Unit 11Site Inspection (2)
U11 / Section A Some Tips for Site Inspection(P67-69)
The previous unitreferred to the general tips for hosting site inspections（工地检查）, while this unit aims to introduce thegeneral ideasof how to prepare inspectors for carrying out site inspections more efficiently, especially helpful for those young inspectors who are not so experienced.
上一单元提到了主持接待工地检查的一些通用技巧，而本单元旨在介绍检查员应该如何准备，以便更有效地执行工地检查工作的一些总体(工作)思路，这对于那些经验不足的年轻检查员来说尤其有帮助。
Be goal-oriented 目标明确
Most engineering projects involve many construction procedures and different sites, so, in order toimplement supervision and maintain the project quality, there are many objects to be inspected on the site, such as the temporary facilities, formworks, reinforcement works, concrete works, steel structure works, piping and electrical works, roofing and water proofing, finishing works, safety management,and so on. Sort outthe objects and steps of inspection so that the contractor can provide direct assistance and enough information.
大多数工程项目涉及很多施工程序和不同的施工工地，因此，为了实施工程监督, 保证工程质量，工地上有很多项目需要检查，例如临时设施﹑（浇筑）模板﹑加固工程﹑混凝土工程﹑钢结构工程﹑管道和电气工程﹑屋顶和防水处理工程﹑终饰工程﹑安全管理工作等等。检查员要分类整理好被检查的对象，明确检查的各个步骤，以便承包商能够提供直接的帮助和足够的信息。
Schedule good timing（计划）安排好检查的时机
Time the site inspection flexibly, taking the differences—inspecting goals, objects, and weather—into consideration.灵活安排工地检查时机，把不同的检查目标﹑检查对象以及天气的差异情况列入考虑范围。
If the inspection needs the preparation and the assistance of the contractor, call the reception deskahead of schedule, giving the latter enough time to get ready. If the inspection aims to check the instant construction state, a sudden inspection is worth considering, without informing the contractor before that.
如果检查需要承包商的准备和协助，请提前通知接待处（前台），给他们足够的时间准备。如果检查的目的是要检查即时施工状态，那么不提前通知承包商，值得考虑进行一次突击检查（或“进行一次突击检查是值得考虑的”）。
It’s better to carry out the inspectionin fair weather because the extreme weather may bring aboutdowntime（停工期）of the construction, especially for those outdoor working.
最好在好天气时进行检查，因为极端天气可能会导致施工的停工，尤其是那些户外施工作业。
Be armed with testing devices配备测试装置
It may sound like a no-brainer, but being equipped with necessary testing deviceswill save you fromthe troubles asking for help when needed. What to takedepends on the different inspecting objects. But atape measure（卷尺）is a must no matter what and where to inspect. It is easy to take but canwork wondersin checking steel bars, carpenter working and other simple works. When a more accurate testing is going on, the total station, theodolite, or gradientershould be adopted. Undoubtedly, the contractor will be willing to provide those comparatively more sophisticated deviceson the site when asked to.
这听起来似乎很简单，但是装备这些必要的测试设备，可以在你需要寻求帮助时避免不必要的麻烦。要配备哪些装置取决于不同的检查对象。但是无论在哪里检查以及检查什么，卷尺都是必须的。虽然它很容易携带，但它可以在检查钢筋，木匠工作和其他简单工作中会产生奇效。当要进行更精确的测试时，应采用全站仪、经纬仪或水平仪。毫无疑问，当被要求时，承包商愿意在现场提供那些相对比较精密的设备。
Observe safety regulations on worksite遵守工地安全规章制度
The safety regulationson the engineering worksite should be strictly observedby all the engineers and workers, let alone the inspectors.
所有工程师和工人都应严格遵守工程施工现场的安全规程（规章制度）要求，更不用说检察员们了。
Before getting close tothe worksite, learn about thespecific safety regulationsof the target inspecting zone.
在接近工地之前，要了解目标检查区域的具体安全规则。
Ask the H.S.E. departmentto provide the safety helmets, reflective gear, protective shoesand so on. Andthe specialinsulating protective gear including gloves, boots and overshoesare needed when inspecting the electrical works.
要求健康安全环保部门（HS.E部门）提供安全头盔、反光装置、防护鞋等等。另外，在检查电气工程时，要求提供特殊的绝缘保护装置，包括手套、靴子和绝缘套鞋等。
Keep a distance fromthe working truck cranes, wheel cranes, tower cranes, gantry cranes, etc., to avoid unexpected injuryfrom falling objects.
要注意与正在工作中的卡车起重机、轮式起重机、塔式起重机、龙门起重机等等保持一定距离，以避免因坠落物体而造成意外伤害。
Ask theprofessional techniciansto operate the mechanical or electrical equipment.
要求专业的技术人员来操作机械或电气设备。
Be cautious aboutthe ground on the site, preventing fromfalling down when it is too slipperyandfrom being hurt by thewood, nails, steel barsand so on.所伤
要当心工地的地面，防止因地面太滑而摔倒，也要避免被木头、钉子、钢筋等所伤。
Ask direct questions and be objective直接提问，保持客观
Once the lead personfrom the contractor is identified,keep the overall contact withhim during the inspection. It is not necessary tobeat round the bushbut to cut to the chase.
一旦承包商确定了项目负责人，在检查期间，应与他保持全面联系。没必要说话时拐弯抹角兜圈子，而是要开门见山直入正题。
Be straightforward to thelead person when asking for design drawings, construction records, testing reports,and other documents not involving confidential information.
需要看设计图纸、施工记录、测试报告和其它未涉及机密信息的文件时，应直接坦率地告诉项目负责人。
Ask the engineers or workersdirectly about the construction progress, procedures, technical requirements, material standard,etc., to get informationin a more efficient way.
直接询问工程师或工人们关于施工进度，施工程序，技术要求和材料标准等等问题，从而更高效地获得信息。
Point outthe problems, if existing, and set thedeadline and demands of rectification.It may be a littlecallous butit will turn out to bethe most helpful wayfor both sides.
如果项目存在问题的话，指出存在的问题，并确定整改的期限和要求。这看上去显得有点不近人情，但它将会是对双方最有帮助的方式。
Keep records保存记录
In order to record the inspection findingson the site, the inspector can note down the detailsin various forms. It is a good idea to prepare a sheetcovering all those objects to be inspected before going to the site. In addition, on thisinspection sheet, many issues can also be included, such as the evaluation criteria, evaluation grades, problems existing, factors contributing to the problems, rectification instructions,and rectification deadlines,etc. A carefully-designed and comprehensive inspection sheetcan be helpful for the inspector to carry out the work on the site and report the inspection when finished.
为了记录在现场的检查发现，检查员可以用多种方式记录细节。在去现场之前，准备一个涵盖所有被检查对象的表格是一个好主意。另外，在这个检查表中，也包含了许多问题，例如评估标准﹑评估等级﹑存在的问题﹑造成问题的因素﹑整改指示﹑和整改期限等等。一个精心设计﹑全面综合的检查表，对于检查员在现场展开工作和检查结束后报告检查情况，是有帮助的。
Taking photos is another way to keep the inspection records. But make sureit is allowedbecause every company has its ownconfidential policies.So it is polite to ask the permission before taking photos and not to use the photos forunrelated purposes.
拍照是保存检查记录的另一种方法。但是要确保这个是经过允许的，因为每个公司都有自己的保密政策。所以，拍照之前征得许可，以及不为某些不相关的目的去使用这些照片，是很有礼貌的做法。
Always follow up随时跟进
Conducting periodic site inspections is an excellent way to ensure both sides’commitment. Quality should always be themain concernin site inspection. How can the inspector ensure the contractor has done the rectification properly? Certainlyfollow-up inspectionsare quite necessary.
定期进行现场检查是确保双方承诺的一个极佳办法。质量问题应该始终是现场检查的关注焦点。检查员如何确保承包商妥善地完成了整改工作？显然，进行后续跟踪检查是非常必要的。
Number of inspectionsalso depends on thecontractor’s reputation, which is also one of the objects to be inspected. The better the reputation, the less inspections are needed.The contractor’s reputation can be found in their completed projects and the ones in progress. And thecapital funds, management, personnel, temporary facilities, construction procedures and crafts, safety regulations and so oncan alsoshed a light onthe contractor’s reputation and strength.
检查的次数也取决于承包商的声誉，这也是要检查的目标之一。信誉越好，需要检查的次数就越少。人们可以从承包商已竣工项目和在建项目中看出他们的声誉。而且资本资金、管理、施工人员、临时设施、施工程序和工艺、安全规章制度等等也能够体现（或显示）出承包商的声誉和实力。
No doubt, the above tips are far from comprehensive for each specific inspection, which may vary greatlyunder different circumstances. But they can be general guidelines for the young inspectors.
毫无疑问，以上建议对于每种具体的检查工作来说远远不够全面，它可能会随不同的情况变化很大。但对于年轻的检查员们来说，上述建议可以作为通用指南使用。
U11 Section C Organization of Safety Work（P74）
Generally, at the very beginning of a project, a suitably qualified and experienced personwill be appointed as safety officer, who will be given sufficient time,authority and responsibility to ensure the safety program. His dutiesmainly include several aspects： to inspect the worksite safety regularly, to ensure safety methodsare beingadopted, and all the safety and health requirements are being observed,to make detailed investigations if any safety accident occurs, and to takecountermeasuresto prevent the recurrence of similar accidents. The safety office is also authorized by the project manager the right to issue safety instructions for warning, giving penalties, up to firing any person who breaks the safety regulations. In addition, the safety officer also has the duty to take charge of the safety and health training program.
通常，在一个项目刚开始的时候，一个具备资格和经验的人会被任命为安全员，他将被给予充分的时间、权利和责任去确保项目安全计划。他的职责主要包括以下几个方面: 定期检查工地安全；确保安全措施得到采纳；所有安全及健康要求得以遵守；如有任何安全事故发生，都要进行详细的调查，并制定对策以避免类似事故的重演。安全员也会得到项目经理的授权，有权发布安全操作指令作为警告、给予惩罚、甚至有权开除任何违反安全条例的人。除此之外，安全员也有职责负责安全和健康培训计划。
The safety and health programis usually divided into two parts： one is for training workers and the other for training foremen and supervisors. The contents include but, are not limited to, the following items：worksitesafety policy, employee responsibility, company’s safety regulations, construction accidents and reporting, electrical safety, personal safety equipment, scaffolding, trenching and excavation, crane safety, respiratory protection, fire protection and prevention, toxic substances, first aidand emergency aid procedure, and so on.
安全和健康培训项目通常分成两个部分：一方面是培训工人，另一方面是培训工头与监管员。内容包含但不仅限于以下项目: 工地安全政策、员工的职责、公司的安全制度条例、施工事故及报告、用电安全、个人安全设备、脚手架、开沟和挖掘、起重机安全、呼吸保护、消防和火灾预防、有毒物质、急救和紧急救援程序等等。
Unit 12 Negotiation(1)
U12 / Section ASome Issues in Negotiation(P75)
In an international construction project after bidding, a certain contractor is successful. And the owner is often unable to accept all contents in the tender of the contractor. This requires negotiations by which the two sides ultimately reach an agreement.In contracting, negotiation plays a vital role.
一个国际建设项目，经过招标，某一承包商竞标成功。但业主通常不会接受承包商标书中的所有内容。这就需要双方进行谈判，通过谈判最终达成协议。在缔约过程中，谈判起着至关重要的作用。
There aresome key issuesin the negotiation. They are：
在谈判中，有一些关键问题需要注意，它们分别是:
The issue of working range 工作范围问题
It refers tothe scope of work undertaken by the contractor, including construction, materials, equipment supply, the provision of construction personnel, the amount of work to determine, quality requirements and other responsibilities and obligations.The scope of work is the prerequisite for the establishment of the contract and also the basis of negotiations. Therefore, it can be said thatthe scope of work is a very important issue in contract negotiations. In the provisionsof the scope of workthe following three cases should be paid attention to：
它指的是承包商承担的工作范围，这包括建筑施工、材料、设备供应、关于施工人员的条款、要确定的工作量、质量要求和其他的责任与义务。工作范围是合同成立（订立合同）的先决条件，也是谈判的基础。因此，可以说，工作范围是合同谈判中一个非常重要的问题，在工作范围的规定中，应注意以下三种情况:
(A)The scope of work and content is not clearor the contractor does not correctly understand, which results from leakage and will directly affect the cost of the project.
工作范围和内容表述不清楚，或者承包商没有正确理解，造成了内容的泄露，都将会直接影响工程的造价。
(B)The text in the provisions of the scope of the workis not clear.
关于工作范围的条款文本表述不清楚。
(C) Inaccuracy cases in Chinese translation of tenders in foreign languages. The quotationbased on such incorrect translationwill affect the contract price.
外文标书翻译成中文时，存在的不准确情况。基于这样错误翻译的报价将会影响合同价格。
All of these cases in the negotiations must be very clear. The key equipment translation must be professional. It needs technical personnel and interpretersto review and strive toavoid big mistakes.
所有这些出现的情况在谈判中都必须非常清楚。关键设备的翻译必须是专业的。需要技术人员和口译员去认真审查，尽力避免大的错误。
The issue of contract price合同价格的问题
Contract price is the most important content of the contract, which is the key to the discussion, includingunit price, total price, salary, overtime and other costs, as well as payment methods and payment conditions.Contract prices are affected bythe scope of work, contract duration and other obligations.
合同价格是合同当中最重要的内容，它是谈判的关键。包括单价、总价、薪水、加班费和其他费用，以及付款方式和付款条件。合同价格受工作范围、合同工期和其他义务的影响。
(A)The owner asked the contractor to use afixed priceto bid, or allowed some price flexibility clauses.For example, in the event ofa devaluation of the currency, could the contract price be increased? If not allowed, then the contractor should make judgments on the price by considering full factors such as the country’s political situation, economic conditions and so on.
业主要求承包商使用固定价格来投标，或允许某些弹性价格条款。例如，在货币贬值的情况下，合同价格是否可以增加？如果不允许，则承包商应充分考虑如该国的政治情况、经济条件等诸多因素，对价格产生的影响作出判断。
(B) In thecontract period,the owner can or cannot guarantee a certain or several commodities pricesstable.For example, the owner asked the contractor to use afixed priceto bid, but can guaranteethe prices of a small number of other commodities such as cementstable. If these commodity prices were raised, the contract price could be increased.
在合同有效期内，业主不一定能保证某种或几种商品价格的稳定。例如，业主要求承包商使用固定价格进行投标，但可以保证其他少数商品，如水泥的价格稳定。如果这些商品价格上涨，合同价格可能会提高。
The issue of contract project time合同项目时间的问题
The contract duration indicates that the contractor’s work must be completed within a specified period of time. It is the default basisfordefaulting fine, but also an important factor affecting the contract price. The contract duration requirements should be stated as follows：
合同工期表明，承包商的工作必须在规定的时间内完成。这是违约罚款的默认基础，也是影响合同价格的一个重要因素。合同期限的要求如下:
(A)If the start conditionscannot be guaranteed, the duration should be extended.To ensure the completion of schedule, first of all, it is necessary to protect the start on time. The factors which may affect the start should be written into the terms of the contract,such as to provide construction drawingson time, to deliver construction sites timely.
如果不能保证（项目）开始条件，则应延长工期。为确保按计划完工，首先有必要保护按时开工。应把可能影响施工开始的因素都写进合同条款中，例如：应按时提供施工图纸，及时交付施工地点。
If the owner cannot check timely before acceptance, the duration should be extended. Some owners, subjectivelyin order to delay payment orobjectivelydue to increasing the amount of engineering or modifying the design content and other factors, do not check the project before acceptance,which has been completed by the contractor.（一些业主，由于有想推迟付款的主观原因，或由于增加了工程量或修改了设计内容或其它因素等客观原因，验收前不检验承包商已完工的项目）.It will force the contractor to interrupt the construction. Therefore, the work which needs the owner to confirm the approvalshould be determineda double limited time limit.If the confirmation time of the ownerexceeds thetime limit, the contractor has the right to require the owner to extend the contract duration.
如果业主在验收前不能及时检查，应当延长工期。一些业主，主观上为了推迟付款，或者，客观上由于增加了工程量或修改了设计内容或其它因素，验收前不检验承包商已完工的项目。这将迫使承包商中断施工建设。因此，所有需要业主确认同意的工作应该规定双限定期限（即甲方验收的确认时间和乙方施工工期）。如果业主的确认时间超过了规定期限（时间限制），承包商有权要求业主延长合同期限。
Here it is necessary to mention the difference between the contract durationand thecontract period.The contract duration is the time stipulated by the contractor to complete its work. And the contract period isthe valid period of a contract.In the contract of construction, the contract period is generally longer than the contract duration. That is, the contract durationmay not have begun and the contract period is not terminatedat the end of the contract duration, such as maintenance period existing.
在这里，有必要提及合同工期和合同有效期的区别。合同工期是指承包商完成工作所规定的时间；合同有效期是合同的有效期限。在施工合同中，合同有效期一般比工期要长。也就是说，工期可能还没开始，（合同已经生效）；而工期已结束，但合同有效期还没结束，比如还有保修期存在。
The issue of inspection and acceptance验收事项
The owners formally accept the contents of the work completed by the contractorin accordance withthe contract and the new requirements.This work will directly affect thecontract duration and construction costs. Pay attention to the acceptance range, acceptance time, acceptance quality standardsand other issues. Inspection and acceptance can be divided into three forms. The first is inspection and acceptance of the construction of a single work (or a process), such as the concealed project acceptance. The second is the inspection and acceptance of completion of the entire project, including issuing the acceptance certificate of completion.The third is inspection and acceptance for the construction of materials and equipment.
业主根据合同和新要求，正式验收承包商完成的工作内容，这项工作将直接影响合同工期和施工成本。这个工作会直接影响工期和工程相关费用。要注意验收范围﹑验收时间，验收质量标准和其他问题。验收可以被分成三种形式。第一种就是单一工作(或者某一过程)施工的验收，例如隐蔽工程的验收。第二种是对整个项目的竣工验收，包括签发竣工验收证书。第三种是对建材和设备的验收。
U12 / SECTION CHow to Negotiate for International Project Contract(P82-83)
In the negotiation process of international project contract, the negotiator of the bidder should use different negotiation skillsas the negotiation situation and the negotiation intensity contrast.
在国际工程项目合同的谈判过程中，竞标方的谈判官，在不同的谈判情景与谈判强度对照之下，应该采取不同的谈判技巧。
To find out the intention of the owners. Bidders’negotiation team should have a person responsible for recording. The words of each other all should be recorded. It helps careful analysis of each other’s intentions to determine bidder’s next step in the negotiations.
搞清楚业主的意图。投标方的谈判小组应由一专人负责记录。双方的所有话都应记录下来。这有助于仔细分析对方的意图，利于投标方确定谈判中下一步要采取的策略。
(A)To test each other’s bottom line.Bidders in the negotiations should pay attention to the bottom line, understand what other side’s bottom line isand determine which conditions the other side really wants to adhere toand which condition is a feint.测试对方的底线。在谈判中，投标方应注意底线问题，了解对方的底线是什么，并确定对方真正想要坚守的条件是什么，哪些条件是对方的伪装。
(C) Bidders should fully analyze the situation,make the right judgments, take advantage of the other side’s weaknesses and force the other side tomake compromises. As for one’s own weaknesses, the bidder should try to avoid.
投标方应当全面分析谈判局势，作出正确判断，利用对方的弱点，迫使对方作出妥协。至于自身的弱点，投标方应当尽力避免。
（D）If the negotiations stalled, the bidders may wish to call “pause”and tell each other：they want to find the boss’or expert’s consultation. This allows both parties to have time to reconsider their positionand to give them the opportunity tostudy countermeasuresor to return to the negotiating table with a little concession.
如果谈判陷入僵局，投标方可能希望叫“暂停”，并告知对方：他们想寻求老板或专家的咨询。这样双方就有时间重新考虑自己的立场，有机会研究对策，或在作出稍许让步的情况下，重新回到谈判桌上。
(E)The price should be prepared for concessions. The price is the focus which the owners are concerned about. Because the price of a project is very easy to be seen and concerned, in the negotiations, if necessary, the bidders should make some concessionson the price. But the terms of the contract is not easy to see clearly, which also hidesa huge interestand can find some back.
价格应当准备好做出让步。价格是业主们关注的焦点。因为一个项目的价格总是显而易见又让人关注。在谈判中，如有必要，投标方需要在价格上做些让步。但合同中的条款并不容易看明白，其中也隐藏了巨大利益，可以找回一些利益（或损失）。
(F) Compromise strategy. In order to speed up the settlementof the problems encountered in the negotiations, a compromise is a good way. If the owner put forward a compromise,the bidder could take the initiative,and then bargain. Soas soon as possible the two parties wouldreach an agreement.
妥协策略。为了加快解决谈判中遇到的问题，妥协是一种好办法。如果业主提出了妥协，投标方就可以采取主动，然后进行议价，这样合作双方才有可能尽快达成一致。
Unit 13 Negotiation(2)
U13 / Section ASome Tips forNegotiation(P84-85)
The following are some issues that should be negotiated in international engineering contracts.
以下是在国际工程合同谈判中需要注意的问题：
(1)The issue regarding guarantee关于担保问题
Provisions relating to guarantee in international engineering include the following：
国际工程中关于担保的条款包括以下：
Warranties on time limit for the project项目期限担保
Warranties on time limit for the project mean the OWNER or the CONTRACTOR shall be responsible forany cost incurred for the suspension of projectdue tothe fault on their own part.
项目期限担保意味着，业主或者承包商应该，对任何因他们己方过失造成的项目暂停，从而遭受的任何损失要担负负责。
Payment guarantee支付担保
The payment guaranteeis a written instrument in whichthe bankor the professional guarantee corporationprovides to the CONTRACTORfor the OWNER’s honoring(兑现)the payment engineering sum (progress claim)at the confirmation of the work quantity.
支付担保是由银行或者专业担保公司在确认工作量时，向承包商提供的，由业主兑现工程款项（工程进度款）的一种书面文据。
Performance guarantee履约担保
The performance guaranteeis a written instrumentin which the bankor the professional guarantee corporationprovides to the OWNERfor the CONTRACTOR’s performance(履约)of contract, pledging(承诺)the CONTRACTOR to implement(履行)the obligations of its own in the contract.
履约担保是由银行或专业担保公司，向业主提供的，由承包商履约合同，承诺由承包商履行自己在合同中义务的一种书面文据。
Insurances保险
For example,prior tothe commencementof the construction work, the OWNER shall complete insurance for the construction engineering, the life and property of the peopleengaged in the construction work in the siteand the third personand paythe insurance premiumfor them.
例如，在施工建设开始之前，业主应当为施工工程、施工现场的工程人员的生命财产和第三人上保险，并为其支付保险费。
Various types of guaranteein the bidding documentsare generally accompanied bya fixed form.
投标文件里，各种类型的担保（文据），通常都附有固定表格。
(2)The issue of responsibility of contract breach合同违约的责任问题
If any of the parties to the contract is unable to performorfails to perform the contractdue to its fault, it shall compensate the other party forthe loss arising from its breach of the contract in accordance withthe contract and pay a certain amount of liquidated damages.In the negotiation, the parties must clearly specify((详细说明；具体指明)somespecific(明确的；特定的；具体的)responsibilities.
合同当事人，因其过错，不能履约或者无法履行合同的，应当按照合同约定，赔偿对方因违约所引起的损失，并支付一定金额的违约赔偿金。谈判中，各方必须明确规定一些具体责任。
Liability(责任；债务；负债)for breach of contract （违约）should be considered from thefollowing three aspects：
违约责任应从当以下三个方面考虑：
To clear the nonperformance of the contract明确合同不履约情况
For example, we (as the CONTRACTOR), fails to complete project within the construction period or we (as the OWNER) fails to pay the engineering sum, when determining our liability(责任)for breach of contract,we shouldspecify(规定；详细说明)certain actsof the other party which are a prerequisitefor the performance of our party at the same time.If the other party fails to implement these obligations set in the contract, we shall not constitute the breach of contract,like “the construction work cannot be carried out because of the OWNER not paying the engineering sumas set in this contract.”
例如，我方（作为承包商）在施工期内未能完成工程，或者我方（作为业主）未能支付工程款项，在确定违约责任时，我们应该详细说明(或规定)，对方的某些行为是我方同时履行合同的先决条件。如果另一方不履行合同中规定的义务，我方则不构成违约，例如“因业主未能支付本合同中所规定的工程款项，从而施工工作无法进行，(不属于违约的情况)”。
To clear the key right明确主要权利
As forour key right, it is necessary tostipulate(规定)the liability for breach of contract of the other party in order to guarantee its performance of the obligations.For example, we (as the CONTRACTOR) should specify(详细说明；具体指明)the obligations andliabilities(责任；债务；负债)for breach of contractas tothe OWNER’s honoring the payment engineering sum.
对于我方的主要权利，有必要规定对方的违约责任，以保证履行义务。 例如，我方（作为承包商）应该规定(或详细说明)有关业主兑现工程款项的义务和违约责任。
To clear the dispute resolution明确争议解决的办法
Ifthe disputeabout the liability for breach of contract and the losscaused by the breach of contractcannot besettled through consultation(协商), it will be better to be settled by consulting engineers than through litigation(诉讼，起诉)which usually does harm to the cooperation between parties.
如果发生了违约责任造成了争议，和违约造成的损失(纠纷)，不能通过协商解决，最好咨询工程师来解决，而不是通过会对双方合作造成损害的诉讼方式来解决。
(3)The issue of the source of constructors施工人员的来源问题
It is an important issue to be discussedin international engineering contract negotiations.It directly affects the cost and construction efficiency.
这是一个在国际工程合同谈判中讨论的重要议题。它直接影响到工程造价和施工效率。
Lots of things should betaken into account： the total number of construction personnel required for the project, the number of foreign workers allowed to recruit, the requirements of the governmentfor the use of local workers, the possibility of hiring enough skilled workersfrom the local, the provisions of the local government on the wages and welfare of local workers, restrictions on foreign workersapplying for entry visas, residence permits and work permits, and whether these restrictions possibly resulting in foreign workers failing to enter the construction site on schedule and so on.
有许多问题需要考虑：项目要求的施工人员总人数；允许招募的外籍工人数目、政府对本地用工的要求、从地方雇佣足够技术工人的可能性、当地政府规定的本地工人工资与福利标准(或法规条款)、对外籍工人申请入境签证、居住许可和工作许可的限制条件，还有是否这些限制条件，可能会造成外籍工人不能按时进入施工现场等等问题。
(4) The issue of building materials and mechanical equipment建材和机械设施问题
Building materials and mechanical equipmentare also an important issue in negotiations.Some points should be confirmed in the discussion： whether the materials and mechanical equipmentused in the projectcan beimported duty-free or partly duty-free throughconsultationandtaxes and tax rates(应收税和税率)on taxable goods; whether goods exempt from customs duties can be re-exported orsold locally; whether the local government requires the contractor to use some local material and so on.
建材和机械设备也是谈判中的一个重要议题。 在讨论中应该确认一些要点：项目使用的材料和机械设备是否可以通过协商、应税货物的应收税和税率，获得进口免关税或部分免关税； 免关税的货物是否可以再出口或在当地出售;当地政府是否要求承包商使用本地材料等。
U13 / Section CHow to Refuse in Negotiations(P90)
In the process of contract negotiation, it is inevitable to reject the other side’s requirements.It takes courage and wisdom to refuseand this requires negotiatorsnot to agree with the requirements of the other side easilyand at the right time to fight for his own favorable conditionsin a way neitherservile(卑躬的；谄媚的)noroverbearing(专横的；傲慢的；盛气凌人的).A clever negotiator willbereasonablewhen he refuses and achieves his goals without provoking the other side. The techniques of rejectionshould be weighed and chosen by effect.
在合同谈判过程中，拒绝对方的要求是不可避免的。拒绝需要勇气和智慧，这要求谈判者不能轻易同意对方的要求，在适当的时候要以不卑不亢的方式来争取对自己有利的条件。一个聪明的谈判者会合情合理地拒绝对方，并且在不激怒对方的情况下达成他的目的。拒绝的技巧应该根据谈判效果来权衡和选择。
Humor is always one of the most effective skills used to reject the other side. When the other sideresolutely refusedto cut prices or reducing conditions, use words with humor and easeor tell a wonderful storyto make the other side understand therejectionby reading between the linesso as to avoid theembarrassment of the other side, and to transferthe unhappiness of being rejected.For example, “If you insist on this price, please prepare for our winter clothes and food. You never want our staff to work for you in hunger and cold.”
幽默一直是用来拒绝对方的最有效技巧之一。当另一方坚决拒绝降价或减少条件时，你可以用轻松幽默的语言，或者讲一个精彩的故事方式，让对方从话里句间明白你拒绝的意思。这样可以避免对方的尴尬(或化解尴尬)，也转移被拒绝后的不快。举个例子，“如果你方坚持这个价格，请准备好我们的冬装和食物。你永远不希望我们的员工在饥寒交迫中为你工作。”
Settingan impossibleprerequisite(先决条件；前提，必备条件)for the other side to rejecthis unreasonable requesteuphemisticallyis also a usual means to reject, such as： “Unless we use inferior raw materials to reduce production costs by 50 percent, could we meet your price.” Because it is impossible for the other side to accept the prerequisite, it is comparatively(比较地；相当地)easy for him to understand therejection.
设定一个不可能的先决条件，委婉地拒绝对方不合理的请求，也是一种常用的拒绝手段。比如：“除非我方使用劣质原材料来减少50%的生产成本，否则我方不可能满足你方的价格”。因为对方不可能接受这一先决条件，所以他们会很容易明白遭到拒绝了。
When the negotiations weredeadlocked,both sides insisted on not giving in, wise negotiators alwaysavoid the focus of recent problem or giveappropriate, preferential conditions or compensation within capacity. To achieve the purpose of refusal, negotiators usually attempt todelay or avoid talkingabout the recent problems since long term goals are not specific, and the change of related factors is difficult to predict.In fact, not making commitment to the recent problems is an important skill to achieve the purpose of refusalin the negotiations.
当谈判陷入僵局时，双方都坚持不让步，明智的谈判者总是避开最近问题的焦点，或者在能力范围之内给予对方适当的、优惠条件或补偿。为了达到拒绝的目的，谈判者通常会尝试拖延或者是避免谈论最近的问题，因为长期目标并不明确，且相关因素的变化很难预测。事实上，不对最近问题作出承诺，是在谈判中达到拒绝目的的一项重要技巧。
Sometimes there is no way but to give a flat refusal, but negotiators should hedge against(避免损失的措施)the possible bad consequencesand prepare well in advance. For example, the OWNER makes use of his advantageous positionto make unreasonable demandsor hold down the bid price.
有时，如果真的没有办法，只能断然拒绝对。但是谈判者应该未雨绸缪以防范可能的不良后果。并提前做好准备。例如，业主利用自己的优势地位，提出不合理的要求或者压低投标价格。
Unit 14 Technical Discussion(1)
Section ACommon Causes of Construction Disputes施工争议(纠纷)的共因(P91-93)
Constructionis a unique processwhich can give rise tosomeunusual and unique disputes. However, research in Australia, Canada, Kuwait, the United Kingdom and the United Statessuggests that a number ofcommon themesoccur quite frequently.
工程建设是一个独特过程，可能引发一些不寻常和独特的纠纷。然而，澳大利亚、加拿大、科威特、英国和美国等国的研究表明，若干共同主题相当频繁地发生。
Acceleration加快(工程速度)
It is not uncommonfor commercial property ownersto insist uponacceleration of a construction project. The construction costsassociated with accelerationare likely to be less thanthe commercial riskthe developer may face if key dates are missed.
对开发商(商业地产业主)来说，坚持(施工方)加快工程进度是司空见惯的(或很常见的)事。因加快工程进度而产生的施工成本，可能少于一旦工期延误(指开发商错过关键日期），开发商可能面临的商业风险（指导致的商业赔偿）。
The circumstances surrounding accelerationare oftennot properly analysedat the time the decision is made, and that inevitably leads to disputes once the contractor has carried out accelerative measuresand incurred additional costsonly to find that the developer refuses to pay.
承包商在作出决定时，往往没有正确分析 围绕加快工程进度的情况。一旦实施了工程加速措施，并产生了额外成本，到头来却发现开发商拒绝支付这笔费用，于是就不可避免地导致了纠纷(或争议)发生。
Co-ordination协调工作(不到位)
In complex projectsinvolving many specialist trades, particularly mechanical and electrical installations,co-ordinationis key, yet conflict often arisesbecause work is notproperly co-ordinated.This inevitably leads to conflictduring installationwhich is often costly and time-consuming to resolve,with each party blamingthe other for the problems that have arisen.
在涉及多个专业行业的复杂工程项目中，尤其是机电安装，协调工作是关键。然而由于工作没有妥善处理好，冲突时有发生。这必然导致在安装过程中发生冲突，一方责备另一方引起的问题，解决这种冲突往往既消耗金钱又耗费时间。
Ineffective management controlmay result in a reactive defense(被动防御；反应性防御)toproblems that arise, rather thana proactive approach(做事具有前瞻性；积极主动的方式)toresolving the problemsonce they become apparent.
无效的管理控制(管控)可能会导致产生的问题被动防御，而不是在问题一旦变得明显时，就采取积极主动的方式去解决(问题)。
Culture文化(冲突)
The personnel required tovisualize, initiate, plan,design, supply materials and plant, construct, administer, manage, supervise, commission and correct defectsthroughout the spanof a large construction contractissubstantial(大量的). Such personnel may come fromdifferent social classes or ethnic backgrounds. In the United Kingdom, skill shortageshave led to an influx of personnelfrom central and eastern Europe, a trend likely to continuewith the growth of pre-accession states(欧盟准成员国)seeking access to the labour marketin the European Union.
一项大型建筑合同实施的整个过程中，会涉及到大量的人员: 如绘图员﹑项目启动者﹑规划师﹑设计师，原材料和厂房提供者﹑施工人员﹑管理人员(行政人员)﹑项目经理﹑监督者﹑委员（专员）和纠错人员等等。这些人员可能来自不同的社会阶级或种族背景。在英国，技术短缺导致了来自中欧和东欧人员的涌入，随着寻求进入欧盟劳动工市场的欧盟准成员国的发展，这种趋势将可能持续下去。
Major international construction projects may employ or engagepeople fromdifferent nationalities and cultures. Forming a teamwork approachacross cultures can be very difficult where each culture has its own values.
重大国际建设项目，会雇佣或让不同国籍和文化背景的人参与进来。组建跨文化的团队合作方式可能会非常困难，因为每种文化都有其自己的价值，
Differing goals目标不一致
Personnelengaged on a large construction contractare likely to be employed by one of many subcontracted firms, including thoseengaged as suppliers and manufacturers.Each of these firms may have their own commitments and goals,which may notbe compatible witheach other and could result in disputes.
从事大型建筑合同的人员，可能被许多分包公司雇佣，其中包括那些从事供应商和制造商的公司。每家公司都有其承诺和目标，它们可能互不兼容，可能导致纠纷发生。
Design设计问题
Errors in designcan lead to delays and additional costs that become the subject of disputes. Often no planning or sequencing(排序；定序)is given to the release(发布)of design information, which then impacts on construction. Equally, the design teamsometimesabrogate(废除；推脱)their responsibilities for the design, leaving the contractor to be drawn intosolving any design deficiencies(设计缺陷)by carrying out that part of the work itselfto try to avoid delays, and, in doing so(在做此事过程中；在这情况下),innocentlyassuming the risk(承担…的风险)for any subsequent(随后的，后来的)design failures.
设计错误，会导致出现成为争议主题的工期延误和额外成本问题。设计者往往不经周密的规划和排序就给出了设计方案，这会对工程建设产生影响。同样，设计团队有时候会推脱其设计责任，让承包商卷入其中，进行那部分设计工作来解决任何设计缺陷，以避免工期延误。在做此事过程中，承包商无辜地承担了任何后续设计失败的风险。
Project complexity工程复杂性
In complex construction projectsthe need to carry out a proper risk assessmentbefore a contractis entered into is paramount(最重要的；至高无上的)： yet this is often not done.
在复杂的建设项目签订合同之前，最重要的是需要进行一个适当的风险评估：但是，这一工作往往没有做到。
There are numerous examples of projectstaking much longer than planned and contracted forbecause there was insufficient appreciation of the risksassociated with the project’s complexity. Inevitablythe delay and additional coststhe contractor incurs, and the owner’s right to claim damagesfor delay, often develop into bitter disputes.
数不清建设项目的例子证明，由于人们对与项目复杂性相关的风险认识不足，导致承包商耗费了比合同规划和规定的施工时间(工期)长得多的时间。承包商不可避免地遭受了工期延误和额外成本问题，以及业主要求对工期延误造成损失的索赔权，经常发展成激烈的纠纷。
Quality and workmanship施工质量和工艺
In traditional construction contracts, disputes often ariseas to whether or not the completed work is in accordance with the specifications(规范；技术参数).The specification may be vagueon the subject of the dispute in question,and each party to the contract may have a different view onwhether the quality and workmanship are acceptable.
在传统的建筑合同中，关于已完工工程是否按照合同规范进行，经常发生纠纷。在纠纷问题的主体方面，合同规范可能在表述上含糊不清(或不明确)，合同各方对施工质量和工艺是否可接受，可能有不同的看法。
This is even more soin international contracts. Although great care may have been takento prescribe(规定)the quality of the materials and their compliance(遵守；服从；顺从)with European standards,these standards may contradictthe local laws and regulations in the country where the project is being constructed, and any dispute will be governed by the law of that country.
这在国际合同中更是如此。尽管已经花大力气来规定建材的质量以及它们是否符合欧洲标准，但是这些标准可能与项目施工所在国的当地法律法规产生矛盾(相抵触)，且任何产生的争议都将由该国法律来治理。
In designing and building contracts, perhaps the greatest deficiencyis in the contract documentation, particularly the employer’s requirements. This inadequacyinevitably leads toclaimsby the contractor for additional costs,which, if not resolved,can lead in turnto costly disputes.
在设计和建造合同时，可能最大的缺陷就在合同文件里，特别是雇主方的要求。这一不足之处不可避免地导致承包商对额外成本的索赔，如不能妥善解决，反过来会导致昂贵的纠纷。
Variations工程变更
Variations, issuedwhen the work is partially completed or is nearing completion,are aprime cause of construction disputes. The nature and number of variations can transforma relatively straightforward projectinto one of unmanageable complexity(无法应对的复杂性). The new parliament buildingin Edinburgh is such an example. The building was planned to house 329 people, but through variations the building increasedin size and complexity to house 1,200 people. It was perhaps not surprisingthat the total cost of constructionexceeded ￡500 million, almost ten times more than the original budget.
当工程完成了部分或接近完工(尾声)时,提出工程变更是导致施工争议的一个主因。变更的工程性质和数量可能把一个相对简单的项目转变成到一种无法应对的复杂情况。爱丁堡的新议会大厦就是这样的一个实例。这座大厦原本计划容纳329人，但是通过工程变更，使得这座大厦的规模和结构复杂性提升至可以容纳1200人的程度。施工总成本超出5亿英镑，几乎达到了原来预算的十倍也就不足为奇了。
U14 / Section CIntroduction to Method Statements施工说明书介绍(P100-101)
Method statements are widely used in construction as a means of controlling specific health and safety risksthat have been identified(perhaps following the preparation of a risk assessment) such as lifting operations, demolition or dismantling, working at height,installing equipment, the use of plant and so on.
施工说明书(施工方案)被广泛应用于建筑施工，作为一种已被鉴定证明可以控制特定健康和安全风险的手段（或许还跟随着风险评估的准备工作），比如：吊装操作、拆卸或分解工作、高空作业、安装设备、工厂的使用等等。
A method statement helps manage the work and ensuresthat the necessaryprecautions have been communicated to those involved.
施工说明书可以用来帮助管理工作，并确保必要的预防措施已经传达给了相关人员。
The process of preparing a written method statementprovides evidencethat：
准备一份书面施工说明书的过程要提供以下证据:
1.Significant health and safety risks have beenidentified.
重大的健康和安全风险已经被确认(或鉴定证明)；
2.The co-operation of workers has been ensured.
确保工人之间的合作关系；
3.Safe, co-ordinated systems of work have been put in place.
安全协调的工作系统已经落实到位。
4. Workers have been involved in the process.
工人们参与了这个准备过程。
Method statementsare not a requirement of the Construction(Design and Management) Regulations. However, they are identified by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE)asbeing one way of satisfying the requirements of the regulationsand as an effective means of assessing risks, managing risks, collecting workers’views and briefing workers.
施工说明书不是建筑(设计和管理)规定的要求，而是健康与安全执行部门(HSE)鉴定证明，作为一种满足管理条例要求的方法，和一种用于评估风险﹑管理风险﹑征集工人意见以及向工人说明注意事项的有效手段。
The fact that method statements are not a requirement of the CDM Regulationsis evidence of the HSE’s intention that implementation of the requirements of the CDM Regulationsshould not be a paper exercise, where the filling out of a standard template is sufficient, but that it should be an integral and fundamental part of the construction process.
事实上，施工说明书无关建筑设计管理(CDM)条例, 这表明了健康安全管理部门的意图在于, 将建筑设计和管理条例的实施落实到位，而不是仅仅停留在纸质文件上，认为只要按照标准模板填写好规章制度就够了。施工说明书应该是整个建筑施工过程中不可或缺的最基本部分。
The format in which method statements are prepared, reviewed and usedshould be set out at the outset of a project, perhaps within the Project Execution Plan (PEP),ensuring not only that the method statement is produced by a competent person, but that it ispeer-reviewedas part of the Quality Assurance (QA) system prior to its use.
用于准备、审查和使用的施工说明书格式, 应在项目一开始就陈述清楚。或许在项目执行计划(PEP)中，施工说明书不仅要确保由能胜任这项工作的人撰写，而且在被采用使用前，作为质量保证体系不可或缺的一环，要接受来自同行的评审。
Method statements are for the benefit ofthose carrying out the workand so should be clear, should not be overcomplicated and should be illustrated where necessary.
施工说明书是为了那些执行施工任务的人的利益，所以应该表述清楚，不应该过于复杂，必要时应该举例说明。
Method statements should be written by a competent personwho is familiar with the process beingdescribed and may need to be agreed between theclient, principal contractor and contractor.The HSE suggests that those preparing method statements should consider：
施工说明书应由熟悉施工过程，有能力的人来编写，而且可能需要在客户(或委托人)、总承包商和承包商之间达成一致意见。健康安全执行部门(The HSE)建议准备施工说明书时应该考虑以下问题：
1.Is there a safer way of doing this task?
有没有更安全的方法来完成这个任务？
2.Will workers actually implement the controlsas planned?
工人们会实际按计划实施控制吗？
3.Do controls make the job difficult or inconvenient?
控制使工作变得困难或不方便了吗？
4.Are there small changes that will improve the intended method?
有没有会改善预期施工方法的小小改变?
5.How will controls work in adverse conditions?
在不利条件下控制如何起作用？
6. Will workers require additional briefing or instructions?
工人们会需要额外的安全简报或操作指示吗？
Unit 15 Technical Discussion(2)
Unit 15 / Section ASite Meetings(P102-103)
Site meetingsare an important part ofthe successful managementof construction projects. Regular site meetings(现场例会)between the different stakeholders(利益攸关者; 股东)on a projectcan help facilitate(促进；帮助)better communication and complete the project successfully. Project failuresare oftenattributed to(把---归因于)inadequate management(管理不足), with a key factorof lacking proper communication.
现场会议是建筑项目成功管理的重要组成部分。项目中不同利益相关者之间定期召开现场例会有助于促进更好的沟通和顺利完成项目。项目失败通常归因于管理不足，关键是缺乏适当的沟通。
It is customary(常例的，通常的，按惯例的)for regular meetings(定期会议; 例会)to be held between the owner and the contractor, normally on a weekly or monthly basis(按每周或每月),although thesize and complexityof the project may necessitate(需要；使成为必要)a more regular schedule.In the course of(在…过程中)the construction of the project, various matters are discussed and, hopefully, resolved(解决;化解)regardingprogress, quality, environmental protection, site security(现场安全；现场治安)andsafety precautions(安全防范措施),and so on. These meetings are used as a means of reporting progress, enabling discussion of any problems or issues, and allowing the proposal of solutions. They provide a good opportunity for two-way discussions(双向讨论)of any issues that have arisen or that are anticipated(期待，期望).
通常，业主和承包商之间按惯例，每周或每月定期举行例会，尽管项目规模和复杂性可能需要更有规律的时间安排。在项目建设的过程中，各种问题需要进行讨论，以期解决关于施工进度、质量、环境保护、现场安全和安全防范措施等问题。这些会议被作为报告施工进度的一种手段，能够讨论任何问题或事件，并允许提出解决方案的建议。它们对任何已出现问题或期待讨论的问题，提供了一个进行双向讨论的良好机会。
Holding meetings on siteenables the stakeholders to see progress for themselves (rather than relying on a report from another party) and to look at problem areas, discuss quality issues, assess mock-ups(（原尺寸）实体模型)and so on. Different meetings on site assume(承担；采取；假定；设想)their respective responsibilities.
举行现场会议能使项目各方利益攸关者，替己方看看施工进度（而不只是依赖于另一方的报告），看一看有问题区域，讨论工程质量问题，以及评估实体模型等等。不同的现场会议承担各自的责任。
Monthly site meetings每月现场会议
At a monthly meeting, all parties to the contract—contractor, owner, consultants—are to attend to discuss, review, decide on all matters pertaining to(关于；适合；有关)the contract works.
每月一次的会议上，合同的缔约各方—承包商、业主、顾问—都将参与讨论、审查、决定与合同工作有关的所有事宜。
Weekly site technical meetings每周现场技术会议
The weekly site technical meetingsshould be held on a weekly basisand sometimesmore regular if there are crucial issues to be discussed. It should be a purely technical work meeting, where site problems are solved immediately. It should not be formal and minutes(n.会议记录，备忘录)need not be prepared. However, attendance record(出勤记录)should be forwarded(Vt. 转发；转交；转寄)to senior managers, and any issues which cannot be solved should be brought to the attention of senior managers.
每周现场技术会议应每周举行一次，如果有需要讨论的关键问题，有时会更有规律地举行。这应该是一个纯技术性的工作会议，即时解决现场问题(或现场问题立即得到解决)。它不应该是正式会议，也不需要准备会议记录。但会议出勤记录应提交给高级管理人员(高管)，任何不能解决的问题都要提请高级管理人员注意。
Construction progress meetings施工进度会议
Construction progress meetingsare a specific sort ofsite meeting during which the contract administrator receives progress reportsfrom the contractor and consultant team, cost reportsfromthe cost consultant(造价工程师；成本咨询工程师)and other more specific information such as sub-contractor reports,progress photos and so on.On construction management projects, the construction managerholds regular construction progress meetings with trade contractors to discuss on and off-site progress against the program and toco-ordinate(v.协调)the release of information.
施工进度会议是一种特殊(特定)的现场会议。会议期间，合同监管人收取来自承包商和顾问团队的施工进度报告；来自造价工程师的成本报告，以及其他更具体的信息，例如分包商报告，进度照片等等。项目施工管理方面，施工经理与贸易承包商定期举行施工进度会议，讨论项目的现场和非现场施工进度，并协调信息的发布。
Production meetings生产会议
In order to be able to provide the correct information at construction progress meetings, the contractor may previously holda progress meetingwithsub-contractors， sometimes called a production meeting.
为了能够在施工进度会议上提供正确的信息，承包商可以事先与分包商举行进度会议，有时称为生产会议。
Daily logistic meetings日常物流(后勤)会议
On large projectsthe construction manager may hold a daily logistic(adj. 后勤的；物流的) meetingon site with trade contractor foremen(贸易承包商工头)to organize, schedule and co-ordinate on-site shared servicessuch as deliveries and off-loading(n. 卸载), hoists and craneage(吊车工时), scaffolding( n.脚手架; 断头台), safety issues, rubbish clearance(垃圾清理), etc.
在大型项目中，施工经理在现场可以与贸易承包商工头一个日常物流会议，组织、安排和协调现场共享服务，比如交货和卸载、起重机和吊车工时、脚手架、安全问题、垃圾清理等。
Safety briefings安全通报会 (安全生产情况汇报；安全简报)
To ensure that workers properly considerhealth and safety issues on site,safety briefingsare held. They are short talks that deal with the health and safety hazards and risks(健康与安全的危险风险) that workers may face.By delivering(发出；发表;投递；交付)a daily safety briefing(每日安全生产情况汇报),a supervisor(主管；监管员)can ensure workers have a good health and safety cultureand help encourage them to report potential failures or hazards(潜在的故障或危险).
为确保工人们妥善考虑现场健康与安全问题，举行安全通报会。它们都是简短谈话，处理工人们可能面临的健康与安全的危害风险问题。通过发出每日安全简报(安全生产情况汇报)， 工地主管能够保证工人们拥有良好的健康与安全文化，并帮助鼓励他们主动报告各种潜在的故障或危险。
In almost every meeting, two important issues are to be discussed, i.e. project schedules(项目进度；工程计划) and financial schedules(财务计划；财务报表).A detailed review of project schedules(一次详细的项目进度审查)is a must on a weekly basisas any delay will possibly cost additional expenses for all parties. Financial schedules must also be evaluated(v. 评价；估价)by all parties since a proper financial management is crucial to the project implementationand without proper money management and resources, the works will simply not move. International contracts have financial scheduleswritten into the contract so the owneris liable to(adj. 有责任；有义务；易于……) pay on time.
几乎每个会议中，都要讨论两个重要议题：项目进度(或工程计划)和财务计划(或财务报表)。每周进行一次详细的项目进度审查是必须的，因为任何工程进度拖延都可能导致项目工程各方付出额外费用。财务计划也必须由各方来评估，因为正确的财务管理对于项目实施至关重要。没有正确的资金管理和资源，工程将无法完成。国际合同把书面财务计划写入合同中，因此业主有责任按时付款。
U 15 / Section C Construction Progress Meeting施工进度会议(P111-112)
During the construction stagethecontractadministrator (sometimes referred to in different forms of contractas the “architect/contract administrator”, “project manager”, “engineer” or “employer’s agent”) holds regular (often monthly) construction progress meetings attended by the contractor and if necessarymembers of the consultant team.
在施工阶段，合同管理人（有时在不同形式的合同里，称作“建筑师/合同管理员”，“项目经理”，“工程师”或“雇主代理人”），定期举行由承包商参加的施工进度会议（通常为月例会），如有必要，顾问团队成员也要参加。
The client, client representative or project managermay also wish to attend these meetings. Construction progress meetingsmay require decisions to be made and so it is important that they be attended by sufficient senior individualsif delays are to be avoided.
客户﹑客户代表或项目经理也希望参加这些会议。施工进度会议可能需要作出决策，因此，若希望避免工期延误，足够数量的高级雇员出席会议是很重要的。
Construction progress meetingsare an opportunity to：
施工进度会议是一次机会：
1.Receiveprogress reports from the contractor (the contractor may hold a progress meeting, sometimes called a production meeting,with sub-contractors prior to the construction progress meeting).
接收承包商的进度报告（在施工进度会议之前，承包商可能和分包商举行一次进度会议，有时称为生产会议）
2.Receive progress reportsfrom the consultant team.
接收顾问团队的进度报告。
3.Receive cost reportsfrom thecost consultant.
接收造价工程师的成本报告。
4.Receive recordsofsub-contractors and labour on site.
接收分包商和现场劳工的记录
5. Receive progress photos(which may be required from the contractor if included in the preliminaries,or may sometimes be commissioned separately by the client).
接收进度照片（若包含在施工准备阶段，可能需要由承包商提供，或者，有时可能由客户另行委托）。
Theyare also an opportunity to discuss issuesraised, such as：
施工进度会议也有机会讨论会议中提出的问题，例如：
1.Progress vs program and the causes of any delays.
(施工)进度VS计划，以及任何工期延误的原因。
2.Testing regimes.管理制度(体制)
3.Mock-ups.实体模型
4.Quality issues.质量问题
5.Weather reports.天气报告
6.Issues that may impact on costs.可能影响成本的问题。
7.Health and safety issues.健康和安全问题
8.Issues withneighbors (such as noise, dust, vibrations, rights of light,access(出入口，通道), safety, etc.).
与周边邻居有关的问题（如噪音﹑灰尘﹑振动﹑采光权﹑通道﹑安全等）。
9.Off-site fabrication and off-site payments.场外加工制造和场外支付问题。
10.Earned value analysis.挣值分析
11.Design issues.设计问题
12.Warranties.担保问题
13. Look ahead to(展望，预测)the next period (including specific requirements for progress photosduring the next period,which may include off-site fabrication photos).
展望下一阶段（包括下一阶段对进度照片的具体要求，其中可能包括场外制造照片）。
Meeting minutesshould be prepared, with a requirement that any disagreement with theitemsrecorded in the minutesisraisedwithin a pre-defined period(perhaps one week).The progress meetingswill also result in the preparation of a construction progress report for the client.
会议记录应准备好，要求在预先确定的阶段内（可能一周），提出与会议记录中议题不一致的情况。施工进度会议还需为客户准备一份施工进度报告。
On construction management projects, the construction managerholds regular construction progress meetingswith the client and consultant team. However, they will also holdregular construction progress meetingswith trade contractorsto discuss on and off-site progressagainst the program and to co-ordinate therelease of information.It may sometimes be appropriate for these meetings to take place at the trade contractor’s premises(房屋，处所).Construction progress reportswill then be prepared for the client.
在项目施工管理方面，施工经理与客户和顾问团队定期举行施工进度会议。然而，他们还会定期与贸易承包商进行施工进度会议，讨论该项目场内、场外进展情况，并协调信息的发布。有时可能这些会议更适合在贸易承包商的处所进行。然后也将为客户准备施工进度报告。
Unit 16 Equipment and Material Purchase
U 16 / Section ASome Tips for Equipment and Material Purchase(P113-115)
Needless to say, in any engineering project, equipment and material purchasereally matters. If there is something wrong in this part, the whole project will be delayedor even shut down(停工；关闭). How can we guarantee both of the progress and qualityof a project? Maybe the purchase of equipment and material becomes an essential topic. The following are tipsoffered by experts and they are helpful for overseas companies, especially those starting their first try in a new environment.
毋庸置疑(或不用说)，在任何工程项目中，设备和材料购买都非常重要。如果这部分出现问题，整个项目将被延误甚至停工。我们如何保证项目的进度和质量？也许购买设备和材料会成为一个重要话题。以下是专家们提供的建议，这些建议对海外公司很有帮助，尤其是那些刚开始在新环境中第一次尝试的公司。
Weigh up(权衡；估量)advantages of buying used 权衡购买二手商品的优势
“I often advise anemerging companyto first look for really small scale things or to look for something goodon the used market that they can get into without breaking the budget,” said Dexter,sales manager at Carlos Office of Procurement and Material Liberia division. “If you’remore advanced and really want to go fast and more efficiently, buying something used is usually a risk.But if you’re just starting outand doing a machine that’s ready to do 100 per minute but you only could do 50-50 a minute, something usedcould be great for you asa start-up.” Bill Andrew, partner and CFO(chief financial officer首席财务官；财务总监)at ERA, offered his opinion. “I think you should be looking for a new equipment or a kind of new materialthat can scale(增加；升级)when the project has pulled you forward, when you’ve proven you’ve something the project terribly wants.”
“我经常建议一家新兴公司首先寻找规模很小的产品，或者在不违反(或打破)预算的情况下，在二手市场上寻找一些好东西，”利比里亚采购和材料部门，卡洛斯办公室的销售经理Dexter说道。“如果你是高级用户，追求快速高效，买旧东西通常是有风险的。 但如果你刚刚起步，每分钟能做100次的机器，你只能做到50次（50%的效率），那么二手货对新手来说已经很了不起了.”。时代公司(ERA)的合伙人兼首席财务官Bill Andrew(比尔·安德鲁)，提出了自己的意见。“我认为当你感觉工程进度必须得加快，或者你确信这项工程极其需要某些设备或材料时，再去寻找一种可以升级(scale）效率的新设备或新材料，(会更加明智)。”
“There’s a lot of equipment out there that’s been unused. But newer equipmenthas more technological advantages perhaps. Obviouslyit costs morebut usually from a financing standpoint it’s easier tofinancenew equipment than it is used.”
“那儿有很多没有使用过的设备。新设备或许有更多技术上的优势。很明显，新设备成本更大，但是通常从经济的角度上讲，人们更容易花钱买新设备，而不是买二手设备。”
Andrew advised managers of engineering companiestoexercise cautionwhen buying used. “You have to find a person that you trust because it’s like buying a used excavator—‘as is’ could mean ‘as is’.(现状出售，风险自担)”
安德鲁建议工程公司的经理们在购买二手设备时要谨慎。“你最好找一个你信任的人，因为这就像去买一辆二手挖掘机一样--现状出售，风险自担。”
He said that certain used companiesgave customers a certificateto verify that they hadassessed the machine and noted anydefects.
他说某些卖二手设备的公司会给买家出具一个证明，来证实买家已经评估过这台设备并了解这台设备的任何缺陷。
Look for energy efficient equipment寻找节能的设备
Equipment shoppers should also consider the cost of running the machine.“Utility bills are part of your business expense, so good to get something that’s energy efficient,” said Dexter. He gave the example ofchoosing gas heateroverelectric,which could mean a company would require ventilation systems.“Some of the newer equipment has more technology to it in terms of how it’s controlled fortemperature-wiseso you’re not wasteful of energy,” he added.
设备购买者也应该考虑运行机器的成本。 Dexter(德克斯特)说:“公用事业费用(水电费账单)是你商业开支的一部分，所以能得到一些节能的东西是很好的。”他列举了一个使用燃气加热器而不是电加热器的例子来说明。使用燃气加热器，意味着公司还要另加装通风系统”。“有一些新设备在温控方面使用了更多技术，因此并不浪费能源”，他补充道。
Choose an environmentally-friendly design选择支持环保的设计
Andrew said that no matter what scaleequipment a company was looking for,they should always look for a machine that is environmentally friendly designed. “Today allergensare a big topic and if youdo a changeover it can be an eight hour jobif it’s with equipment that is not designed to be friendly to change over.It could be a half hour to one hour jobif it’s designed to be washed and cleaned reasonablyorinterchangeable parts.”
安德鲁说，不管一家公司在寻找什么样等级的设备，他们都应该寻找一种支持环保设计的机器。“当今，过敏源是一个大议题。如果一个设备设计时没充分考虑支持改装的问题，那么真正改装时就很可能要花费八个小时。反之，如果设备设计时，充分考虑到了合理清洗或者更换零件的因素，那么这样下来就可能只花半个到一个小时。”
Keep it simple and flexible保持设备简单易操作性和灵活多用途性
Ensuring equipment is easy to operatemay also help companies taking their first plunge into execution(冒险尝试，采取决定性行动).
确保设备易于操作，也可以帮助企业首次冒险尝试(或从事这种工作)。
Dexter said that a lot of small companies had few employees so they should look to equipment that was easy to handle and did not require a lot of lifting or complicate operation.
Dexter (德克斯特)说，很多小公司的员工很少，因此他们应该寻找易于操作处理，而且不需要大量吊装作业或复杂操作的设备。
Michael Sheffield, regional sales manager, Asia Pacific, for Emerald, added, “Flexibility has to be the obvious one. If they want something that’s going to help them finish a range of projects, we can configuremachines that give them the flexibility to produce small itemssuch as cement blockswhich they can produce by configuring the machine in a different setup.”
Michael Sheffield(迈克尔·谢菲尔德)，Emerald亚太地区销售经理,补充道,“灵活性必须是其明显特点。当公司需要一些能够帮助他们完成一系列项目任务的设备时，可以设置机械让它具有多种用途功能，只要重新设置一下机器，就能够生产类似水泥砖块之类的小件东西。”
Limit number of operators限制机器操作员的数量
Smaller companiesshould look for projects that require as few operators as possible.Actually, in many construction sites, this kind of situation always exists.
小型公司应该寻找需要机器操作员尽可能少的项目。事实上，在许多建筑工地上，这种情况始终存在。
Andrew said, “So are you achieving 90 percent because you have five guys huddling over the machine or are you achieving 90 percent because one operator can work five machines, hands off(不干涉，请勿动手)and only intervene once in a while?” Evidently, companies can save on labor costsby limiting the number of operators whenever it is possible.
安德鲁说：“你是要，五个人凑在一起操控一台机器完成90%的工作量,或者，一人操控五台机器完成90%的工作量，其他人完全不管或者只是偶尔插手一下(或帮一把)。这两种方式，你喜欢哪一种？”显然，只要有可能，公司可以尽可能通过限制操作员的数量来节省劳工成本。
Ensure easy access toreplaceable parts and service确保易得可替换零配件和售后服务
Andrew said that the total cost of ownershipfor a machine shouldtake into accounttheavailabilityof replaceable parts and service operators.
安德鲁说，拥有一台机器所有权的总成本，应该考虑到可替换零配件和售后服务运营商的可及性。
“Because something will happen, just like when your cutting machinebreaks down. How fast can you geta replacement part and how fast can youget a service guy in? You don’t want a downtime(机械故障导致的停工期)crash to kill you for a week.”
“因为总有一些事情会发生，比如你的切割机坏掉了。你要多快才能得到可替换零配件? 有多快售后服务人员(after-sales service personnel)能赶到你这里来呢？你不希望这样的机器故障(停机事故)耽误你一个星期的工作吧。”
Consider limiting risk withco-packing考虑合作分包业务来限制风险
Michael Sheffield said thatsmaller engineering companiescould also consider contract constructing while they established themselves. “If they can findsome constructing personnelthat help them to finish some small projects and are comfortable doing low volumes,maybe that’s something that gives them lower risk entry into the construction.”
Michael Sheffield(谢菲尔德)说，规模较小的土木工程公司，在成立之初也应该考虑合同建造的准则。“如果他们能够找到一些从事建筑行业的人员，来帮助他们完成一些小项目，而且这些人员很乐意做这些小项目的话，那么这些人参与进来，或许是因为这样可以降低涉足建筑行业的风险。
“If they’ve got adistinct materialand the market is there then maybe they can invest in small scale material and it would betowards the lower risk end. But if they think they haven’t got an established marketthey may be advised to go with a co-packer(分包人).”
如果他们的材料独树一帜而且市场也是现成的，那他们就可以投资于小型材料，这样下来最后承担的风险就会小一些。但是如果他们还没有现成的市场，那么我们建议他们最好还是找一个分包人。
(Co- packer分包人；Co-partner 合伙人)
U16 / Section CEquipment: Buying or Renting(P120-122)
There is no universal “right decision” when it comes tothe question of renting or buying equipment.Figuring out the best option for you meansevaluating your current financial situation, consideringthe length and frequency of the project, andcalculatingthecost of a rentalcompared to the total cost of ownership.Ownership costs not only include the upfront price(预付金)of the equipment, but costs associated with financing,maintenance and repairs, insurance, transportation, storage,and energy.
在设备租赁或购买的问题上，没有所谓的“正确决定”。找到适合你的最佳选择意味着，评估你目前的财务状况，考虑项目的时长和频率，计算比较租赁成本与购买总成本。所有权成本不仅包括设备的预付金，还包括与融资、维护和维修费、保险费、运输费、储存费和燃料费相关的成本。
It’s important to take the time to estimate the costs associated with each option, as many people are often surprised to learn that the cost of owning a piece of construction equipment can be upwards of $30 an hour. To help you find the average cost of ownership, you can use pre-existing online calculation toolsfrom various manufacturers, like Volvo’s calculator.
花时间去估算与每个选择相关的费用成本是很重要的，因为通常很多人会惊讶地得知，拥有一台建筑设备的成本可能高达每小时30美元以上的费率。为了帮助你算出拥有设备拥有权的平均成本，您可以使用来自不同制造商的现有在线计算工具，例如，沃尔沃的计算器。
The benefits of buying include： 购买的好处包括:
· Cheaper over the long term从长远来看更便宜;
· Getting a return on your investment在投资中得到回报
· Available equipment whenever you need it无论何时需要都有可用的设备
· Possible tax advantages可能获得税收优惠
The benefits of renting include： 租赁的好处包括：
· Manage your risk and conserve capital管理你的风险和保全资金
· Access to a broad range of equipment可选择更广泛的设备
· Save on storage expenses节省存储费用
· Maintenance handled by another party维修由另一方负责
The construction industryisproject-driven,meaning thatoftentimesequipment is left unusedforsubstantial periods of time until it’s needed for a new project. Unfortunately, this leads to equipmentdepreciation(折旧；贬值).Renting provides an alternative solutionin which rental fees are immediately deductible(可扣除的；可减去的，可减免的)as opposed to depreciated over a long period of time. Therefore, at least for the short term, construction businessesimmediately benefit.
建筑行业是项目驱动型的，这意味着设备经常会被闲置相当长的一段时间，直到一个新的项目需要。不幸的是，这导致了设备折旧贬值。租凭提供了另一种选择方案: 租金可以立即扣除而不是长期的贬值。因此，至少在短期内，建筑企业会立即获益。
Rental equipmentcan also deliver some long term benefits, such as allowing you to investigate new business opportunities at a lower risk rate. Renting provides the flexibility(灵活性；弹性；适应性)to diversify into new markets without any heavy capital investment or extended commitments. One of the other perks( (因工作而享有的）补贴，津贴，额外待遇) of renting is that you’re not responsible forkeepingthe equipmentin line with government regulations.
租赁设备也可以带来一些长期的好处，比如可以让你以较低的风险探索新的商业机会。租赁提供了，在没有任何重大资本投资或延伸承诺的情况下，拓展新市场的灵活性。租赁的另一个好处就是，你不用按照政府规定来使用保存设备。
If a company makes the decision to rent, their next decision needs to be what equipment company they want to do business with. It’s important to comparethe rates of heavy equipmentrentals between companies, but there are several other questions toaddress as wellthat they may not immediatelycome to mind(想到).
如果一家公司决定租赁设备，他们下一个决定是需要和什么样的设备租赁公司做生意。对不同公司重型设备租赁的费率进行对比也是重要的。但是还有几个别的问题需要提出，这些问题也可能人们不会立刻想到。
For example, make sure to ask about theirbilling policiesand if there will be any additional feesthroughout the process. Many equipment rental companies will charge you extraif the equipment is not fully refueledand cleaned before it is returned. Avoid any unexpected chargeby simply asking first.
例如，确保询问他们的帐单政策，以及在整个租赁过程中，是否会收取任何额外的费用。如果设备在归还之前没有加满燃油和进行清洗，许多设备租赁公司会向你收取额外的费用。提前简单询问之，就可以避免掉这些意想不到的收费。
Also, ask detailed questions to understand thelogistics of the rental operation： What is yourmaintenance schedule(检修计划)for equipment? What are your pickup and delivery times? What is yourresponse time if the equipment isn’t working?
当然，询问细节问题去了解租赁设备的物流后勤情况，如：你们设备检修计划是怎样的？你们的取货和送货时间是什么时候？如果设备不工作(出故障)，你们的响应时间是多久？
In addition to finding the right company, you also need to find the right piece of equipment to suit your needs. Determine exactlywhat you’re looking for—if you find that you can complete two tasks with the same machine， this will save you both time and moneythanif you rented two pieces of equipment for separate tasks. Though it may sound like common sense,doing research on the functionality(功能；[数] 泛函性，函数性)of a machine can be a financially beneficial stepin the process of renting equipment.
除了找到合适正确的公司，你也需要找到适合你需要的那套正确设备。明确确定什么才是你真正想要寻找的东西——如果你发现，可以用同一台机器完成两项任务，而不需要租两套设备完成各自的任务，这将为你省钱又省时。尽管这听起来像是常识，但在租赁设备的过程中，对机器的功能进行研究可能是对经济有益的一个步骤。
Unit 17 Construction (1)
U17 / Section ASome Tips for the 1st Phase of Construction(P123-124)
Construction preparation workis an important part of construction management,the prerequisite(先决条件；前提)for the organization of construction,the keytothe successful completion of construction tasks. According to the size and stageof theconstruction object, construction preparation can be divided into full-scale(全面的；完全的) and unit engineering construction preparation.
施工准备工作，是建筑施工管理的一个重要组成部分，是组织施工的前提，是顺利完成建筑工程任务的关键。根据施工对象的规模和阶段，施工准备工作可分为全场性施工准备和单位工程施工准备。
The preparation of the full-scale construction refers to theoverall deployment(部署；调动)oflarge and medium-sizedindustrial construction projects, large public buildings(公共建筑)or civil buildings(民用建筑), including technology, organization, materials,labor and on-site preparation, which is the basis for the preparatory work.
全场性施工准备指的是大、中型工业建设项目、大型公共建筑或民用建筑等带有全局性的部署，包括技术、组织、物资、劳力和现场准备，是各项准备工作的基础。
The preparation of the unit construction is the continuation(继续；持续；延续)andthe concretization(具体化)of the preparation of the whole construction,which is required tobemeticulous(严谨的；一丝不苟的)and foresee(预见)the various problemsthat may arise in the construction. It can ensure that the unit worksare balanced, continuous, scientific and reasonable.
单位工程施工准备是全场性施工准备的继续和具体化，要求做得细致严谨，预见到施工中可能出现的各种问题，能确保单位工程均衡、连续和科学合理地施工。
Specific details： 具体细节如下：
1.To, for construction units,participate indiscussion of the preliminary(初步的；开始的)design, technical design program,and accordingly(据此)organize the construction organization design.This is the central part of construction preparation. All the construction works must be carried out according to the design.
施工单位要参与初步设计、技术设计方案的讨论，并据此组织编制施工组织设计。这是施工准备的中心环节，各项施工准备工作都必须按此设计进行。
2.Tosigncontracts and related agreementsbetween the owner, the construction and design units, in determining the construction periodand economic benefitsunder the premise ofa clear division of labor responsibilities and authority.
(施工单位)要和业主、建设单位和设计单位签订合同和有关协议，在明确分工协作的责任和权限的前提下，确定建设工期和经济效益的问题。
In the case ofa few construction unitsjointly building the construction project, the total package unitand the ownersign the total package contract(总包合同)and the total package unit and subcontractorsign a subcontract(分包合同).Subcontractor(分包商)is responsible for the total packageand the total package unit(总包单位)is responsible for the owner. Thedivision of responsibilitiesbetween subcontractingshould be clear and detailed. The owner shouldtake the initiative(采取主动；主动)to assistthe construction and design unitsto do the work, which is prepared for their own construction project.
在几个施工单位共同施工的建设项目的情况之下，由总包单位和业主签订总包合同，总包单位与分包商单位签订分包合同。分包商对总包负责，总包单位对业主负责。总包和分包之间的职责划分要明确详尽。业主要主动协助建设和设计单位做好有关工作，这也是为自身的施工准备创造条件。
3.To adjust the deployment(部署；调动) of construction strength. According to the characteristics(特性，特征；特色)of engineering tasks, adjustthe construction organization. Large projectsneed to set up new construction agencies.In the deploymentof the construction strength, it is necessary to meet the requirements of the progress of the project,but alsoconducive(有益的；有助于…的)to improving labor productivity(劳动生产率). According to thelayoutof the project, construction and labor organizationare relatively fixed.
调整部署施工力量。根据工程任务特点，调整施工组织机构。大型工程项目要组建新的施工机构。部署结集施工力量，既要满足工程进度的要求，又要有利于提高劳动生产率，（做到工种配套、人机配套、机具配套），并根据工程布局，相对固定施工和劳动组织。
4.To build production and living base.Production base(生产基地)mainly includes prefabricated concrete components, concrete mixing, steel processing, wood processing, metal processing, and machine repair plant construction.In the new industrial area, this work must be carried outin advance.The construction of processing plant should be of unified planning and phased implementation.
生产和生活基地的建设。生产基地包括预制混凝土构件、混凝土搅拌、钢筋加工、木材加工、金属加工、机修厂的建设。在新建工业区，这项工作必须提前进行。加工厂要统一规划，分期建设。
In the originalcity construction, it will have to be based on the local construction,accessories production capacity to make additional adjustmentsand to sign the supply and demand contracts. For construction team livingin welfare buildings,it shouldmaximize the use of permanent buildings,as far as possible reducingthe temporary building.
在原有城市内建设时，则要根据当地建筑，配件生产能力进行补充调整，签订供需合同。施工队伍的居住和生活福利建筑，要最大限度地利用永久性建筑，尽可能减少临时建筑。
5.To determinemodes of transport of the construction materials, finished products(成品), semi-finished products(半成品), resources and to minimizetheintermediate(中间的，中级的)loading and unloading links(装卸环节)and to make full use of local production capacity and transport power.
确定建筑材料、成品、半成品和资源的运输方式，要尽量减少中间装卸环节，充分利用当地已有生产能力和运输力量。
As local materials account for a large proportion ofbuilding materials, it needsspecial attention to arrange their production and transportation.Also according to the principle of combiningthe“production, supply, transportation, use”, thelayout(布局；安排；设计；规划)of materials stackedshould beeconomic and rational.
地方材料在建筑材料中占很大比重，要特别注意安排好它们的生产和运输。还要根据“产、供、运、用”相结合的原则，经济合理地布置材料堆放场地。
6.To connect towater, power, the road trafficinside and outside, drainage channels.To build site water supply, drainage, power supply, heating lines(供热线路), major roads and flood control works.
接通水源、 电源、 场内外交通道路、排水渠道。修建现场供水、排水、供电、供热线路、主要道路和防洪工程。
To make full use of permanent engineering facilities,as little as possible buildtemporary pipeline project.
充分利用永久性工程设施，尽量少建临时性管线工程。
Generally, the outside fieldfirst, then the inside; theoutdoor first, then the indoor; theunderground first, then on the ground.
一般要根据先场外后场内，先室外后室内，先地下后地上的原则。
It should be reasonable to arrangeall types of pipeline construction sequence and progress, as much as possible to reducetherepeated excavation of pipeline works. To build railway special linesand warehouses, process plantsand others.
合理安排各类管线工程的施工顺序和进度，尽可能减少管道工程的重复开挖。要修建铁路专线、仓库、加工厂等。
7.To carry outthe engineering measurementof construction of the area, pay-off positioning(放线定位),to set the permanent latitude and longitude coordinates(纬度、经度坐标)and horizontal pile(水平桩),tofillthe necessary site hydrological(水文学的),geological prospecting work(地质勘查工作), toremovethesite construction obstaclesand levelthe site.
进行建设区域的工程测量、放线定位。设置永久性的经纬坐标和水平基桩。填补必须的现场水文、地质勘查工作。清除现场施工障碍和平整场地。
Earthworks(土方工程)need a comprehensive planning, and use mechanized(机械化的)one-time site formation, as far as possible reducing the repeated inverted volume(指“回填土方).
土方工程要全面规划，(挖填平衡)，采用机械化一次性场地平整，尽可能减少重复倒运量(或回填土方)。
U17 / Section CHow to Do the Preparatory Work of “Three Connections and One Leveling”如何准备“三通一平”工作 (P128-129)
To do a good job of “three connections and one leveling(三通一平)” meansassuringthat aconstruction site isconnected to water and electric power supplies and roads,and that the ground is leveledbefore a project is begun.
做好“三通一平”工作，意味着要确保建筑工地已经做到通水、通电、通路，并且确保在项目开始前将施工场地进行平整。
To connect to roadsThe roads of the construction site are the organization of the transport of goods artery(货物动脉；干线；要道).Beforethe commencement(开始；开端)of the proposed project(拟建项目；拟定项目), the permanent road (including the plant railway and the factory road) and the necessary temporary roads must be repairedin accordance with(与......一致；依照)the requirements of the general plan of the construction to form acomplete and smoothtransportation networkfor the construction materials and createfavorable conditions(有利条件).
通路。施工现场的道路是组织货物运输的动脉干道。在拟建项目开始之前，永久性道路(包括工厂铁路和工厂道路)和必要的临时性道路，必须依照建设总规划进行修建，为运输建材形成一个完整流畅的交通运输网络，并且为施工创造有利条件。
To connect to water supply Water is indispensable(不可缺少的；绝对必要的)for theproduction and lifeof the construction site. Before the commencement of the proposed project, it is necessary tofollow(密切注意)the pipeline of construction and domestic water(家庭用水；生活用水)in accordance withthe requirements of the general plan of the constructionso as to combine with the permanent water supply systemas much as possible to makethe ground drainage systemand create a favorable environment for the construction.
通水。水对于建筑工地的生产生活用水是不可或缺的。在拟建项目开始前，有必要按照建设的总体规划，密切关注管道建设和生活用水，尽可能结合永久性供水系统,去修建地面排水系统，为施工创造良好的环境。
To connect to electric power supplyElectricityis the main source of power for the construction site. Before the start of the proposed project, in accordance with the requirements of the construction organization design, it is necessary to connect to electricity, telecommunications facilities(电信设施)and other energy (such as steam(蒸汽), compressed air(压缩空气)) supply, to ensure that the construction site power equipment and communications equipmentcan be normally operated.
通电。电力是施工现场的主要动力能源。在拟建项目开始前，根据施工组织设计的要求，有必要连接电力、电信设施和其他能源供应(如蒸汽、压缩空气)，以确保施工现场的电力设备和通信设备能够正常运行。
To level the groundIn accordance with the requirements of the total construction plan,firstremove the buildings or structureswhich prevent the construction, and then according to the general planofthe building elevation( elevation高度；海拔；正面图)and earth vertical design drawings(建筑立面图和地面垂直设计图),calculate the amount ofdigging(挖掘)(filling) earthwork anddetermine the construction program of leveling the groundandstart the work.
平整地面。按照施工总计划的要求，首先移除阻挡了施工建设的建筑物或结构体，然后根据建筑立面图和地面垂直设计图的总规划，计算挖掘（填充）土方量，确定平整地面的施工程序，并开始工作。
Unit 18 Construction (2)
U18 / Section ASome Key Points in the 2nd Phase of Construction(P130-132)
Once the 1st phase of constructionis done,the 2nd phaseis consequently coming. Numerous key pointsare involved in this phase, including the following.
一旦施工第一阶段完成，第二阶段就随之而来。此阶段涉及许多关键点，包括以下内容：
Architectural plans. 建筑平面图
The architectural plansindicate(显示；表明；指出；预示)the layout(布局，安排，陈列)of the project, such as floor plans(平面图),elevations(立面图), and detailsof the constructionand architectural finishes（建筑表面装饰；建筑物涂漆）. These plans are typicallynumbered sequentially(顺序地；次序地；继续地；从而)withthe prefix(字首;字头;前缀)“A” for “architectural”.
建筑平面图显示项目的布局，例如平面图、立面图以及建筑和建筑终饰的细节部分。 通常，这些平面图都是用字首“A”顺序编号，表示“建筑的”意思。
“Plan view(平面俯视图)”, the most common type of an architectural plan, is anoverhead viewof the spaces on aspecific floor.These plans also indicatethe length, width and various heights of the structure and floor elevations(正面图；室内标高).Plansmay show notesof specific construction informationand may also containdetails on a specific portion(部分) of work.
平面俯视图是建筑平面图中最常见的类型，是特定楼层空间的俯视图(头顶视图)。这些平面图还显示了结构和正面图的长度、宽度和各种高度。平面图可能会显示具体施工信息的注释内容，也可能包含特定工作部分的细节内容。
Exterior elevations(外立面；外部标高) show theexterior and the exterior finishes, and are similar to photographs of the exterior. Architectural scheduleson the plansindicate the door types, windows, hardware(五金器具;硬件), plumbing(水管设施), andlight fixtures(照明设备；灯具)in each room.
外立图显示(建筑物)外部和外部终饰，与外部照片相似。平面图的建筑计划显示了每个房间内 门的类型、窗户、五金器具、水管设施和照明设备等。
In preparing the plans, the architectutilizes graphic symbols(图形符号), instead of words,to indicatevarious facility conditions.Thesesymbols indicatethe various types of material, sizes, and room finishes to be used. Symbolsmaybe shown on the plans themselvesor in the legends(图例，说明; 传奇；理想；传说)of the plans.
在准备平面图时，建筑师采用图形符号，而不是文字，来表示各种设施条件。这些符号表示要使用的各种类型的材料、尺寸和房间终饰。符号可以显示在平面图上，或平面图的图例中。
A civil engineer is responsible for the proper drainage of a site,as well as the design of land improvements,such as paving(铺砌；浦路材料), curb(路边; 马路牙子) and gutter(排水沟;排水槽) design, retaining walls(挡土墙), and drainage(排水) culverts(排水涵洞(暗渠)).Site plans(场地设计) prepared by the civil engineerindicate the existing and proposedgrades of the land(土地级别) and thespecific locationofthe facility on the land.
土木工程师负责工地的合理排水，以及土地改良(或改造)的设计，例如铺路、路缘(路边)和排水沟设计、挡土墙和排水涵洞。场地设计，由土木工程师准备(或制定)，显示现有和拟定的土地等级以及该土地设施的具体位置。
Structural plans. (建筑)结构图
The structural plansare prepared bystructural engineersand show the structural designof a building. These plans incorporate(包含，合并) foundation planning(基础规划;地基规划)with considerations forrain, snow, wind, earthquakes, and other natural phenomena.Structural engineersdesign the facilityfor both “live” and “dead” loads of the building.Live loads(活载；可变荷载; 动荷载) consist of the people, furniture, and other itemsthat are not part of the building, but are supported by the building. Dead load(恒载；固定荷载; 永久荷载) is simply the weight of the building or structure itself.
结构图由结构工程师准备(制定)，展示一个建筑的结构设计。结构图在规划地基时，考虑到了雨、雪、风、地震和其它自然现象(或将基础规划与雨、雪、风、地震和其他自然现象结合起来)。建筑工程师设计承载建筑物活载和恒载的设施。活载包括人、家具和其他不属于建筑物本身，但是被建筑物支撑的物体。恒载仅指建筑物或结构体自重。
Mechanical plans.机械图
Mechanical plansare prepared by a mechanical engineer to showthe design of the various mechanical systemsin the building. These systems must be designed toincorporate(包含; 合并))theproperair conditioning, heating, and ventilation equipment(通风；通风设备), as well asadequate plumbing(水管装置；水管设施), to meet the needs for all of the building’s designated activities.
机械图由机械工程师准备(制定)，展示建筑物中各种机械系统的设计。这些系统的设计必须包括合适的空调、暖气和通风设备,以及足够的管道设施，以满足建筑物内所有指定活动的需要。
Like thestructural engineer,the mechanical engineermust design the mechanical building systemsto meet building “loads”. For example, office workproduces a certain level ofheat loads(热负荷 (热需求系统、设备要求的热量)), whereas cooking in a commercial kitchenmay produce greaterheat load.
像结构工程师一样，机械工程师必须设计机械建筑系统来满足建筑物的“负荷”。例如，办公室工作产生一定程度的 热负荷，而在商业厨房做饭可能产生更大的热负荷。
Theenergy use ofthe air conditioning, heating, pumps, and other building equipmentare monitoredby the mechanical engineer and are considered when specifying(指定；详细说明)building equipment(建筑设备) foran efficiently designedbuilding system(建筑体系).Mechanical plansare numbered with the prefixes“P” for “plumbing(管道设施或装置)” and “H” for “heating, ventilating, and air conditioning(The HVAC System暖通空调系统 )”.
空调、供暖、水泵和其他建筑设备的能源使用由机械工程师监控，并在指定建筑设备，有效设计建筑体系时加以考虑。机械图用字首“P”编号，表示“管道设施”。字首“H”表示“暖通空调(系统)”
Electrical plans. 电气平面图
Electrical plansare prepared by an electrical engineer, and showtheelectrical distribution(分布，分配，配送) system(配电系统)forthe efficient distribution of power(有效分配电力)in a building. The plan designincludes the distribution of electrical power(电力分配) from the utility company(电力公司)and thedistribution to power-specific equipment(电力专用设备的分配).
电气平面图由电气工程师制定，展示建筑物中有效分配电力的配电系统。平面图设计包括电力公司的电力分配和电力专用设备的分配。
Engineering design factors for the overallelectrical “load” of a buildingmust also be considered(e.g., proper sizing and arrangement of transformers(变压器), panel boards(配电板), circuits(电路，回路), wires, conduits(导管；管道；护线管) andpower to the various machines, equipment and activities in the building).
还必须考虑到 一个建筑物整体电力"负荷"的工程设计因素。（例如，建筑物内各种机器、设备和各种活动所使用 变压器、配电板、电路、电线、导管和电力的合理规模和安排）
Electrical engineers may also handlethelighting design requirementsof the building, as well as specialty areas(专业领域)such as a central security monitoring system(中央安全监控系统),a computerized control system, and fire and smoke management systems.Electrical plans are numbered with theprefix “E”for “electrical”.
电气工程师也可以处理建筑物照明设计要求，以及诸如中央安全监控系统、计算机控制系统、消防和烟雾管理系统等专业领域。电气平面图用字首“E”编号，表示“电气”。
Contract specifications. 合同规格(规范)
The second partof the contracts and bid documents stageis the preparation of project specifications(技术说明；技术规范),also known as “specs”. Specs instructthe contractor how to build the project, and consist of contract documents, thetechnical specifications(技术规范)of the materials and the quality of the materials to be installed,and the workmanship(工艺)for installation of the materials.
合同和投标文件阶段的第二部分是项目规范的准备,又称“规格(Specs)”。 规范指导承包商如何建造项目，包括合同文件，材料和安装材料质量的技术规范，以及材料的安装工艺。
Given the amount of informationthat is required to be included, specs have to be organized in a coherent( 一致的，连贯的)manner.The most widely accepted systemfor arranging construction specificationsis called the CSI Master Format(CSI 标准格式). The CSI format, developed by theConstruction Specification Institute((CSI建筑规范协会),requires four categoriesof information： bidding requirements(招标要求), contract forms(合同形式), contract conditions(合同条件),andtechnical specifications(技术规范).
鉴于(或考虑到)需要列入的信息量很大，规范必须以连贯一致的方式组织起来。最广泛接受的施工安排技术说明系统被称为CSI标准格式。CSI格式由建筑规范协会开发，要求提供四类信息：招标要求、合同形式、合同条件和技术规范。
Bidding requirements.招标要求
Bidding requirements describethe conditions of the bid to the owner, andencompass(包含，包围)the Invitation to Bid(招标邀请书 ),the Instructions to Bidders(投标人须知),the Information Available to Bidders(提供给竞标人的信息), the Bid Forms(投标文件模板)and Attachments(附件), and the Bid Security Forms(投标保证金形式).Thetype of contract between an owner and a contractordictates(要求；规定；命令)the form of the bidding conditions.
招标要求描述了业主规定的投标条件，内容包含了招标邀请书、投标人须知、提供给竞标人的信息、投标文件模板和附件、投标保证金形式等。业主和承包商之间的合同类型决定了招标条件的形式。
Contract form. 合同形式
Contract formsare divided into sections, including theAgreement, the Performance and Payment Bonds(履约和支付保证金(担保), and the Certificates(证书).
合同形式分为若干章节，包括协议、履约和支付保证金(担保), 以及证书。
Contract conditions. 合同条件
The contract conditionsinclude the General ConditionsandSupplementary Conditions.
合约条件包括一般条件和补充(附加)条件
Technical specifications.技术规格(规范)
The technical specsare generally prepared for each specific projectin the CSI Master Formatand these include hundreds, perhaps thousands of individual itemsthat will be installed in the project.
技术规范通常用CSI标准格式为每个具体项目准备，其中包括数百个甚至上万个，要在项目中单独安装的项目。
U18 / Section CSomething More About the 2nd Phase of Construction(P136-137)
All construction projects begin with planning and design, also referred to as “architectural programming(建筑策划)”. Numerous overlapping(重叠的)stepsoccur during this conceptual or design phase, prior to the actual construction of the project.
所有建筑项目始于规划与设计，也称为“建筑策划”。在实际项目工程建设之前，数不清重叠的步骤会发生在这一概念或设计阶段。
An architect is the primary designerof a building or projectand controls the overall design, specifications, finished materials(装修材料)g., brick, paint, carpet, wall covering, etc.), and other architectural features of the building.In addition, thearchitectsupervises theengineersresponsible for the structural, mechanical, electrical, lighting and plumbing design ofthe building, station or bridge.
建筑师是一个建筑或项目的主要设计者，控制着建筑的总体设计、规格、装修材料(如砖块、油漆、地毯、墙面等)以及其他建筑特征。此外，建筑师还监督着工程师负责设计建筑物、车站或桥梁的结构、机械、电气、灯光照明和管道系统。
Engineers must always conform to(遵照，按照)the design requirements ofthe architect. Each member of the design teammust also be licensed with(a. 得到许可的)the proper state licensing authoritieswhere the facility is located.
工程师必须始终遵照建筑师的设计要求。设计团队的每个成员都必须在设施所在地，适当的国家授权机构获得从业资格许可证。
Planning & Architectural Programming规划&建筑策划
During theinitial stages of the design process, the architect(s) and engineer(s)have a number ofclient meetingsin order to determine the purpose and objective of the proposed construction. Theprimary activities,for which the project is being constructed, as well as the relationships between spaces, are reviewed. Consideration is also given to how well the completed projectrelates toadjacent(相邻的，邻近的；毗连的)buildings (if any若有的话) and its surroundings.
在设计过程的初期阶段，建筑师和工程师要召开多次客户会议，以确定拟定建设项目的目的和目标。对正在建设的项目以及结构空间之间的关系等主要活动进行审查。也要考虑已完工项目和毗邻建筑（如果有的话）以及周围环境之间的关系如何。
The preliminary(起始的，预备的)programmingproducesa list of solutions, alternatives, feasibilitystudies (可行性研究)andcosts estimates(成本估算). After a review of the programming statement,schematic plans(平面示意图)are prepared.
初步规划产生(列出)了一系列的解决方案、备选方案、可行性研究和成本估算。在对施工方案进行策划审查之后，准备了平面示意图。
Schematic Plans平面示意图
Schematic(概括的，图解的)plans are the first plansof a facility and show theinterrelationship(相互关系)between spaces and activities. All of the parties (architects, engineers, and the client) review theschematic plans and make recommendations(提出建议), as necessary(必要时). Any changes are then incorporated into(被纳入；并入)the final schematic plans.
平面示意图是一个设施的第一份平面图，展示了空间和活动的相互关系。所有各方（建筑师、工程师、以及客户）审查示意图，并在必要时提出建议。任何改动都会被纳入最终的平面示意图中。
Revised schematic plans are also known as “preliminary plans(初步设计)” and provide a graphic view(图形视图)of the project, therefined details(精致的细节)of how the project will look, and the relationship of all spaces.
重新修订后的平面示意图也被称为“初步设计”，并提供项目的图形视图，精准的项目外观细节，以及所有空间之间的关系。
Once the preliminary planning phaseis complete, the project thenenters a stageinvolving the preparation of contract bid documents(合同投标文件)andworking drawings(施工图).
一旦初步规划阶段完成，项目就进入了合同投标文件和施工图的准备阶段了。