate itself from these problems, and no nation can solve them alone. We, especially the younger generations of China and the United States, must make common cause of our common challenges, so that we can, together, shape a new century of brilliant possibilities.
Other ancient cultures failed because they failed to change. China has constantly proven the capacity to change and grow. Now, you must re-imagine China again for a new century, and your generation must be at the heart of China’s regeneration.
The new century is upon us. All our sights are turned toward the future. Now your country has known more millennia than the United States has known centuries. Today, however, China is as young as any nation on Earth. This new century can be the dawn of a new China, proud of your ancient greatness, proud of what you are doing, prouder still of the tomorrows to come. It can be a time when the world again looks to China for the vigor of its culture, the freshness of its thinking, the elevation of human dignity that is apparent in its works. It can be a time when the oldest of nations helps to make a new world.
[提示] greater openness and faster change 可译为“更大程度的开放以及更迅速的改革”。make common cause of our common challenges可译为“联合起来，迎接共同的挑战。” brilliant
possibilities 可译为“发展机会”。 change 可译为“变革”。Now your country has known more millennia than the United States has known centuries可译为“中国的历史比美国的历史悠久得多”。
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