Key to exercises
Unit 1
Preview
1. Listen to the recording of the text and then fill in the blanks in the following sentences.
1. aim/purpose; training; practical/professional skills; technical training; universities
2. graduate school; Shakespeare’s plays; be a pharmacist
3. making a living; keep himself; his family; expose; ideas
4. waking; average; a living; all about
5. in danger; mechanized savages; push-button Neanderthals
6. have left us; peculiar accomplishments; species
7. center; storehouse
8. sarcastic; humorous
2. Read the text for better comprehension and answer the questions, paying special attention to the parts in bold type.
1) It means annoying experiences, tough problems or failures.
2) They must have finished their graduate studies with an advanced degree like a PhD.
3) It simply means “one of the students”. The word “body” here means the whole group of students. Because the student is thin and tall. It is meant to be humorous rather than insulting.
4) He teaches English literature.
5) By using the word “stuff”, he shows his dislike for the course very clearly. He doesn’t like the course because he thinks it is useless for his planned career.
6) We can assume that he does not think it necessary to waste money on the books since he intends to drop the course.
7) The latter. It is a humorous way of referring to a certain type of people.
8) He is talking about the Pharmacy School. He is being sarcastic when he calls it “a Drugstore Mechanics School”
It means “技工”.
9) He is talking about the diploma for university or college graduates.
He has in mind people like what the student wants to be: pharmacists.
10) It means “having been introduced to the ideas developed or produced throughout history.
11) It refers to his effort to convince the student.
12) “Hold” here is an intransitive verb meaning “remain true”. It is often used as a set phrase “hold true”.
13) It means “things of the same kind”. 诸如此类
14) We call it the future continuous tense. It is used for ongoing future actions.
15) He is saying here that you will make sure that the medicine
you make will not be mixed with poison if you are trained as a pharmacist;
that the houses you build will successfully keep out bulls if your chosen job is engineering; and that your client will not be sentenced to death because you are incompetent if you want to be a lawyer.
16) These are all useful things to do… and raises/brings up your children.
17) In formal English, “may” is used to express a hope or wish.
More examples:
May our country be prosperous and our people happy.
May peace finally prevail.
Note: suffice (be sufficient) It is formal for humorous effect.
18) 民主的思想家. Will you be heading a family that is familiar with the great democratic ideas in past history?
19) He means the tall student. “Pest” is often used to refer to an annoying person especially a child.
20) No. He means that he is aiming to make money. That is his purpose for coming to school.
21) …you’re going to have trouble finding something to do when you are not spending money.
22) … then you shouldn’t go to college. You have no reason to go to college.
23) He is saying here that young people may become savages like the ancient people who lived 35,000 to 130,000 years ago although they can now push buttons and use machines, hence, a “new species”.
24) Our colleges are bound to produce some students of this kind. He is very sarcastic about these people and thinks that they are not truly educated and civilized as they should be today. Therefore he uses the expression: “ such life forms”. Note also that the word “graduate” is used as a transitive verb here.
25) We are talking about how ideas or concepts are developed and how important they are in the evolution of the human species. Animals live
by instinct. Only human beings are able to formulate ideas such as love, freedom, democracy, and equality. These ideas make us different from other animals. And we get these ideas from people in the past. That is why reading is so important. Many scholars maintain that without reading we don’t know how to think. There are, however, people who emphasize the importance of direct experience. They say that ‘Doing is also learning’. Sometimes they even go as far as to maintain that reading may prevent us from creative thinking.
26) The fact that we have the faculty means that…
Vocabulary
1. Do the following exercises on word formation rules.
1) The following words are adjectives ending with the suffixes “-ent” and “-ant,” and their corresponding nouns usually ending with “-ence” and “-ance.” Decide which of the following should be the former, and which the latter.
1. different
2. independent
3. extravagant
4. competent
5. arrogant
6. important
7. confident
8. fragrant
9. significant
10. convenient
11. evident
12. intelligent
13. relevant
14. present
15. urgent
16. violent
17. current
18. frequent
19. distant
Note: The following words are nouns, not adjectives: accountant; assistant; defendant; dependant; attendant
2) Guess the corresponding nouns of the following, paying special attention to their pronunciation.
1. qualification clarification
unification notification
classification identification
intensification justification
simplification certification
glorification specification
2. modernization mechanization
realization civilization
globalization specialization
Americanization industrialization
urbanization idealization
centralization marketization
nationalization privatization
3. permission discussion
admission profession
commission confession
remission impression
emission oppression
submission compression
transmission expression
omission depression
3) Give derivatives of the following words.
1. sense: sensitive; sensible; senseless; sensibility; oversensitive; insensitive
2. technique: technical; technically; technician;
3. special: specially; specialty; specialize
4. intellect: intellectual; intelligent; intelligence
5. civil: civilize; civilization; civilized; uncivilized
4) Translate the following into Chinese.
1. Many people agree that the increased enrollment is a big accomplishment.
2. The lack of availability of certified accountants who can meet such high qualifications is still a big problem.
3. Early specialization is not wise. Students should have a wide exposure to world culture before they specialize.
4. Strong as we might be some day we must never become arrogant. We should continue to pursue the policy of peaceful co-existence among nations.
5. It is a penetrating thought that a nation’s power rests essentially with its advanced civilization.
6. Our memory of past disastrous experiences is an extremely important spiritual resource.
2. Translate the following verb+noun collocations into English.
1) fold one’s arms
2) fold the letter
3) acquire knowledge
4) generate ideas
5) generate jobs
6) generate power
7) generate interest
8) employ workers
9) use/employ time
10) rear/raise one’s children
11) rear sheep
12) raise one’s family
13) raise one’s voice
14) raise tax
15) raise the question
16) maintain contact
17) maintain law and order
18) maintain peace
3. Give the synonyms and antonyms of the following.
Synonyms
1. reasonably/ rather/quite
2. clearly/evidently
3. to keep
4. to raise
5. to gain/obtain
6. to produce
7. to prove
8. department (university)
9. humanity
10. drugstore /chemist (英)
11. type/example/model/case
12. to enter/join
13. however/but
14. sharp/thoughtful
15. thinker/intellectual
16. to shake/tremble/shiver
17. unavoidably/certainly/
18. to suppose/presume/think/guess
19. to help/assist
20. strange/odd/unusual/queer
21. achievement/success/victory
22. special skill
Antonyms
1. unavailable
2. modestly
3. general
4. unqualified
5. uncivilized/savage
6. to unfold
7. unemployed
8. incompetence
9. insensitive
4. Complete the sentences with the expressions listed below.
1) to see to it; exposed to
2) out for; succeed in
3) averages out
4) specialize in
5) stuck for
6) preside over
7) stuck for; see to it that
8) true of
9) out to; see to it that
10) have no business
5. Fill in the blanks with the right word or expression in the bracket.
1) in making; to find
2) see
3) out; of; of; for
4) to
5) by; for
6) Poor as he was; put
7) for
8) in
9) believed in; forcing
10) physicist; sensitive
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) It is wrong to raise our children the way we grow flowers in the greenhouse. We must expose them to all social problems because very soon they will be dealing with them as responsible citizens.
2) As time goes on we are inevitably going to get more and more involved in international affairs. And conflicts are sure to occur because there always exist different views and interests between nations.
3) We are proud of our accomplishments, and we have reason to be. But we must never become arrogant. Otherwise we will lose our friends.
4) Information is now easily available. An average computer can store the information of a small library
5) That construction company is not qualified to handle the project. They do not have any legal document to certify that they have the necessary expertise. We must find a company that specializes in building theatres.
6) These think tanks do not make decisions. They are out to generate new ideas and penetrating analyses that will be extremely useful for decision makers.
7) The growth of GDP is not everything. Our country cannot be said to have been modernized unless the quality of our people’s lives is really improved.
8) Poor as we were in many ways at that time, we were still quite happy as children, for there was clean air, clean water, a lot of fish, crabs and eels in the rivers, lakes, and ponds; and a lot of flowers, trees and birds in the fields.
9) Give absolute power to some individual or any particular group of people, and that person or group are sure to abuse that power because, just as Lord Acton says, “Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.”
10) Traditionally in our country school education was always said to be more important and useful compared with all other pursuits.
Grammar
1. Point out how future time is expressed and what concept each future expression conveys.
It is far more complicated to talk about the future than to talk about the present and past. Generally, future time is expressed in these ways.
Future at Present
a) “will” as in 3): used to say something is expected to happen
“will be doing” as in 4): used to say that you are sure that something will happen because arrangements have been made
b) “be going to”: used 2), 5) to say that something will happen quite soon or to talk about sb’s intentions or what they have decided to do
c) “the present progressive” as in 10): used to talk about something that will happen because you have planned or arranged it
d) “the simple present” as in 9): used to say that something will definitely happen at a particular time, especially because it has been officially arranged
Future in the Past
a) “would” as in 7): used to say what you intended to do or expected to happen
b) “was/were going to” as in 1): used to say that something was expected to happen
c) “was/were to do” as in 6), 8): used to talk about something that would happen because it had been planned or arranged.
2. Learn to use emphasizing coordinating conjunctions.
1. Point out the grammatical form each pair of the conjunctions connects.
Emphasizing coordinating conjunctions connect parts of the sentence that have the same grammatical form.
1) two nouns
2) two adjectives
3) two prepositional phrases
4) two infinitive phrases
5) two noun phrases
6) two noun phrases
7) two prepositional phrases
8) two prepositional phrases
2. Combine each pair of the sentences using the right emphasizing coordinating conjunctions.
1) The province is strong both in industry and in agriculture. / The province is not only strong in industry, but also in agriculture.
2) Relief agencies say the immediate problem is not a lack of food, but transportation.
3) Generally, after working for the company for five years, young employees either are promoted or leave.
4) TV programs for children should not only entertain but also teach.
5) Obviously, these children are motivated not by a desire to achieve, but by fear of failure
6) At present, it would be neither practical nor desirable to eliminate examinations altogether.
7) Asian Americans are playing a more active role in politics than ever before, both at local and national level.
8) My uncle believes that in our town sightseeing is best done either by tour bus or by bicycle.
9) Wood flooring not only cleans easily, but is environmentally friendly.
10) Until I read the article I knew neither where she was brought up nor (where she was) educated.
11) I find the new manager neither easy to get along with nor delightful to talk to.
12) Contrary to what people had expected, not only did he attend the meeting, but he also spoke for twenty minutes.
3. Fill in each blank with ONE suitable word.
(1) other (2) best (3) reason (4) mental (5) next
(6) As (7) take (8) cool (9) thinking (10) rest
4. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) The premier is leaving for New York for a UN conference tomorrow.
2) He is to meet the heads of state of several countries during his stay in New York.
3) What are you going to do during the National Day holidays? Are you going home or staying on campus?
4) — What do you think school will be like in twenty years’ time?
— I think children will probably learn at home with a mechanical teacher.
5) Thirty years ago, my grandparents never thought they would be able to move into a two-storey house with all the modern facilities.
6) What they lack is not money but experience.
7) They have come to China not only to learn Chinese, but to learn about Chinese culture as well.
8) What children want most from their parents are not material things but love and attention.
9) You may either write your essay in your regular exercise book or do it on your computer.
10) I’m not quite sure why he didn’t show up. Either he was not interested, or he simply forgot about it.
11) A society should respect both its scientists and its garbage collectors.
12) He is miserly both with his money and with his time.
5. Identify and correct the mistakes. Note there is no mistake in two of the sentences.
1) I will phone you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.
2) We can hardly imagine what life will be like in 50 years.
3) What are we going to do if Edith won’t help us? (No mistake in this sentence. Here “if…will” is possible when will expresses “willingness”.)
4) Please be seated, everyone. The show is about to begin. (Use “be about to do sth” to say that something will happen almost immediately. “Will” is not used.)
5) It is predicted that in about ten years’ time, China will be able to send man to the Moon. (“To be able to do sth” is used to say it is possible for someone or something to do something.)
6) Drop in whenever you please. You’ll always be welcome. (Adverbs of frequency, such as always, usually, often, sometimes, etc, usually go immediately in front of the main verb.)
7) Neither his parents, nor his brother was able to come to his performance. (The main verb agrees with the noun phrase introduced by nor.)
8) Both her friends and her English teacher believe she will win the talent contest.
9) My father regards creativity both as a gift and as a skill. (Normally, the two items connected by emphasizing coordinating conjunctions should be expressed in the same grammatical form, here, two prepositional phrases.)
10) We can either do it now or after class—it’s up to you. (No mistake. Though the two items “now” and “after class” aren’t the same grammatical form, this is acceptable because we can regard them as condensed from “We can either do it now or do it after class.” Therefore, the two items can also be different grammatical forms serving the same grammatical function, here, both adverbials.)
Unit 2
Preview
1. Listen to the recording of the text and fill in the blanks in the following sentences.
1) racial equality
2) civil rights; linger on
3) husband; quite a good husband/very considerate; liberal; racial
4) considered; unprepared
5) give his wife; had admitted
6) found out; pressing
7) look; argued about such serious matters
8) perfectly normal; tolerate
9) are different culturally
10) culturally and socially; racial segregation
11) white; married; a perfect stranger
2. Read the text for better comprehension and answer the questions.
1) “pitch in” means “to join with other people in doing a job”. In the expression “to pitch a baseball”, the word “pitch” means “to throw”. “to pitch a tent” means “to put up a tent 支帐篷. “pitch dark” means “as dark as pitch” 漆黑—pitch means 沥青
“housework” means the work you do to keep your house clean and tidy; “homework” means the work a teacher gives to a student to do out of class.
2) After thinking of all aspects of the matter carefully.
We can assume that he would have considered the difficulties and problems he believed it would bring to his life if he married a black wife.
3)He knew there would be an unpleasant quarrel, and that it was wiser for him just to keep his mouth shut. This shows that they have had previous serious disagreements. This was not the first time.
It shows that the man has seldom taken his wife seriously.
4) “you coming along…and implying…” is the complex object of “need”.
If he weren’t a racist, he would not say no, since his wife is exactly the same person except for her skin color.
5) No. It is clear that the wife is using an ironical tone.
No. The man is using a common excuse of white racists who try to justify their prejudice based on different skin color by using a seemingly more neutral and respectable term “cultural differences”.
6) To show that he found the situation very annoying.
Normally it means “what I say is absolutely true”, but here he means “It is true not because I am saying it. I have statistics to prove this.”
7) She said it contemptuously.
She was getting angry.
8) Because his wife keeps mimicking him, showing that she thinks what he said was ridiculous and hypocritical.
9) Like “Oh boy’ or “My God”, it is to show his Anger, as if saying “Don’t start on that again. I’m fed up.”
10) Still unmarried.
11) His wife remained angry.
12) to recognize sth as a result of knowledge, Experience or evidence.” 看得出来
She saw clearly that her husband hesitated before he answered the question, and he hesitated because he was trying to get out of this embarrassing situation.
13) She wanted him to give her his true answer.
14) It shows his reluctance to give this answer.
15)Her indifference implies contempt. It would naturally hurt her husband.
16) “to be at it” here means doing something else that follows from doing the primary thing. (While he was doing the dishes, doing housework stuff, and he couldn’t think of anything else to do, he would mop the floor)
No, he was embarrassed and angry too. He continued the housework to cover up his anger and show his indifference in return.
17) He is ashamed of being made to lose his temper. He thinks it was foolish of him to take his wife so seriously. He obviously does not view his wife as his intellectual equal.
18) He is going to change his answer.
No, he just wants to humor his wife, and he does not think the issue that important anyway.
19) He was hoping that now that he had said he would marry her even if she were black, she would forgive him. When his wife asked him to turn off the light, he expected her to join him. So he said “All right” meaning “I’ve turned off the light as you asked me to. Come on.”
20) It shows that this was not the first time since they had married that he had felt his wife was a stranger to him.
Vocabulary
1. Do the following exercises on word formation rules.
1) Identify suffixes through comparing the following words.
(1) Suffix “–ware”, meaning objects made of a particular material
(2) Suffix “–ics”, meaning the science or art of.
(3) Suffixes “–c” and “–ical”, meaning of, characteristic of, or belonging to.
2) Turn the following into their opposite by adding “in-” or “un-”
1. unjust
2. injustice
3. unequal
4. inequality
5. unable
6. inability
7. invisible
8. uncountable
9. unavoidable
10. unbelievable
11. invaluable
12. insignificant
13. inseparable
14. unbalanced
15. uncomfortable
16. uncommon
17. informal
18. unconditional
19. inedible
20. uneatable
21. unconscious
22. unaware
23. inaudible
24. unavailable
25. inefficient
26. unfair
27. unfamiliar
28. unfriendly
29. indirect
30. unfortunate
31. ungrateful
32. inconsiderate
33. unhappy
34. unimportant
35. incompetent
36. unlucky
37. unlimited
38. incomplete
39. incapable
40. unnecessary
41. unreasonable
42. inappropriate
43. unpleasant
44. unofficial
45. unpopular
46. inadequate
3）Give derivatives of the following words.
(1) economy: economist; economic; economical; economically; economize
(2) critical: critic; critically; criticize ; criticism
(3) consider: considerate, inconsiderate, considerable, considerably, consideration, considering
2. Translate the following collocations into English.
1) do/wash the dishes
2) pinch one’s brows together
3) repeat one’s words
4) press one’s lips tight
5） squeeze fruits
6) rinse clothes
7) spray cool water
8) take a reasonable tone
9) take a deep breath
10）win a victory
11) win the argument
12) demonstrate one’ s indifference
13) hurt sb’s feelings
14) wipe the counters
15) mop the floor.
16) call sb’s name.
1. Give antonyms of the following words.
1) dislike/hate;
2) unlike
3) inconsiderate
4) small/insignificant/average
5) deep/profound
6) unreasonable
7) wise/smart/clever/bright
8) untrue/false
9) unsteady/unstable/shaky
10) heavy/weighty
11) dark/dim
12) loosen
13) incompetence
14) keen/interested/enthusiastic/sympathetic
15) material/physical
16) implicit/implied/general
4. Rewrite the sentences, replacing the phrases in bold type with the appropriate expressions in their proper forms.
1) It’s okay with me; you might as well
2) You can take my word for it; break up.
3) came up with the same idea
4) come to my aid
5) for our children’s sake
6) acted out of concern for my health
7) All things considered
8) he’s at it; for our part
9) pitch in
10) He wished to make it up to him.
5. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions or adverbs.
1) into; up.
2) at; in.
3) out of; for; to
4) up; for; of
5) about; out with
6) about; onto
7) with; with; to; into; out; with
8) up; to; at
9) on; up
6. Translate the following into English.
1） You know what? All things considered, it’s not a bad idea to be a teacher. As a matter of fact, I think it is an excellent idea.
2） I don’t like it when you take a sarcastic tone the way you just did. You seem to be implying all the time that I am a good for nothing.
3） It is really considerate of my father to leave the final decision to me. I must say I am very lucky. Not many people have such a terrific father.
4） You said you do not want any money. You may not want money, but you do need money. I don’t see what’s wrong with students earning some money during their spare time.
5） Somehow this tune sounds very familiar, but I can’t recall what it is. In any case it is a Russian folk song.
6） Besides the usual weekend housework, I also have a whole pile of homework to do tomorrow. It’s really terrible.
7） To demonstrate our unhappiness over the recent dispute, we put off our Foreign Minister’s visit indefinitely.
8） It’s getting dark. The next town is still two hours drive away. We might as well camp in the forest, pitch a tent, build a fire, and have a good sleep before we continue our journey tomorrow.
9） I am really shocked to hear people say they do not consider cheating at exams shameful. Isn’t that the most shameful thing that we should be incapable of feeling ashamed?
Grammar
1. Learn to use “the way” with relative clauses.
1. Point out the function of the noun phrase in the following sentences.
1) adverbial modifier (状语)
2) predicative (表语)
3) object of the verb like (宾语)
4) object of in (介词宾语)
5) subject (主语)
2. Combine each pair of the sentences using, “the way + relative clause” as shown in the example.
1) Bill’s friends were impressed by the way he faced his incurable disease.
2) The way the stranger looked at me made me uncomfortable.
3) The way the man used a screwdriver showed that he couldn’t be a carpenter.
4) Watch your teacher’s lips carefully and say the word the way she does.
5) I agree with what he said, but I can’t tolerate the way he said it.
6) People are anxiously watching the way things will work out in their country.
7) The way the dispute between labor and management was settled surprised the public.
8) The way the policeman discussed the case with the criminals’ parents convinced them that they should cooperate.
9) From the way he walked, I could tell that something was wrong with his leg.
Or. The way he walked showed that something was wrong with his leg.
10) The way they talked to her made her suspect that they were keeping something from her.
2. Rewrite the sentences using the “with + noun + preposition phrase / participle / adjective” construction.
1) Professor Liu walked into the classroom with a few books under his arm.
2) The old man was dozing off in an armchair with a magazine on his lap.
3) Under the bridge, the police found a man lying dead, with a knife in his chest.
4) He walked out of his boss’s office with his head held high.
5) When a guest arrived, the hostess greeted him/her politely, with a smile on her face.
6) In September, the school came to life again, with children playing and running on the playground.
7) With the Moon Festival only a month away, shops are promoting their moon cakes.
8) With their children gown up and gone, the old couple sometimes feel lonely.
9) With all the packing finished, the family could now sit down and have some tea.
10) With a big bag on her shoulder, the old woman moved slowly in the snow.
3. Fill in each blank with ONE suitable word.
(1) used (2) friendly (3) both (4) sorry (5) remind (6) mean (7) depends (8) shocked (9) phone (10) arm
4. Translate the sentences using “the way + relative clause” or “with + noun + complement” phrase.
1) That was the way people lived their lives in my day.
2) Mrs. Jones loved her students the way she loves her own children.
3) The farmer’s wife doesn’t like the way some young people treat their parents.
4) With Big Yao on the team, I’m sure they’ll beat their rivals.
5) The man was sitting in his armchair, with his face buried in his hands.
6) With the TV on, he found it hard to concentrate on his homework.
7) The way people helped him during his journey when he had no money convinced the writer that people can still depend on strangers.
8) With the price of cabbages soaring, they decided to increase imports from other countries
9) The way these young people organized campus activities showed their leadership qualities
10) He stood with his arms stretched out as a customs officer searched him with a portable scanner.
5. Identify and correct the mistakes. Note there is no mistake in two of the sentences.
1) Neither his parents nor his teacher believes that the boy lied.
2) I don’t think the husband in the story is racist. / In my opinion, the husband in the story isn’t a racist.
3) Everybody was shocked by the terrible news. (There’s no mistake.)
4) The couple discussed interracial marriage while doing the dishes.
5) The wife said there was nothing wrong with whites marrying blacks. (There’s no mistake.)
6) Few young people bother to know when and where their grandparents were born.
7) When she received our present, she sent a thank-you note immediately.
8) He walked out of the chairman’s office, with a smile on his face.
9) The boy doesn’t know what wheat looks like before it becomes bread.
10) When the movie was over, the old woman remained in her seat with tears running down her face.
Unit 3
Preview
2. Read the text for the better comprehension and answer the questions.
1) Here it means in the countryside.
2) It is difficult to tell the difference between the root crops you buy from stores and those you grow yourself in your garden.
Note:
(1) root crops: What are grown so that the roots can be used for food, such as carrots.
(2) tell apart: Recognize the difference between two people or things that are very similar.
(3) when store bought: when they are bought in stores
3) having a particular effect or influence 在起作用
It refers to the back-breaking labor human beings pretend to do in a game. (Does he not refer to pretence as back-breaking? Maybe as when a very sick person pretends to be well to save someone worry?)
4) It means that he thought about it very calmly and carefully before he made this decision never to plant it again. He was exaggerating of course.
5） waft through: float through the air in a gentle way, said of smell or noise
6） It means “seriously intend to do what you say you will do.
7） The worms were slowing coming out of the melting soil and they were delicious food for the birds of course. (And he was thinking it was delicious too, because it meant the end of winter and he could begin to garden.)
8） a piece of land for a particular purpose
“Conflict” here refers to the struggle in his mind. (No. I think it is the sense of conflict with the earth required to make a garden that he likes?)
9） Sparingly: in small quantities 节约地。少量地
Broadcast: sow seeds over a wide area, especially by hand
10） “neurotic” means “ extremely worried about something unimportant in a way that seems unreasonable to other people. The author is using this in a self-mocking tone.
11)Also, your natural tendency to act as a kind and caring father or mother begins to have an effect.
12) as it were: used for making a description sound less definite or less exact (well, used to make a comparison – gardener as parent? A kind of personification of the growing things) 可以说；在某种程度上可以说
turn upon you: Here, “turn upon/on sb” means “attack sb suddenly and without warning”
13) occupation: a job or employment, but here: a way of spending your time; a pastime
14) Here, a pointed piece of wood or metal etc for driving into the ground as a mark or for holding a rope etc
15) slight differences in degree of green
16) pocket: a small area different from the areas around it
personal reassurance: sth that makes a person feel less worried
thrusting life: life that is moving forward quickly and powerfully
17) an extension of oneself: the further growth or development of a person
Paraphrase: Gardening has to be another place where people continue to work hard to achieve something.
18) character: the qualities that make up a person’s personality
character-building: helping to develop one’s character 性格锻炼；品德培养。 The author is now openly expressing the belief that gardening is an extremely important occupation, something human beings have been doing since Adam and Eve’s time. The final sentence is ironical and humorous, referring to how they disobeyed God and was driven out of the Garden.
Vocabulary
1. Do the following exercises on word formation rules.
1) Translate the following compound words and study how they are composed.
1. 累人的/繁重的
2. 耗费时间的
3. 炼性格/培养人品
4. 立法
5. 救火
6. 找工作/求职
7. 保护脸面的
8. 维和
9. 捣乱分子
10. 止疼药
11. 摘棉工人
12. 筹集资金的人
13. 算命先生
14. 管家
15. 银行老板
16. 自欺欺人
17. 自尊
18. 自信
19. 自制力
20. 自我牺牲
21. 自己的利益；
22. 自我保护/自卫
23. 自律
24. 店里买的
25. 手写的
26. 自家做的
27. 敌人占领的
28. 铺满白雪的
29. 四周为陆地包围的
30. 空降的
31. 包着糖衣的
32. 镀金的
2) Give the corresponding nouns of the following verbs.
1. enrollment
2. maintenance
3. exposure
4. entrance;
5. assumption
6. average
7. consumption
8. involvement
9. success/succession
10. revival
11. implication
12. reception
13. deception
14. conception/concept
15. perception
16. graduation
17. penetration
18. cultivation
19. generation
20. appreciation
21. congratulation
22. celebration
23. frustration
3) Give the corresponding verbs of the following nouns.
1. pursue
2. continue
3. accomplish
4. exist
5. encourage
6. occupy
7. compensate
8. conflict
9. compose
10. spare
11. reassure
12. extend
13. conceive
2. Give synonyms or antonyms to the following words.
Synonyms
1. determine/decide
2. smell/odor
3. stop/end/quit/discontinue
4. ray
5. destroy
6. job/work/trade/profession/career/pursuit
7. huge/immense/enormous/great
8. choke
9. wet/moist
10. reward/pay/payment/gain
11. strangle
12. shine/glitter
13. view/sight
14. reawaken/bring back to life
Antonyms
1. unnoticeable
2. unromantic
3. unload
4. unwillingness
5. useful/meaningful/sensible/advisable
6. maternal
7. immoral
8. consumer
9. quality
10. tolerable
11. dishonesty
3. Translate the following verb+noun collocations into Chinese.
1. 为这行动找个理由
2. 为走这一步找个理由
3. 为自己找个理由
4. 当真；不开玩笑
5. 提高/改善质量
6. 提高生活水平
7. 改良土壤
8. 毁灭这个星球
9. 毁了健康
10. 葬送了机会
11. 毁了前途
12. 毁了庄稼
13. 勒死/绞死一个人
14. 使曀住；使窒息
15. 吊死；执行绞刑
16. 培育植物
17. 重新燃起希望
18. 重新振作精神
19. 重新激发起兴趣
20. 培养品德；锻炼性格
4. Rewrite the sentences, replacing the phrases in bold type with the appropriate expressions in their proper forms.
1) in massive numbers regardless of; In some cases
2) depended on nothing but
3) tell apart ; cast aside
4) it would be the Boxers’ Rebellion all over again
5）at work; wormed his way into
6) the different shades of meaning
7) come into play
8) goes for
9) are well aware of the vast quantities of; ruining; means business
5. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions or adverbs.
1) of
2) but
3) apart
4) into; after; to; all over again
5) but; upon
6) into; of; at
7) apart; aside; for
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) Health care must be available to all citizens regardless of their differences. We cannot justify the policy that denies the care to the large population living in the country.
2) They claim to have discovered a universal law which applies to all nations.
3) I often made a fool of myself when I was living with my uncle on
his farm. When asked to get rid of the weed in the rice fields, for example, I often failed to tell apart the weed and the rice seedlings.
4) Why go there today? I’d much rather we stay until the snow ceases.
5) Rice requires large quantities of water and many scientists warn us that even if we use our water sparingly, the day will inevitably come when we will be fighting over limited supplies of water resources.
6) There has been quite a noticeable change in recent years. We no longer lean on export for economic growth. We now tend to put more emphasis on home consumption.
7) Today’s tendency is to give little kids too many tests and exams until they are no good for anything but taking exams.
8) It is pointless to force professors to publish a fixed number of papers annually regardless of their quality. Besides, this is a demand even Einstein would not have been able to meet.
Grammar
1. Study the use of noun clauses introduced by wh- words.
1. Point out the function of each of the noun clauses.
A noun clause is a clause that functions as a noun. Noun clauses can be used:
a) as (direct) object of verbs, as in 1), 2), 5), 7), 10);
b) after the link verb be as predictive (表语), as in 4), 6), 8), 9)
c) after an adjective such as (a person is) sure, certain, positive, (it is) amazing/ strange/funny, etc. as in 3)
d) as subject, as in:
What bothered me was how easily I had reached the decision. (para. 2, Unit 8, Book 1)
e) after certain prepositions as object, as in
They seldom give advance notice about which school they are going to inspect.
Other wh-words that are used to introduce a noun clause: who, whom, whose
2. Rewrite each (pair) of the sentences using a noun clause introduced by a wh- word.
1) what has brought you to Paris
2) how much he loved him
3) when and why you started your own business and how you went about setting it up
4) why he survived and most of his fellow travelers haven’t
5) when we occasionally came in summer
6) why the whales beach themselves
7) How the pilot managed to bring the plane down safely
8) what steps the Ministry of Railways will take to prevent a similar accident.
9) disagreement on when it should be held.
10) who the driver was
2. Learn to use the gerund.
1. Point out the function of each gerund in the sentences.
1) digging up: object of started. it has an object and adverbial modifier of its own; doing: object of preposition before
2) sending: subject of the sentence, it also has an object and adverbial modifier of its own; it being an impersonal pronoun that stand for “sending…”
3) keeping: subject which has an object: a garden
4) binding: predictive (表语)，it also has an object and adverbial modifier of its own
5) saying: object of preposition instead of
6) striving: subject of the relative clause introduced by where
7) hoping: object of ease, which has an object clause
8) reviving: object of preposition of; it has an object and adverbial modifier
2. Rewrite the sentences using the gerund.
1) Missing the flight means waiting for hours for the next.
2) He never makes an important decision without asking his parents’ advice.
3) I’ll return the book to you as soon as I finish reading it.
4) Never enter anyone’s office without knocking.
5) He tried very hard to avoid saying anything that might displease his sick father.
6) Instead of trying to reduce costs, they raised prices and cut production,
7) He has many good qualities besides being one of the most gifted chess players in the world.
8) Many of us may be eating food containing GM ingredients (含有转基因成分的食物) without realizing it.
3. Fill in each blank with ONE suitable word.
(1) looks (2) given (3) deep (4) upward (5) reward
(6) differ (7) while (8) rains (9) shade (10) growing
4. Translate the sentences, using a noun clause beginning with a wh- word or a gerund.
1) Do you know how computers work?
2) Anyone can do what I’m doing.
3) That’s exactly where you’re wrong.
4) It is almost impossible to visit Hangzhou without falling in love with the city.
5) That was why she returned to China at age 72/the age of 72.
6) How they broke into overseas markets still remains a mystery to us.
7) Find out who she is, where she came from, and what she has been sent here for.
8) On his first day at school, the boy came to realized what lay ahead of him.
9) Education must sow the seeds of wisdom, besides implanting knowledge and skills.
10) They advised people touring the area to avoid to go out alone after dark.
11) One of her job/part of her work is teaching young people how to handle personal relationships.
12) Making promises without keeping them is not considered a good practice.
5. Identify and correct the mistakes. Note there is no mistake in two of the sentences.
1) The CEO left through the backdoor to avoid being seen by striking employees.
2) Robert wanted his father to know how much he loved his father.
3) Would you mind my opening the window during the break?
4) Sit down and tell us when and where you last saw the wanted man. (No mistake)
5) I wonder why he should lie to me—I’m his best friend after all.
I wonder why he should lie to me; I’m his best friend after all.
I wonder why he should lie to me. After all I’m his best friend.
6) With her salary, how she managed to buy a big house is a mystery to all his friends.
7) Had he not been careless, he would have done better in the exam.
8) He gave a detailed account of what had happened on that particular night. (No mistake)
9) Professor Lin advised me to read more extensively. / Professor Lin suggested that I read more extensively.
10) Would you describe what the attacker looks like?
Unit 4
Preview
1. Listen to the recording of the text and then fill in the blanks in the following sentences.
1) an air crash; Washington; 1982
2） terrible crash; jet plane; Washington National Airport; bridge; Potomac; sank; in icy-cold water; four; survive
3) great damage and loss of life; special; tears; helicopter team; to pick up survivors; “the man in the water”
4) courage and noble character; nature; to the occasion
5) pride; the moral power
2. Read the text for better comprehension and answer the questions.
1) The unusual element is the bridge, because normally, air crashes do not involve a bridge. Note: The word “element” here means factor or a basic part of sth complicated..
2) City of form and rules means a city that is shapely or beautiful and orderly, but it suddenly turned into its opposite and became chaotic, turned into a state of complete disorder and confusion.
A blast of real winter: Blast means a sudden strong movement of wind or air. The two metals here refer to the bridge and the plane, both of which are made of metal.
3) From the point of view of artistic beauty, there was also a clash, because the plane was blue and green, the river was black, and the chunks of ice were grey.
Perhaps people did not see failure in it at all. They only saw the triumph of human nature over the elements.
5) Here the human nature and natural powers are in conflict.
6）“Rise to the occasion”: Deal successfully with a problem or situation that is especially difficult. “Groping and struggling” refers to the fact that normally it is human instinct to grope for something to hang on to and struggle for life.
7) The sentence means “Three out of the four acknowledged heroes…, are able to account for their behavior.”
“Account for”: give a satisfactory explanation
8) “in the line of duty”: while working; while on duty
9) Skutnic added that somebody had to go in the water saying what every hero would say under the circumstances, but although the sentiment has been repeated by many heroes, it is still admirable.
10) It means the main reason for the emotional impact or the person who caused the greatest emotional impact.
11) “mass casualty”: a great number of people injured and killed in an accident or battle. The word “mass” here is an adjective, meaning affecting a lot of people. Also mass murder; mass killings; mass destruction; mass hysteria; mass protest; mass movement.
“commitment”: a sense of duty and responsibility and a determination to work hard at it.
12) As his name remained unknown, it made him a sort of symbol, a symbol of what human beings can do when they are at their best.
13) “listening to …” is a participle phrase used as an adverbial of manner, modifying the predicate of the main clause “sitting”; “tell …” and “saying ..” are both part of the complex object of “listening to”; and “to fasten …” is part of the complex object of “tell”.
14) in the essential, classic circumstance: in the most basic and typical circumstance
15) the age-old battle between humans and nature
16) go at each other: fight each other violently
act on distinctions: act according to the distinction between good and evil; act according to moral principles
17) It means that when the man in the water gave a lifeline to the people gasping for survival, in the same way he seemed to be also saving the lives of those who watched him, making them understand life’s true meaning.
18) “hold it to a standoff”: make nature unable to win the battle immediately 迫使自然接受在和人的斗争中的僵持局面，使它不能马上得逞。
Vocabulary
1. Do the following exercises on word formation rules.
1) Turn the following into their opposite by adding in- or im-:
1. incompetence
2. immoral
3. impossible
4. incomplete
5. impersonal
6. incredible
7. indirect
8. immovable
9. immortal
10. impolite
11. informal
12. improper
13. impartial
14. impatient
15. incorrect
16. incapable
17. insignificant
18. impractical
19. imperfect ;
20. insensitive
21. impermissible
22. impenetrable
23. indifferent
24. immovable
25. invisible
26. immodest
27. immature
28. invaluable
29. invariable
30. immeasurable
2）Guess the meaning of the following suffixes.
(1) -ee
Referee; employee; payee; divorcee; trainee
(2) -eer
volunteer; pioneer; engineer; profiteer;
(3) -ess
Stewardess; actress; conductress; tigress; lioness; duchess; countess; mistress; princess; hostess;
3) Translate the following expressions paying special attention to the compound nouns in bold type made of verbs+adverbs.
1. 经济起飞
2. 欢送会
3. 梦想复辟
4. 可耻的出卖
5. 后续讨论
6. 产品用后就扔的现代经济
7. 脸上涂脂抹粉化妆品用得太多
8. 严重的精神崩溃
9. 给了个表示许可的信号
10. 怀疑这是有意掩盖真相
11. 我们叫个外买吧
12. 在那个军事接管以后
13. 给学生一些讲义
14. 改革的好处
15. 这联盟最后的破裂
16. 学校中途撤学的人
17. 第二天清晨仍能感觉酒后头昏
18. 出来参加投票的人不多
2． Give the opposite of the following words.
1) employer
2) unfasten
3) bad/evil
4) unidentified
5) concerned/caring/interested/sympathetic
6) immovable
7) impersonal
8) irresponsible
9) selfishness
10) individual/personal/specific/private
11) shallow
12) undress
13) slightly/somewhat/in part
14) deny
15) bridegroom
3. Translate the following Chinese into English.
1) air crashes/air collision and other natural disasters
2) human nature and character
3) the tail section of a jet plane
4) huge chunks of ice
5) flotation ring
6) fasten the seat belt
7) cultural conflict /clash
8) Flight 911
9) mechanic failure
10) human tragedy
11) harsh remarks
12) make a distinction between good and evil
13) presidential monuments
14) typical/classic circumstance
15) universal character
16) public hero
17) emotional impact
18) moment of high traffic (peak)
19) enduring wonder
20) Air Florida
21) Congressional Budget Office
22) mass casualties
4. Complete the sentences with the expressions listed below in their proper forms.
1) refer to; known as
2) in reality; as ever; responsible for
3) brought; to tears; sticks
4) worth; refer to; On the other hand; make a careful distinction
5) came to the conclusion; for the
6) takes off ; on behalf of
7) to be sure; care about; rise to the occasion
8) responsible for; account for
5. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions or adverbs.
1) to；as
2) on; to
3) to; of
4) on; in; under
5) according to; over
6) with; at; at
7) against; for; to
8) on; to
9) on; to
10) In/Owing to/Because of; of
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) The fact that he was able to avoid the seemingly inevitable crash made him a national hero.
2) Of the four students who risked their lives to try to drag the drowning children to shore, two never returned.
3) The Japanese are known for their long life span. They believe they owe this to their eating habits/composition of their diet, which contains a lot of fish products.
4) I know Harris. I couldn’t imagine a man like him making such stupid remarks.
5) After testing her loyalty many times, he was now going to give her the most dangerous task.
6) I hear that Lincoln delivered an extremely powerful speech on that occasion. Whatever did he actually say?
7) That this time they must be ready to challenge death was clear to everybody. But no one regretted this move.
8) As accidents go/As far as accidents are concerned, there was nothing out of the ordinary: a crazy young man drives a car on a university campus and kills a young woman student. What is unusual is the fact that the man dares to challenge the people who want to take him to court because his father is a local police officer.
9) Every time/Whenever we decide on a financial policy, we have to make a clear distinction between short-term interests and long-term interests.
10) Although it was early October, people could already be seen driving across the frozen river.
Grammar
1. Learn to use the appositive clause.
1. Study the clauses introduced by that and say which are appositive clauses and which are the relative clauses.
Explanatory notes:
a. The appositive clause is one that explains the meaning of the previous noun.
b. The “noun + appositive clause” functions as a noun (phrase), and like a noun (phrase), it is used as subject, objects, and predicative.
c. The “noun + appositive clause” form is used as the object of prepositions and of verbs that cannot be followed by a simple that-clause.
d. Only a small number of nouns can be followed by an appositive clause. Among such verbs are fact, feeling, idea, news, opinion, order, suggestion.
1) appositive clause in apposition to (与……同位) “the fact”
2) relative clause modifying “the jets …”
3) relative clause modifying “every hero’s line”
4) appositive clause in apposition to “the fact”
5) appositive clause in apposition to “proof”
6) relative clause modifying “something”
7) appositive clause in apposition to “the conclusion”
8) appositive clauses in apposition to “the fact”
2. Respond to or rewrite each of the remarks, using an appositive clause and the words in brackets.
1) The boy’s fear that he would fail the examination was totally groundless.
2) I have a feeling that the farmer’s wife doesn’t like the way some young people behave.
3) A year after the plane crash, the couple still clung to the hope that their son would one day return home.
4) I think the police’s opinion that the victim was partly responsible for theft is ridiculous.)
5) The international community welcomes the news that the two countries have decided to return to the negotiating table.
6) A lot of scientists don’t think the result of their research is absolute proof that global warming isn’t really happening.
7) Ted decided to join the team, for he came to the conclusion that he had more to gain than lose.
8) Our department head seems to have accepted the fact that women generally have better communication skills.
2. Complete each of the sentences with an indefinite pronoun beginning with any/every/some/no, adding ’s or else(’s) where necessary.
1. Using anybody/anyone, somebody/someone, everybody/everyone, nobody/no one.
1) anybody (usually in questions) / somebody (when you expect a “yes” answer
2) anybody else’s
3) Everybody
4) everyone, Nobody
5) no one else
6) No one
7) anyone (in questions)
8) someone else
9) Everyone, no one
10) Nobody
2. Using anything, something, everything, nothing.
1) everything 2) something (when “yes” is expected) /anything
3) nothing 4) something, anything 5) something
6) nothing 7) anything 8) Something, anything
9) something (10) nothing
3. Fill in each blank with ONE suitable word.
(1) made (2) while (3) scheduled (4) took (5) takeoff
(6) by (7) But (8) dangerous (9) turn (10) Something
4. Translate the sentences using an appositive clause.
1) The fact that he is somebody’s relative won’t change our opinion of him.
2) The wives of the miners trapped in the pit for three days were overjoyed by the news that their men had all been rescued.
3) We must accept the possibility that we might be wrong.
4) There’s little hope that the patient will survive.
5) The faculty shares the opinion that the majority of this year’s freshmen are promising.
6) In spite of our economic growth, we should bear/keep in mind the fact that ours is still a developing country.
7) We should hear his explanation before we jump to the conclusion that he’s to blame.
8) There aren’t many people who still cling to the idea that man should conquer nature rather than live in harmony with it.
5. Identify and correct the mistake in each of the sentences.
1) Everyone in our class went to the international book fair.
2) Every one of their new products became popular soon after it was launched.
3) The Chinese Delegation expressed the hope that the two sides would soon stop fighting in the area.
4) I don’t like the way (in which) he speaks to his patients.
5) Is there anyone in the office?
6) I think it was the director’s fault, and nobody else is responsible for the disaster.
7) Has anyone got anything important to say?
8) Lee Ying can’t be in the library. I saw her going to the sports ground just a moment ago.
9) If the firefighters hadn’t been caught in a traffic jam, they would have arrived an hour early.
10) Not only did the medical team save many earthquake victims, but they also helped them to recover from the shock.
Unit 5
Preview
1. Listen to the recording of the text and then fill in the blanks in the following sentences.
1. More and more impatient; happen; hurry
2.fast; fast food; fast photos; entertainment; news; seek; quick fix; do it now; get it over and done with
3. saving; spending; save more time
4. better; balance; put the brakes; slow down
2. Read the text for better comprehension and answer the questions.
1. Because they were driving too fast to see the cows clearly.
“be reduced to”: be made smaller in size, amount, or importance
2. 此处缺解释
3. It refers to the idea that in order to be happy in future we have to put up with the present difficulties and hardships. In other words, the present self-denial is for the later gratification in our life.
4. “…for a rainy day”: (You save something or put something away) for a time in the future when you may need it.
5. We are talking about the weighing scale here. “waiting patiently for the scale to drop” means waiting for the scale to show you have succeeded in losing some weight.
6. “liposuction” : a medical operation to remove fat from a part of someone’s body (lipo- : fat; suck: to pull some liquid to some place)
7. “This impatience is like a widespread disease that has many effects on our lives.
8. “agree with somebody” here means “ does not make somebody feel ill”.
“fast relief”: some medicine that can help you get rid of the pain or discomfort immediately.
9. The bald eagle is the national bird of the U.S. and therefore is also known as the American eagle.
10. “theme” here means a short tune that is repeated in a longer piece of music. “da-da-da-Dum” is the famous powerful theme of Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony. It is suggested to be Beethoven’s memory of his childhood when his father would come to knock at his door to remind him it was time to practice.
Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony is translated into Chinese as 命运交响曲。
11. “pre-digested”: (said of information) already put in a form that is simpler and therefore easier to understand. The word “digest” means 消化 in Chinese Therefore “predigested’ reading matter is like “别人嚼过的馒头”. Nobody in their right mind would like that kind of food.
12. We used to enjoy having many relatives and friends around, and we are happy to spend time on them and show our concern, but now we all seem to be in such a hurry in our life that our world becomes smaller and smaller.
13. Instead of spending more time with our loved ones as we should, we now only set aside a few hours and meanwhile deceive ourselves that we are giving our best time (quality time) to them.
14. No. She wrote this article to warn people not to go too fast. She hoped that we would all think more carefully about the serious consequences if we are looking for quick solutions to our problems all the time.
Vocabulary
1. Do the following exercises on word formation rules.
1. Study the following words and find out what the following prefixes mean.
The prefix “super-” means ____________________________________.
The prefix “pre-” means ______________________________________.
The prefix “micro-“ means:_____________________________________
The prefix “bi-“ means: ________________________________________
The prefix “inter-“ means: _____________________________________
2. Translate into Chinese the words in bold type.
(1) 超人
(2) 超级明星； 超自然的
(3) 洲际的；超级公路
(4) 预计；芯片/集成电路；超级计算机
(5) 半月刊; 预先安排好的
(6) 工业化前的；微生物学；显微镜
(7) 学前的； 史前的
(8) 预先确定的
(9) 过早的；先决条件
(10) 互相关联的；互动
3. Study the following compound words.
an “all-you-can-eat” farm restaurant;
a “we-want-it-all-and-we-want-it-now” lifestyle;
an “I-hate-to-wait” kind of attitude; ;
a wait-and-see policy;
an “I- told –you- so” kind of look;
4. Give the adjective forms of the following nouns and verbs.
1) attentive
2) personal
3) convenient
4) symbolic
5) favorable, favorite
6) true, truthful
7) impatient
8) weighty
9) informative
10) devoted
11) massive
12) moved, moving
13) medical, medicinal
14) pervasive
15) musical
2. Translate the following Chinese into English.
1) fast food
2) best seller
3) homemade bread
4) musical excerpts
5) express mail
6) life style
7) personal relationship
8) mass movement
9) subtle changes
10) pastoral scenery
11) rear-view mirror
12) exit sign
13) Civil War battlefield
14) horse carriages
15) antique cars
16) factory outlets
17) quality time
18) deferred gratification
19) credit card
20) ready-made clothes
21) automatic teller machine
22) convenience store
23) Polaroid camera
24) current affairs
25) news briefings
26) Fifth Symphony
27) classic novels
3. Rewrite the sentences below using the expressions given in the brackets.
1) We have decided to slow down in our economic growth so as to devote ourselves more to the improvement of people’s living standard.
2) Lucy is good at swimming. More often than not she can win a prize in a contest.
3) My sister said that she wanted to be on her own instead of working for that company any longer, but she had not saved up enough for capital. She wondered if I could help her out.
4) Thanks to government policy that the unemployment rate has dropped. It was reduced to less than four percent for the first half of the year.
5) Joe was crazy about the raw fish and he stuffed himself with it. That night, the fish didn’t agree with him, and he had a terrible stomachache. Finally he had to go to the hospital for quick relief.
6) I am getting sick and tired of this unpleasant job. We have been lingering over it for almost a week. Let’s finish it today somehow to get it over and done with.
7) The new president ordered professors to double their publications in three years hoping that that would make the school more famous. Well, he sped out of control.. Teaching suffered because the professors did not have enough time to devote to it. The quality of their publications also suffered and so did the professors’ health.
4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions or adverbs.
1) up; out
2) down; at
3) up
4) aside/away; out of; with
5) On; with.
6) with; off.
7) in; out
8) in; of; on
9) into; around; at
10) out; in
5. Translate the following sentences into English.
1） The government will have to decide when and how to put brakes on the economy before it speeds out of control.
2） Why waste money building an airport in the middle of nowhere? We must not ignore the fact that what people here need most is clean water and clean air.
3） They thought they might take a different route on their return trip so as to explore the great canyon in Tibet.
4） She traveled around the world and came back home quite a changed person, educated and greatly revitalized.
5） There is no easy fix for our social problems. We should explore all possibilities and move one step at a time.
6） All old traditions die a slow and lingering death. Customs and habits that have taken so long to form can’t be expected to disappear overnight.
7） Madam Chang was considered a pioneer who advocated combining classic Chinese music with Western music.
8） I was so stunned when I heard the news, that for quite some time I didn’t know what to say.
9） The soldiers are learning how to survive in the wilderness.
10） I’ll go there with you if you insist. But really I won’t be much help to you.
11）
Grammar
1. Point out the difference between the gerund and the infinitive when they are used as objects after the same verb.
1) try doing sth: to do sth to see if it works or will be successful
2) try to do sth: to make an effort or take action to do sth that you may not be able to do
3) like doing sth: to enjoy doing sth, referring to a general preference
4) like to do sth: to want or prefer to do sth, referring a particular case
5) begin to do sth:
6) begin doing sth:
Note: A number of verbs can have either a gerund or a to-infinitive as object with little difference in meaning. They include: attempt, begin, bother, continue, fear, hate, love, prefer, start, etc. However, when these verbs are used in a continuous tense, they take a to-infinitive as object, e.g.
I’m beginning to like the food here.
Some township enterprises are continuing to expand.
Verbs that often take a gerund as their object: admit, advise, avoid, deny, enjoy, fancy, (can’t/couldn’t) help, keep, mind, miss, practice, risk, suggest, etc.
Verbs that can have a to-infinitive as their object: agree, decide, hope, offer, promise, choose, expect, intend, mean, plan, refuse, fail, manage, pretend, tend, want, etc
7) regret doing sth: to feel sorry about sth you did or did not do
8) regret to do sth: formal used in writing to express sad feelings about sth that is disappointing or unpleasant
9) stop doing sth: not to continue what you had been doing
10) stop to do sth: to stop (doing one thing) so as to do another
(Note: Here “to do sth” is an adverbial of purpose, not an object.)
11) mean doing sth: to have or represent a particular meaning
12) mean to do sth: to intend to do sth
2. Practice using the gerund and the to-infinitive.
1. Complete the statements or questions using the gerund or the infinitive form of the verb in brackets.
1) to live 2)living, living 3) arguing 4) to watch
5) pretending 6)to perform 7) trying 8) Settling down
2. Translate, choosing between the gerund and the to-infinitive.
1) Remember to bring your ID with you when you go to the airport.
2) I remember feeling greatly disappointed after my first job interview.
3) Finally they decided to apologize to the passengers for what had happened. at the airport.
4) I’m sorry that I clean forgot to pass the message to Big Li.
5) At midday we stop to have lunch in a fast food restaurant.
6) I stopped listening about the disaster on the radio, but I was too shocked to move out of the chair.
3. Fill in each blank with ONE suitable word.
(1) not (2) affect (3) signs (4) passing (5) depend
(6) providing (7) lack (8) Whether (9) only (10) on
4. Learn to recognize and use various forms of attributive modifiers (定语).
1. Identify the grammatical form of the underlined attributive modifiers in the sentences and note their position.
The attributive modifiers are all placed after the nouns they qualify.
Their grammatical form:
1) prepositional phrase
2) adjective phrase
3) three to-infinitive phrases
4) past participle phrase
5) present participle phrase
6) adjective
2. Translate the Chinese in brackets using the grammatical forms as shown in the above six sentences.
1) something important to say
2) known as a nation on wheels
3) as well-informed about Beijing opera as Anna
4) called the sixth generation of Chinese directors
5) living and working overseas/abroad/in foreign countries
6) with a big nose and big hands
7) sitting in the corner
8) to play center forward (AmE) /central forward (BrE) on the university team
9) anything particular to do
10) all the things mentioned above
5. Identify and correct the mistake in each of the sentences.
1) Those who refused to work for the invaders were sent to concentration camps.
2) I don’t remember seeing the man anywhere before.
3) Some day they will bitterly regret having done what they did.
4) The teacher didn’t leave the shaking building until all his students had.
5) It wasn’t long before an ambulance arrived and rushed the injured man to a nearby hospital.
6) In the library, a friend of mine found the book I wanted.
(The original sentence might indicate the writer wanted the book in the library. If the writer meant the book was found in the library, the adverbial in the library is misplaced.)
7) I wouldn’t believe it unless I saw it with my own eyes.
8) Whatever your feelings may be, don’t let them interfere with your work.
9) Shrieking and stumbling, the residents rushed out of the burning house.
(Errors in original sentence:
a. dangling participles: a burning house cannot shriek and stumble
b. rush out of: used as a transitive verb, which is wrong)
10) The American journalist who taught News Reporting at our university three years ago is coming again next semester.
Unit 6
Preview
2. Read the text for better comprehension and answer the questions.
1) His father may have been a diplomat or the representative of some government agency or business company.
“…he go” is correct. This is in the subjunctive mood. We can use “go” or “should go” for all persons.
2) It means “pretending to be Robin Hood” here.
3) “I stayed alone because in this way I did not have to force myself to say goodbye to my new friends the next time we had to move.”
Forming attachments means “forming friendship”
4) Unintentionally. The opposite is “by design”, a formal expression meaning “deliberately” 有意地。
5) The part “We had been in England…” describes the background when something happened.
Note： In the following sentences, the “when clause” suggests that something happens suddenly.
又如：
We had just left when the police came to arrest us. 我们刚走警察就来抓我们了。
He had just gone to bed when the earth began to tremble. 他刚 上床地就突然颤动起来。
I was having my breakfast when the bell rang. 我正在吃早饭，铃就突然响了。
No. It means the land and the buildings on it.
6) It means a group or growth of tall trees or plants.
7) He is using these words metaphorically. Note the expression “with… for…”
8) “Introduce”: bring in some animal or plant to a country for the first time.
9) “case”: container;
“figure”: a sculpture of a human body 人物雕塑像
10) It is used as a noun, meaning “井或类似井的东西”
11) When two people become very familiar, very close and intimate, they do not take particular notice of each other’s physical changes because they are mostly talking heart to heart instead of looking at each other’s face or other things on the surface.
12) It means “looking at”.
13) having difficulty checking her tears.
14) “The seen” refers to what we can see of nature such as beautiful flowers, trees, rivers, mountains, birds and animals, and change of the weather etc. whereas “the unseen” refers to the laws of nature and knowledge about nature.
the seemingly different two souls: The two souls refer to the boy and the old woman. They seem to be very different in age, gender, nationality; educational background etc. But these differences are superficial.
Vocabulary
1. Do the following exercises on word formation rules.
1. Give the corresponding verbs or nouns of the following words.
Give verbs
1. attach
2. accumulate
3. illustrate
4. weigh
5. gratify
6. locate
7. preside
8. collide
9. fly/flee
10. injure
11. deliver
12. admire
13. respond
14. commit
15. endure
16. survive
17. revive
18. float
19. relax
20. prove
21. conclude
22. challenge
23. televise
24. behave
Give nouns:
1. advocacy/advocate
2. inclusion
3. amazement
4. admiration
5. rediscovery
6. condensation
7. attempt
8. digest/digestion
9. reduction
10. guarantee
11. infection
12. insistence
13. exploration
14. refreshment
15. revitalization
16. deference
2． Translate the following paying special attention to the verbs in bold type which are normally used as nouns.
1. 他居然通过钻营混到那个位置。
2. 她踮着脚尖进了房间。
3. 他们宁可坐公共汽车/骑自行车上学校。.
4. 这煤先用车运到港口，然后再船运到海外。
5. 这个国王据说生了几十个儿子，他们最后都成了他的贴身保镖。
6. 据警察说，这个可怜的家伙是“拉肚子拉死的”。
7. 根据这个故事，他是因为没有钉好马掌把他的天下给弄丢的。
8. 那个刺客挖出了一条鱼的肚子里的东西，在里面藏上了一把匕首。
9. 别和我称兄道弟的，你这个狗东西！
10. 他在设法打听她的家庭背景。
11. 那位警官怀疑地把他上下打量了一番。
12. 没有免费的午餐。总得有人埋单。肯定又是普通老百姓
13. 她在这个家里感觉就像笼中的鸟。
14. 我订了两张明天的演出票。
15. 他已被证实杀了自己的父亲。
3．Translate the homonyms in bold type.
(1) bear (担负)； grave （坟墓）
bear （熊）
(2) at stake (处于危险当中)； grave （严重的）
stake (桩子)
(3) bore （钻孔）
bore （使人厌烦）
(4) cell （细胞）
cell phone （移动电话）
present （礼物）
(5) present （现时）.
can (能够)
can （做罐头）
(6) pitch dark （漆黑）
pitch in （共同努力）
(7) mean （卑鄙的；残忍的；小气的；凶恶的）
meantime （同时）
(8). club (短棍) mean （意思是）
club. （俱乐部）
(9) resort to （采用某种手段）
resort （别墅）
(10) utter （说；发出）
utter （完全的；彻底的）
2. Give the synonyms or antonyms to the following expressions.
Synonyms
1. quickly/rapidly
2. fill up/overflow
3. tend to/have the tendency to
4. dear/expensive/valuable
5. lasting
6. many/numerous
7. thick
8. paradise
9. go on/move on/carry on
10. frighten/scare/terrify/appall
11. weak/delicate/slight
12. surprise/astonish/shock/astound
13. pleased/happy
14. give up
15. wander/stroll/travel
16. great/huge/vast/massive/enormous
17. walk/journey/roaming
18. delighted/attracted/greatly interested
19. certainly/doubtlessly/unquestionably
20. awkwardly
Antonyms
1. upstairs
2. unfamiliar
3. mentally
4. invisible
5. penetrable/passable
6. colorless
7. public
8. hell
9. minor
10. detach
11. harmful
12. common
3. Translate the following expressions.
Into English
(1) to explore the secrets of nature
(2) to earn everybody’s praise
(3) to bear pain and sufferings
(4) to introduce this sheep
(5) to demand an open apology
(6) to surround the enemy
(7) to abandon/give up hope
(8) to accumulate experience
(9) to form a powerful team
(10) to design this castle
Into Chinese
(1) 非常值得的/收获很大的经历
(2) 似乎不同的
(3) 行动笨拙的人
(4) 一个带刺铁丝的篱笆
(5) 人间的天堂
(6) 密度很大的人口
(7) 稀有物种
(8) 高倍双筒望远镜
(9) 退休工人
(10) 潜在的灾难
4. Complete the sentences with the expressions listed below in their proper forms.
1. ran into; as it were; bursting
2. brimming over/filling up; odds and ends
3. at ease; kept to
4. care to; warning her
5. work with; went by
6. wrench me away; slip through
7. bursting with
8. filled up
9. about to; burst into
10. about to; at ease
5. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions and adverbs.
1. to
2. to; away; from
3. with; to; at; at
4. as; for; through; of; by; in; with
5. to
6. forward to; about; along
7. in; into; on
8. with; for
9. against; in; through
10. against (or: not to play); with
6. Choose the right answer to fill in the blanks.
1) B (We can also say “set to work”, but not “set to preparing dinner”)
2) D
3) A
4) D
5) A
6) D
7) B or C
8) C (B is possible too)
7. Translate the following sentences into English.
1） --- I suspect that he has not told us the whole truth.
--- Why do you doubt it?
2） Nobody would have suspected him. A suspect wouldn’t usually look so appealing. But finally the police identified him to be the true murderer through a DNA test.
3） Huangdi is regarded as the very first farmer in our history while his wife was the first weaver.
4） Please give my best regards to my friends there. I really miss them all.
5） Whenever possible young people prefer to earn their own living than live off their parents.
6） The North demanded the military exercise be called off, but the South refused. Instead they demanded an open apology from the North for the gun fire.
7） This place has earned itself quite a reputation for developing a green economy.
8） Being young, they are often inclined to look at things from the bright side.
9） Scientists have identified the frozen body as a young hunter who lived about six thousand years ago.
10） Although she is a second-generation Chinese American, she still values her Chinese cultural identity.
Grammar
1. Study the use of the present perfect continuous tense in these sentences.
1. Note the kind of time adverbials used with the tense.
The present perfect continuous is used to denote an activity that began in the past and is still continuing. You indicate how long the activity has been going on by
a. Using (ever) since + a noun phrase or an adverbial clause beginning with the conjunction since, as in 1);
b. Using the a for preposition phrase, as in 2);
c. Using noun phrases, such as, these days/weeks/months/years, all day/morning, as in 3)
d. Through the context, as in 4).
2. Complete the following sentences using the present perfect continuous tense of the verbs below.
1) (I’ve) been looking for you
2) (You’ve) been playing
3) have you been doing?
4) (They’ve) been swimming
5) he’s been living and working
6) (You’ve) been reading
7) been preparing for
8) he’s been playing the piano
2. Shorten the underlined parts in each sentence, where possible, by turning the relative clauses into a present participle phrase.
1) The young man wearing glasses
2) The international students studying at this university
3) The roaring temperature
4) A number of rice-producing countries
5) a series of money-saving measures
6) the sleeping children
7) The underlined part cannot be replaced by a present participle phrase. A relative clause can be replaced by a present participle phrase in two cases:
a. The main verb in the relative clause expresses an action going on either at present or in the past, e.g.
There are dozens of fans who are waiting to see the star at the airport. g
There are dozens of fans waiting to see the star at the airport.
b. The main verb in the relative clause expresses a habitual action or a state, either at present or in the past, e.g.
When the phone does ring, it’s usually a stranger who dials the wrong number. g
When the phone does ring, it’s usually a stranger dialing the wrong number.
If an action happened once in the past or will happen in the future, you cannot shorten a relative clause into a present participle phrase.
8) The dying patient
9) a hot muscle-relaxing bath
10) some stone steps leading to the 3000-year-old house
3. Fill in each blank with ONE suitable word.
(1) happened (2) when (3) job (4) through (5) had
6) tired (7) hoping (8) touch (9) experience (10) familiar
4. Translate the sentences, using the perfect continuous tense or the present participle phrase as an attributive modifier.
1) Do you know the young lady sitting next to the chairman of the department?
2) The police have been keeping track of the suspect for a whole week. They will make an arrest soon.
3) The new government announced that they would protect all law-abiding foreigners living in the country.
4) We should bear in mind that there are still thousands of people living on or near the poverty line in this city.
5) These athletes have been training for the current Asian Games for a whole year.
6) Unemployed residents in the city have been protesting soaring food prices in the past two months.
7) The young employees of the organization have been tightening their belts for months, adapting themselves to a war economy.
8) The company claims that they have made a breakthrough in energy-saving technology.
9) Mr. King worked his way up from the position of waiter to manager. He has been working for the restaurant for 30 years.
10) The outgoing/retiring vice president of the university made a heart-warming speech at his farewell party.
5. Identify and correct the mistakes. Note there is no mistake in one of the sentences.
1) Do you know the journalist who asked the last question at the press conference this morning?
2) These families have being tightening their belts for months.
3) The whole nation mourned for all those who had died/who had been killed in the earthquake.
4) There’s no mistake in this sentence.
(working population: all the people in an area who have a job or who are of a suitable age to have a job)
5) The boy’s been taking piano lessons from Professor Zhou ever since he was 12.
6) More and more people in Latin American countries are coming to China, and Spanish-speaking tourist guides are in great demand.
7) It’s been ten months since they first came and yet, some of them are still adapting themselves to life at college.
8) It is believed oil-exporting countries are largely responsible for the recent price increase. / … countries that export oil … (this is wordy)
9) My ageing grandparents moved in with us when they both reached 80.
10) The company is involved in illegally importing oil products and could face a charge.
Unit 7 Inter-Lesson (I)
Test Paper
I. Spelling (10%)
Complete the following words according to the Chinese correspondence
1. abandon
2. antique
3. available
4. behavior
5. budget
6. casualty
7. conceivable
8. convenience
9. dangle
10. echo
11. gesture
12. glimpse
13. glisten
14. intolerable
15. peculiar
16. racist
17. refrigerator
18. subtle
19. survivor
20. symphony
II. Word-Formation (10%)
1. qualifications 2. intelligence 3. fact-finding 4. historic
5.inseparable 6. breadwinner 7. superhighway 8. takeoff 9. delivering 10.hardware, software
III. Cloze (10%)
(1) enable (2) specific (3) missed (4) training (5) develop
(6) on (7) be (8) process (9) philosophers (10) rural
IV. Translation (30%)
Chinese ? English (20%)
1. As a child, he was exposed to great works of literature, for both his parents were well-read in classics.
2. The military announced that they had succeeded in developing a new stealth fighter.
3. They’re trying to come up with practical ways to reduce production costs for this township factory.
4. Most people think that all things considered, life is much better today than it was 30 years ago.
5. Success doesn’t only depend on what you do. What you don’t do is equally important.
6. How do you account for the company’s high staff turnover?
7. Most of the buildings in the town were reduced to rubble in the earthquake.
8. How can I concentrate on my work with my roommates talking and laughing?
9. We admire the way he answered awkward questions at the press conference with wit and facts.
10. The moment he entered the conference room, he had a feeling that something had gone wrong.
English ? Chinese
1. 那时我还是个小女孩，脑子里充满童话般的梦想，什么彩虹呀，一碰触就会带来幸福神奇的银雨点呀。父亲使我又想唱歌又想跳舞，我常常为他表演，为只有一个人的观众独唱，他不断地鼓掌，我是公主，他是国王。
不过那都是很久以前的事情了。岁月把他催老，也使我见得多了，但懂得少了。
2. 我原先以为岁月不会在父亲身上留下痕迹，然而岁月却带走了我目光中的纯金白银，我看到他的眼睛不再是那奇妙的淡蓝，而褪成了疲惫的灰白；他说的笑话，他过去一直说的那些笑话，不再有趣，不再使我哈哈大笑，现在这些笑话听来是对人们、对生活的伤感与嘲弄；他搂我的时候，我感到我肩上的手十分沉重，他拉起我的手时，他抓得太紧，握得太牢。
V. Proofreading (10%)
1. And not having a book of his own to point to, he pointed to mine which was lying on the desk.
2. Our colleges inevitably graduate a number of such life forms, but it cannot be said that they went to college; rather the college went through them—without making contact.
3. “I didn’t imply anything,” she said, “I just don’t see what’s wrong with a white person marrying a black person, that’s all.”
4. “A great man shows his greatness,” said Carlyle, “by the way he treats little men.”
5. He squeezed it to see how deep the wound was. “It’s shallow,” he said. “Tomorrow you won’t even know it’s there.” He hoped that she appreciated how quickly he had come to her aid.
6. There was no possible way of arguing with the fact that she would not be herself if she were black.
7. Since it was he who lost the fight, we ought to come again to the conclusion that people are powerless in the world.
8. Still, there was nothing very special in any of it, except death, which, while always special, does not necessarily bring the nation to tears or to attention.
9. That somebody actually did so is part of the reason this particular tragedy sticks in the mind.
10. So, when it was time to return to our home outside of Philadelphia, I insisted that we take a different route.
VI. Reading Comprehension (30%)
1. Read the passage and do as instructed.
1. D 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. C
2. Infer the meaning of the following words or phrases. (10%)
1. a chance to speak; an opportunity to express his opinion
2. made us gasp with surprise; left us speechless; surprised us so much that we couldn’t say anything
3. to tell (them) the death; to announce to them the death when they did not expect it
4. a painting Millet did
5. under any condition;
3. Explain the sentences in your own words. (5%)
1. In the past Millet would have been willing to sell it for the amount of money for which he could get to buy a pork chop.
2. The sentence implies that the picture was worth far more than eighty thousand francs now.
3. I am glad that Millet is still living. He was the only talented artist who has not died of hunger. This implies many talented artists have died of hunger simply because they weren’t able to sell their works.
4. Describe in about 100 words how Carl’s project was carried through. (10%)
The four friends immediately set out to carry the three-month project out. Millet stayed at home painting; the others went out to make a name for him. When selling Millet’s small picture, they made buyers believe that the artist was dying. At the same time they made friends with newspaper reporters and work on dealers. Millet’s name was built up and his poor health began to be reported in newspapers. In six weeks, they managed to sell 85 for 69,000 francs. They soon announced Millet’s death, and a great funeral was held for him. The price of Millet’s paintings began to soar. (102 words)
Unit 8
Preview
1. Listen to the recording of the text and then decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).
1) F
2) T
3) T
4) T
5) F
6) F
7) F
8) T
9) F
10) F
11) T
12) T
2. Read the text for better comprehension and answer the questions.
1. It refers to the practice of dropping into a sleep of four or five hundred years.
2. From the use of the word “other”, we can infer that the protagonist was a writer too.
at will: as he wishes
3. No, it means they are extremely old although it doesn’t show on their face.
4. They refer to examples of some plants or animals. The word is used to indicate that these human beings in the cases are now taken as museum pieces.
5. The busy exciting street I knew has now changed into this empty, lonely, lifeless place covered with moss.
6. It means “made me speechless.” I was so horrified that I didn’t know what to say.
7. How do you go from one place to another.
8. You became part of the machines. You came to be controlled by the machines. (It is related to the idea of alienation of machines.)
9. I was on the point of starting my favorite sharp criticism about the vanity of women’s crazy pursuit of fashions.
10. and how much of the quality of life has been combined with the effort.
11. What happened to all the system of communication?
12. First of all, it was not necessary since people did not need to work and travel made no sense either since the exchange of products, services and personnel all disappeared. Besides these people could still “get broken”.
13. Yes, the protagonist must have had mixed feelings about this “New World”.
14. Because they have no idea what they mean. It happened so long ago. And it is also obvious that it is not part of the memory they have planted in their brain through surgery.
15. He comes to the conclusion that all things considered, the old world is still better.
16. It is somebody who is annoyed by the noises the protagonist is making in his nightmare. It shows that the protagonist has only been dreaming all this in a hotel.
Vocabulary
1. Do the following exercises on word formation rules.
1) Give the corresponding adjectives of the following nouns.
1. annoying/annoyed
2. astonished/astonishing
3. desolate
4. destined
5. stagnant
6. secure
7. simple/simplistic
8. commercial
9. devoted
10. educational
11. decorative
12. marvelous
13. jealous
14. systematic
15. favorable
16. fashionable
17. momentary
18. evident
19. appalling
20. dreadful
2) Give the opposite of the following adjectives by adding a prefix and try to find out why ir- is used instead of in- or im-.
1. irresponsible
2. irrational
3. irresolute
4. irrevocable
5. irregular
6. irrelevant
7. irresistible
8. irreparable
Note: We use the prefix “ir-” because all these words begin with the letter “r”. All rules however have exceptions. The opposite of “reasonable” for example is “unreasonable”
3) The word over can mean above, on, going across from one side to the other, and more than. When it is used as a prefix, it can also have these differences. Translate the following and try to guess the meaning of the prefix:
1. 在头上方
2. 从船上落在水中
3. 在海外
4. 追赶
5. 克服
6. 忽略; 俯视
7. 偷听到
Note: 以上，“over” 是“在。。。之上”和“从这头到那头”的意思。
下面的 “over-“ 都是“过分的”， “过多的”，“过高的”之类的意思：
8. 反应过度
9. 估计过高
10. 超杀
11. 睡过头
12. 劳累过度
13. 人口太多
14. 要价太高
15. 负担太重
16. 超时的
4) Many compound nouns/verbs are made of an adverb + a verb such as the word Downfall; Translate the following and study how such words are formed:
1. 输入/投入和输出/产出
2. 一个社会的弃儿
3. 战争的爆发
4. 一场倾盆大雨
5. 一次严重的经济下降
6. 他力图对他的错误轻描淡写
7. 现金和技术人员的流出/流入
8. 选举的结果
9. 工人的平均收入
10. 对这政策的大声抗议
11. 减少你吃的食盐量
12. 一个新的人生观
13. 下载失败
2. Give synonyms and antonyms to the following words.
Synonyms
1) obviously/clearly/doubtlessly
2) mankind
3) sure/certain to
4) destruction/emptiness/bareness
5) housework
6) continue/endure/live/exist/stay
7) rebellion
8) think over/consider/reflect on
9) take up/fill up
10) stopping/ceasing/ending
11) begin/start
12) thanks to
13) change
14) wipe out
15) era/age/time/period
16) make/cause to become
Antonyms
1) finite
2) increasing
3) insane
4) economical
5) ordinary
6) forbid
7) dissent
8) end/discontinue
9) deny
10) lively
11) comedy
12) disconnect
13) inner
14) insecurity
15) fruitful
3. Translate the following expressions into Chinese.
1) make preparations
2) eliminate (diseases; mistakes; the possibility)
3) launch (a missile; a weather satellite; project; an attack; a campaign)
4) keep track of (our income; time; the weather; our foreign trade)
5) hunt down (the terrorists; the drug pushers; the corrupt officials; )
6) increase/decrease (production; desires; population)
7) be dressed in (black; red; his Sunday best)
8) be destined to (be a historical figure; lead the country)
9) do away with (these useless gadgets; these laws; examinations)
10) be connected with (the weather changes; the underworld; the army)
11) improve (the quality of our life; the conditions; the relationship; on our last year’s performance)
12) shift (gears; his attention; her focus; our emphasis; his weight)
13) occupy (the land; the time; the space; important positions)
14) plunge (into the water; toward the door; below zero degrees; into darkness)
4. Replace the parts in bold type with words and expressions from the text.
1） what became of her in the end; I haven’t the faintest idea.
2) My brain was reeling
3) came to life; that sprang to his lips
4) The simplicity of it!
5) evidently entered a new epoch; shift our emphasis
6) reflect on
7) It rendered me speechless
8) I stood riveted in astonishment; pull my senses together
9) humanity was destined to
10) In place of huts and straw cottages we have now fashionable buildings of glass and steel. In place of flowers, trees, singing birds, clean streams we now have a world of stillness, silence, monotony, and stagnation.
5. Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions or adverbs.
1) of; down
2) out； on； for； to
3) for； with
4) at； with
5) In； about; by; in place of
6) of; of
7) down; back
8) of; into
9) in; up
10) forward; on
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) If it hadn’t been for one man’s courage and wisdom, the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone could never have succeeded. This man was the first mayor of the city.
2) ---- Sorry I cut you off just now. You were saying…
---- I was saying that it is not easy to break down the resistance of those conservatives. But we must go at them step by step.
3) The government knows only too well that it cannot increase taxes at will without hurting home consumption. But to shift the emphasis from export to domestic consumption takes time.
4) Even with all these home appliances, it is impossible to do away with/ eliminate our domestic labor completely.
5) Our town must have looked this way three hundred years ago. Many old buildings were about to fall in ruins. Some of our leaders wanted to tear them down and put up new tall buildings in their place. But due to lack of money, the plan had to be abandoned. Looking back that was actually a blessing. Today our town has become a tourist attraction.
6) Ironically, sometimes, the more we increase production, the more we decrease profit.
7) This project has occupied too much of my time. I could not launch a new project even if I wanted to.
8) To tell the truth, I’m more worried about social stagnation than economic slowdown. Of course, you may not share my view.
9) Sadly enough, not everyone realizes that if we do not improve our educational standards, we will lag behind other countries for ever.
Grammar
1. Complete the sentences by translating the Chinese in brackets, using the patterns shown in the examples.
1) the better you write
2) the wiser they become
3) the sooner you will be able to solve it
4) the harder you fall
5) The sooner he faces reality
6) The more you succeed
7) the less dependent you will be on other people
8) drove faster and faster
9) he became more and more conceited
10) life in this country is getting better and better for most people
2. Learn to use adjective (phrases) to denote the state of the subject of a sentence.
1. Combine each pair of sentences as shown in the examples.
1) He threw himself into the armchair utterly exhausted.
2) The man returned home empty-handed.
3) The contestants were all sitting at their computers, ready to begin.
4) They stared at the manager surprised at his announcement.
5) The children watched the conjurers wide-eyed in amazement.
2. Complete the sentences by translating the Chinese in brackets.
1) fascinated and puzzled.
2) The visitor stood still at the door for a few seconds
3) not conscious of a stranger studying him
4) fully prepared for provocative questions.
5) aware that something had gone wrong.
3. Fill in each blank with ONE suitable word.
(1) good (2) limited (3) for (4) longer (5) combination
(6) bringing (7) without (8) why (9) instead (10)center
4. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) The older you get, the more tolerant you become.
2) After 10 p.m. the longer I work, the less efficient I become.
3) As both her parents died young, the girl was brought up by her uncle and aunt.
4) The longer you work with him, the more you’ll learn from him without knowing it.
5) When the concert was over, the audience sat silent and still for a couple of minutes, and then they broke into thunderous applause.
6) Scholars complain that cities, towns and even villages in this country are becoming more and more Americanized.
7) The more I think about it, the more suspicious I am of these strange phone calls.
8) As the years went by, my grandmother was became more and more involved in community work.
9) Generally, the more something is in demand, the higher the price.
10) Much to our grief, all the nice areas around our city are becoming more and more urbanized.
5. Identify and correct the mistakes in each of the sentences.
1) The harder you practice, the better you speak the language.
2) The sooner we start /set out, the sooner we’ll get there.
3) My 12-year-old cousin is in a hurry to grow up, eager for knowledge and experience.
4) The longer I live here, the better I love the place.
5) Delegates of the two countries met briefly but went away empty-handed.
6) When she asked the shopkeeper if she could use the telephone, he said they didn’t have one.
7) A month has passed, but a few survivors of the recent fire are still haunted by the nightmare, and often lie awake all night.
8) The firefighters rushed into the burning house fully aware of the risk they were taking.
9) The longer you stay in a foreign country, the more fascinated you become in its history and culture.
10) Five days is too long for the chief executive officer to be away from his work.
Unit 9
Preview
2. Listen to the recording of the text, read it through, and then fill in the blanks in the following sentences.
1. mis-educated; educated; traditional; inadequate; color; appearance; language; art; music; life style; religion; politics; terrain; resources; economic development; tourists; shocks
2. differences; similarities
3. little community; remote or separated; today’s problems; live in it; tribalism
4. global; hold life; respect; share.
5. human life; needs; air; water; food; keep
6. expresses; situation; willing
3. Read the text for better comprehension and answer the questions.
1. It means “use”.
2. It gives people a general picture of the world, the obvious differences between different places. “A bird’s-eye view” is a view from a high position.
3. “Comparative Culture” is a common course at college. It teaches students the different historical, geographical, political and social background of various cultures and their different cultural interests such as an interest in music, art, and life style.
4.五音阶。“Scale” here means a series of musical notes in a fixed order from the highest to the lowest or vice versa.
5.He is saying here that our differences are by comparison largely insignificant. The most important thing we must remember is that we all live on this planet and we have the same interest and face the same problems. So let’s forget our differences and join our hands to work together for a better world.
6.The education received neglected to touch upon the similarities.
7.The simple realities we fail to see are the similarities we all share.
8.This means that the author thinks the similarities are greater than the differences among the peoples of the global village.
9.He is talking about the present time when hope seems misty. “Misty” means unclear; difficulty to see.
10.The grammatical subject of the sentence is the infinite phrase “to stop there”.
11.It means “after you had compared notes”.
“get through” : finish doing sth.
“compare notes”: talk about sth to find out whether you have the same information or opinions.
12.A well-rounded man is a well developed man, a man developed in a all-round way, developed academically, physically, morally and aesthetically.
Note: Today people no longer say “a rounded man”. They say “a well-rounded man”.
13.He is referring to the time when the world community seemed to be suddenly compressed into a small global village.
14.The author is suggesting that people’s later loyalty to their kingdom, race, or even country is only a refined form of tribalism. Different in form, but basically the same. Seemingly more respectable, but actually still primitive and irrational.
15.It had to be an education the purpose of which is to discover who we are.
16.The author is saying that life of any kind -- let alone human life -- is rare and precious. Indeed, so far the only planet known to us on which life exists is the Earth, although in theory there must be numerous planets in the whole universe similar to it.
17.He is talking about the unique human capacity of learning, accumulating knowledge; thinking; analyzing; drawing up experiences and predicting what is going to happen in future.
18.He is referring to such human faculties as conscience, faith, love etc. the exact nature of which we still do not quite understand.
19.The next thing would be an education in the unity of man’s needs, in the needs all human beings share
20.By “conditions”, she means the conditions of human existence such as air, water, land and other resources vital to human life. Today, scientists generally agree that these resources are in serious danger of being destroyed by human beings.
Vocabulary
1. Do the following exercises on word formation rules.
1) Study the following words and guess the meanings of the prefixes and suffixes:
Prefix: mis-; by-
Suffixes: -ship; -ology; -graphy
2) Translate the following compound words into English.
1.周游过很多地方的 6.饱读经书的
2.干的好 7.众所周知的
3.身体很壮的 8.关系很多
4.穿得很体面的 9.报酬丰厚的
5.好心好意的 10.说得好
3) Translate the following phrases into Chinese.
1. 全面发展的人
2. 平衡的预算
3. 有限的规模
4. 联手的努力
5. 经过装修的房间
6. 经过仔细盘算的一步棋
7. 被征服的土地/国家
8. 忠诚的朋友
9. 经过压缩的版本
10. 经过削减的价格
11. 先苦后甜
12. 累积的结果
3. Translate the following expressions.
Into English
1) fulfill a need/satisfy a need
2）occupy space/take up space
3）alter the precarious balance
4）bypass the law
5）grasp the meaning
6）pursue faiths
7）respect differences
8）possess certain faculties
9）foresee/visualize the future
10）concern human wellbeing
11）threaten world peace
12) exchange views/ compare notes
13) take different forms
Into Chinese
1) 出于嫉妒
2) 由于害怕
3) 失业
4) 失控
5) 气喘吁吁
6) 已脱险.
7) 样式过时
8) 看不见.
9) 神经不正常.
10) 失去平衡
4．Complete the sentences with the expressions listed below in their proper forms.
1) in the nature of; respond to; act on
2) protect; against; in the nature of
3) take in; out of
4) out of; all but
5) protect; against; wipe out
6) in terms of; turned out.
7) in terms of; aware of; in terms of
8) aware of; act on
9) in common; responded to
10) given way to; given way to; all but
5. Choose the right word or phrase to fill in the blanks.
1) up；out
2) way
3) are concerned about
4) applies to
5) apply for
6) power
7) strength; power
8) insists
9) insisted; persisted
10) Productivity; production
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) Mr. Lin has always concerned himself with the desertification problem. I fully agree with him that this is a serious concern as regards our environment protection.
2) The spokesman of our government expressed our deep concern for the two Chinese engineers who were recently taken hostage by the pirates.
3) It is hard to visualize how we can protect the dam from enemy attack.
4) Freedom of religion means not only that people can pursue different faiths. It also means that they have the right not to have any religion.
5) We teachers usually meet once every week to compare notes about our teaching.
6) The situation of this area is very delicate. No country should be allowed to do anything to threaten the precarious balance.
7) To be adequate as a translator, we must have a good command of both the foreign language and Chinese. And I consider myself terribly inadequate in this respect.
8) However we differ in our opinion, we must face the challenge together.
9) The way I define a good education is that, when you get through it, you not only know how to make a living, but you also know how to live.
Grammar
1. Practice using the “noun phrase + an infinitive phrase”.
1. Compare the pairs of sentences using either pattern as shown in the examples.
1) With two presentations to prepare, I can’t afford to…
2) With three children to keep at college, both my grandparents had to…
3) With children to take care of and worry about, many people feel happy and fulfilled.
4) Without her only son to look after, the mother does not know how to spend her free time.
5) Without having serious responsibilities, some retired high-ranking officials tend to feel lost.
2. Complete the sentences by translating the Chinese in brackets.
1. time to return to our home outside of Philadelphia
2. this urge to do it now, to get it over with, to skim the surface of life
3. lots of things to consider
4. nothing to complain about/of
5. attempt to create new jobs for the unemployed
2. Learn the ways the infinitive phrase is used as the subject of a sentence.
2. Make sentences by connecting an item from Column A with one from Column B.
1) To turn down the invitation seems rude. 1) + f)
2) It wouldn’t hurt him to do a bit of housework. 2) + i)
3) It’s simply impossible for a 12-year-old child to run a company of that size.
3) + e)
4) In the pioneering days, not to strive for success was regarded as a crime against the state. 4) + h)
5) It may take a number of attempts to persuade him to write his memoirs. 5) + j)
6) It costs a lot to buy an apartment within walking distance of a good school.
6) + b)
7) It’s hard for an only child to develop a sense of community. 1) + a)
8) It is becoming increasingly difficult for the city’s poor people to make ends meet. 8) + c)
9) It shocked us to hear the terrible news. 9) +g)
10) It’s unfair to put the blame on the truck driver for the accident. 10) + d)
3. Fill in each blank with ONE suitable word.
1) while/although (2) amounts (3) objection (4) overweight 5) addition (6) skipping (7) between (8) go (9) fall/drop (10) result
4. Translate each of the sentences using a to-infinitive either as the subject or an attributive modifier, or both occasionally.
1) It always delights/pleases Mr. Blake to hear of his students’ successes.
2) There are a lot of things to consider before we can make a decision.
3) To give up is wise when it is impossible to succeed.
4) It might be sensible to get a lawyer under the circumstances.
5) We admire their courage to tell their children the truth, however painful it is.
6) It is almost impossible for public figures to appear in a busy street without being recognized.
7) I was amazed by people’s readiness to help a stranger, even when they know they may get into trouble.
8) It is important for students to know not only their strengths but their limitations as well.
9) This country’s attempts to limit family size among some minorities are likely to cause problems.
10) I don’t have to tell you how important it is for you to keep your mouth shut about all this.
5. Identify and correct the mistakes.
1) The book is difficult to read for a child of 10. / It is difficult for a child of 10 to read the book.
2) The prison authorities’ attempts to break Mandela’s spirits failed again and again. / The prison authorities failed again and again in their attempt to break Mandela’s spirits.
3) When Karen rushed into the classroom, her books fell out of the bag.
4) It was simply impossible for any one of us to get into the camp because…
5) Loving a person means trusting him or her.
6) After the mid-term exams, we students were exhausted mentally and physically.
7) It’s really kind of you all to come to my birthday party when you’re busy with papers and presentations.
8) Wind gusts caused serious problems for the firefighter trying to keep the fire under control.
9) Farming isn’t easy, for there’s so much work to do from dawn to dusk.
10) With the ability to bring out the best in others, he will make a wonderful teacher.
Unit 10
Preview
2． Read the text for better comprehension and answer the following questions.
1) This is an infinitive phrase used as an adverbial. It is usually placed at the beginning of a statement. Other frequently used phrases like this are: To begin with; To tell the truth; To be honest; To be frank with you; To put it another way; To give you an example; To sum up; To come back to the question we were discussing; To name just a few.
2）This is a metaphorical use of the word “arm” meaning anything looking or functioning like the arm of a human being.
More examples: at the foot of the mountain; at the mouth of the river; an ear of corn; a chair with three legs; the heart of the financial center.
3）It is a sentence in inverted order. The normal order would be: The 4000-foot Mount Vesuvius rose behind the city.
More examples: Seated in front was the Mayor of Guangzhou.
Walking beside him was his lovely daughter.
Note: The usage here is 4000-foot. NOT: 4000-feet)
4） Another example of metaphor, the same as is the word “shroud” in 7) below. An observant eye will find many more examples in the essay.
5) I could be both, but here it is used as an intransitive verb, meaning to hit a place.
6) It is an adjective, used as part of the subject, modifying “the city”.
7) Remember the city “lay intact beneath the protecting shroud of ash”.
8) “In place” means in their proper or usual place.
9) This means “To go to Pompeii today is like taking a trip to the past”. In this sentence we have an infinitive phrase used as the subject and another used as the predicative.
10) We call them “onomatopoeia”, words that sound like their referent. 象声词
11) Yes. But “waters” can be used to refer to the body of water of a river or lake etc, or the sea near and belonging to a certain country.
12) No longer tied up; free of control.
13) It means the point at which important changes start to occur. Here it refers to the point at which the volcano suddenly erupts.
14) “(close/near) at hand” means “near in time or place”.
15）“The quick-witted” means those who are quick to understand and take action.
Note: There are quite a few adjectives or participles in this essay preceded by the definite article and used as nouns such as “the injured”, “the dead”, “the fallen”, “the dying”.
16）Yes. But we use “hundreds of” to emphasize the number, meaning “many hundred”. Likewise, we use “dozens of, tens of thousands of, millions of, billions of, large numbers of, huge quantities of”.
17) It is used to express result.
18) This means “waiting for” or “about to happen”.
19) This is another example of an infinitive phrase used to express result.
Vocabulary
1. Do the following exercises on word formation rules.
1) Guess the meaning of the following words.
1. bakery: a place where bread is baked and sold
2. fishery: an area in the sea where fish are caught and sold
3. winery: a factory where wine is produced
4. distillery:
5. brewery: a factory where bear is brewed
6. refinery: a factory where oil is refined
7. laundry: a place where clothes are cleaned and ironed
8. jewelry: jewels collectively
9. weaponry: weapons collectively
10. machinery: machines collectively
11. toiletries: things you use to keep yourself clean
12. poetry: poems collectively
13. citizenry: citizens of a place taken as a group
2) Study the following words and pay attention to the prefixes or suffixes you may or may not be familiar with.
(1) mono- monoxide; monopoly; monograph; monologue
(2) re- regain; redouble; reverberate
(3) -y dewy; mighty; juicy; greasy
(4) -ous poisonous; tremendous; prosperous; momentous
(5) -ive explosive; constructive; destructive; decorative
(6) -ves; -fs wives; lives; knives; leaves; loaves; wolves; scarves; roofs; hoofs; beliefs
3) Translate the following into English.
(1) a 5, 000-foot mountain
(2) a one thousand-mile river
(3) a five-day state visit
(4) a five-minute walk
(5) a four-hour drive
(6) a eighteen-story building
(7) a five-minute talk
(8) a three-day delay
4) Translate the following abbreviations.
1. a.m. (or: am) 上午
2. p.m. (or: pm) 下午
3. etc 等等
4. ie 就是；亦即
5. eg 例如
6. vs 以。。。为对手；
7. BC 纪元前
8. AD 公元
9. PRC 中华人民共和国
10. USA 美国
11. UK 联合王国 （英国）
12. GER 德国
13. FRA 法国
14. RUS 俄国
15. ITA 意大利
16. AUS 澳大利亚
17. CAN 加拿大
18. SWE 瑞典
19. SUI 瑞士
20. JPN 日本
21. KOR 韩国
22. PRK （北）朝鲜
23. UN 联合国
24. WTO 世贸组织
25. WHO 世界卫生组织
26. G-20 20国集团组织
27. NATO 北大西洋公约组织
28. OECD 经合组织
29. IMF 世界货币基金
30. MIT 麻州理工学院
31. UCLA 加州理工大学
32. FBI 联邦调查局 （美 ）
33. CIA 中央情报局
34. GDP 国内生产总值
35. WWII 第二次世界大战
36. CCTV 中央人民广播电台
37. NGO 非政府组织
38. NY 纽约（美）
39. BBC 英国广播电台
40. VOA 美国之音
41. GM 通用汽车公司
42. GE 通用电器公司
2．Write down the synonyms and antonyms of the following words or expressions.
Synonym:
1) die
2) mark
3) run away
4) revive
5) glimmer
6) match
7) businessman; trader
8) mountaintop; peak
9) powerful
10) collapse
11) smash
12) pillar
13) bag
14) throng
Antonyms
(1) fruitful
(2) nearby
(3) non-violence
(4) above
(5) fruitful
(6) roughly; approximately
(7) ascend
(8) slow-witted/dumb/thick-headed
(9) construction
3. Translate the following expressions into Chinese.
1) 张贴告示
2) 洽谈生意
3) 达到临界点
4) 粉碎某人的梦想
5) 覆盖/笼罩一切
6) 加倍努力
7) 着火
8) 点火把
9) 上船
10) 讲这个故事
11) 从火山这次爆发中生还/逃过一劫
12) 等死
13) 吸收氧气
14) 恢复知觉
4. Translate the words and expressions related to “fire” in brackets.
1) make a fire/build a fire
2) on fire/ablaze/burning
3) has been burning; have been burnt down; put out the fire; catch fire; spread
4) lighted a fire/lighted a torch.
5) setting fire
6) had not gone out of itself
5. Fill in the blanks with appropriate verbs from the text.
1) came
2) struck; cleared; put up
3) heading; abandoned
4) Stick; branch; restore
5) reaches; collapse
6) dashed; huddling; crashing
7) hit; smashed/shattered
8) did; regained
9) advanced; died.
10) sank; boarded; survived.
6. Fill in the blanks with correct prepositions.
1） in
2) In
3) in
4) on
5) out of
6) out of
7) by.
8) under; off.
9) over
10) in
11) On; On
12) out of
7. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) There is a popular children’s story which describes the adventures of a wooden puppet that comes to life as if by magic.
2）Your humorous speech made the discussion lively.
3）This ancient building has been restored to its original beauty.
4) You know, for me, to go and live up in the mountains is to recapture my happy childhood.
5）To tell the truth, this overcoat alone is not enough to protect you from the bitter cold in Canada.
6) The fruit growers were all happily expecting a good harvest this year when the terrible snow storm struck, doing great damage to the ripening fruits.
7）Too much sugar will not do you any good. To begin with, it will do damage to your teeth. In fact, it will do you harm in many ways.
8）His utter devotion to the Chinese people filled me with admiration.
9）He insisted that everything should be in place before we knocked off, before five-thirty, to be exact.
10）He knew that he would have to redouble his efforts to carry out this plan, and he was anxious to plunge into the work as soon as he went back. But he never knew that a disaster was lying in store for him.
Grammar
1. Combine the pairs of sentences by using the past participle phrase as adverbial.
1) The enemy launched an attack, supported by tanks and fighter planes.
2) Greatly troubled by the lifestyle of her son, the farmer’s wife cannot get to sleep.
3) Shocked by a bomb explosion, the demonstrators ran in all directions.
4) Filled with expectation, Jack walked into the room for a job interview.
5) Left to settle their dispute by themselves, the two sides soon reached an agreement.
6) Urged by her fellow students, Erica decided to enter the recitation contest.
7) Questioned by the customs officer, the smugglers became nervous.
8) Badly damaged in a road accident, the car is beyond repair.
9) Exposed to the weather, these machines will rust.
10) Faced with the high cost of living and soaring prices of housing in Shanghai, the young couple decided to return to their native city of Yangzhou.
2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets.
1) trapped
2) speaking
3) started
4) done
5) standing
6) done
7) running
8) informed
9) saying
10) jailed and sentenced
11) being pressed
12) go
3. Fill in each blank with ONE suitable word.
(1) but (2) why (3) structure (4) increases (5) depth
(6) lie/exist (7) melt (8) down (9) conditions (10) through
4. Translate these sentences using the past participle as adverbial or object complement.
1) Irritated by the personal insult, he rose to protest.
2) Deeply touched by these words, he decided to turn over a new leaf.
3) However hard he tried, the new arrival couldn’t make himself understood.
4) My laptop broke down, and I must have it fixed as soon as possible.
5) Led by a local hunter, the search party soon found the tourists trapped in the mountains.
6) Out of jealousy, Galileo’s opponents had him dismissed from the university.
7) The president entered the Great Hall of the People accompanied by his staff, and followed by a group of reporters.
8) The chairman of the department insists on having the invitation delivered to the guest of honor 10 days in advance.
9) The hospital authorities don’t want the identity of the patient made known to the public.
10) It is necessary to keep the public properly informed of what the government is doing to deal with the problem of pollution.
5. Identify and correct the mistakes. One sentence is correct.
1) … the writer receives dozens of letters every day.
2) … she was almost killed by news of her only son’s death.
3) … he was knocked down by a truck.
4) … Cinderella won the audience’s sympathy.
5) … the travelers were overjoyed to see a restaurant.
6) No mistake.
7) …the novel on which the film is based /…the novel the film is based on.
Unit 11
Preview
2. Read the text for better comprehension and answer the questions.
1) Her first reaction was to show the person the door, because she was sure the man was a salesmen of the sort who often visited people from door to door. She had to repress a smile because she did not want to be rude, but the whole thing was ridiculous.
Note: “sales pitch”: the statements and promises someone makes in an attempt to persuade someone else to buy something.
2)She used the word contemptuously to show that she was not interested. Besides she really didn’t know what the button unit was.
3)The fact that it could mean a lot monetarily to her Obviously made her a bit curious although she did not realize this at this point.
4) A practical joke is a trick meant to surprise someone or make them look silly. 恶作剧
5)Arthur did not know what the man was talking about. And he did not want to know. He wanted to end the conversation.
6) No, this time she tried to smile but couldn’t, because the size of the reward mentioned was too impressive.
Notice the difference in their attitude. The woman is always made to appear more interested in petty advantages.
7) The story shows us how Norma was drawn into this situation step by step. At this point she was curious, but she still did not quite believe the man.
8) She felt at this point that it was rather insulting for the man to assume that Norma could not resist such temptation.
9)Arthur was shocked that his wife was ready to murder someone for 50,000 dollars. He could not say this in plain English because it was too terrible.
10) Norma, why can’t you let it go? Why are you so entangled in this business?
11）Because she was going to win the 50,000 dollars.
12）It means “so excited”.
13）…(with double indemnity for) $50,000. Now she realizes that the money Mr Steward had promised she would get for pressing the button was the indemnity for her husband’s life Insurance policy.
Vocabulary
1. Do the following exercises on word formation rules.
1) Study the following and point out the prefix and suffix used:
(1) sub- a prefix which indicates :
A small part of a larger group (subcommittee; subtitle; etc)
Smaller or less important (subcontinent etc)
Under or below (subway; submarine etc)
(2) -age a noun suffix
2) Guess why the following words are usually in the plural form.
The reason why these words usually appear in the plural form is easy to see. These things usually appear in pairs.
3) Guess the meaning of the suffix “-ish”.
-ish: (childish etc) Adjective suffix meaning “somewhat like”
-ish (reddish etc) Adjective suffix meaning “slightly” or “fairly”
-ish (English etc) Used with names of places to indicate where you come from and what language you use etc.
-ish (fortyish etc) adjective suffix, meaning “about” or approximately”
-ish (accomplish etc) verb suffix, but no longer active.
2. Translate the following.
1） Translate, paying attention to the distinction between countable and uncountable nouns.
1. a piece of news
2. a piece of advice;
3. a proposal
4. a suggestion
5. a piece of cloth
6. a piece of land
7. a pair of glasses
8. a pair of shoes
9. a drop of water
10. a loaf of bread
11. a piece/slice of bread
12. a bar of soap
13. a cake/a piece of soap
14. a chunk of ice
15. a blast/gust of wind
16. a bunch of keys/flowers
17. a wisp of alfalfa
18. a blade of grass
19. a rain of bullets
20. a shower of stones
21. a grain of sand/rice
22. a flash of light
23. a cup of green tea
24. a glass of beer
25. a hair
26. an idea
27. a reason
28. many/ a lot of /a large number of/large numbers of fish (deer; changes; unemployed workers; university graduates )
29. much/a lot of/a great deal of/ a large amount of/ a large quantity of/large quantities of time (progress; investment; garbage);
41. an ounce of oil
42. a pound of beef
43. a dozen of eggs
44. dozens of cities
45. hundreds of workers
46. thousands of farmers
47. tens of thousands of factories
48. hundreds of thousands of demonstrators
49. millions of cars
50. billions of light years
51. trillions of US dollars
2) Translate, paying attention to the intransitive use of the following verbs in bold type.
(1) (这儿）疼吗？
(2) （这就）行了，谢谢。
(3) 这钢笔很好写。
(4) 软木不经烧。
(5) 这就像水和油。他们不能溶合。
(6) 别在那上面浪费你的钱了。这不合算。
(7) 他肯定处于困境了。我能这么判断。
(8) 这些书像刚出锅的饼一样正在热销。
(9) 所有人都还在熟睡中，突然地震发生了。
(10) 在压力下，那门开始摇动了。
3) Translate, paying attention to the different uses of the word “up”.
(1) 拣起来；挖起来；举起来；拉起来：贴起来；堆起来；把数目加上去；开关开大一些。（up 有“朝上；朝北；朝多；朝近” 的意思）
(2) 包起来; 卷起来；折起来; 盖上它; 补起来；缝起来；系起来；捆起来；粘起来; 绕起来；连起来；（用胶带）粘起来；（用钉子）钉起来
（up 往往有完成某个动作的意思，可解释为“好好地‘ ”紧紧地“）
(3) 灌满它; 弄完它; 吃完它；喝掉它；烧了它； 撕了它； 放弃它；分掉它；查清它： 清理干净它；解散它
（up 还有“彻底地”的意思）
(4) 时间到了； 这事由你决定；他肯定在捣什么鬼
3. Point out the word in each group that does not belong.
1) dome
2) broiler
3) proposition
4) start
5) shudder
6) shrug
7) intriguing
8) whirl
9) practical
10) exclaim
4. Give the antonyms of the following words.
1. impolite
2. unseal
3. unlock
4. unfasten
5. unpack
6. unbutton
7. disprove
8. valueless
9. fake; false; phony;
10. immoral
11. fruitful
12. displeased
13. Authentic-
14. roughly; approximately
15. incorrect; wrong
16. unguarded
17. visible
18. ascend
19. stiffen
5. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions or adverbs.
1) off; of
2) to; up
3) with; on; up
4) in
5) with; by; up
6) with; up
7) aside; in; across
8) about; out
9) Of; for
10) On; into; for; under; up
6. Replace the italicized with the listed words and expressions from the text.
1） He left a message for me saying that he would call on me tonight.
2） I don’t understand why he got so worked up. It has nothing to do with him.
3） Whatever you do after graduation, I can guarantee you will still need self-discipline.
4） Why is it that today a woman often has to be twice as good as a man to go half as far? It doesn’t make any sense.
5） All the doctors said that the old man would die soon, but their predictions proved to be wrong.
6） An ordinary man would not care to buy an insurance policy for his hands, but he was a world-famous pianist.
7） We have to inform everybody of our change of plan.
8） Suppose a friend of yours borrows a big sum of money from you for her mother’s operation. Under the circumstances, would you expect her to pay interest when she returns the money?
9） He was upset because his son was involved with a gang.
10） She cut the speaker off, saying that he should not waste everybody’s time by picking up a problem which had already been decided upon.
7. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) Would you like to/ Would you care to attend the reception?
2) He was removed from his post as the chief of the Public Security Office because of his involvement in the scandal.
3) While at college you should get more involved in all kinds of activities so as to get to know more people and gain more experience.
4) We must do everything we can to keep ourselves informed of the latest development in our own field.
5) His family has not yet been informed of his death.
6) You have to draw a lesson from this. If your essay involves too many technical terms people won’t be able to understand it.
7) What can I do in return for your help during the time I was sick.
8) Late in the afternoon yesterday, a terrible storm swept across the area. But thanks to the timely warning, it did not cause any casualty or damage to property. The people, very grateful, all said this called for a celebration.
9) He had never expected that of all people, it would be his son. (Or: It never occurred to him that it would turn out to be his own son.
10) He made a large fortune. Not that he was particularly talented, but because he happened to have a powerful father-in-law.)
Grammar
1. Complete each of the following sentences by putting in an appropriate past participle phrase from the list below.
1): f); 2): h);3) d); 4) b); 5) c); 6): i); 7): a) 8): j) 9): g) 10): e)
2. Study each pair of the sentences and point out the part of speech underlined.
In the first 6 pairs of the sentences, all those coming first are adjectives denoting a state (状况); those that follow are past participles denoting an action.
In the last two pairs of sentences, all the four underlined words are adjectives.
3. Fill in each blank with ONE suitable word.
(1) whether (2) get (3) month (4) items (5) little
(6) realistic (7) what (8) less (9) both (10) having
4. Translate using the past participle either as attributive modifier or predictive, or both.
1) Several subway lines completed in the past few years are being extended to the outskirts of the city.
2) In spring the West Lake in Hangzhou is surrounded by blossoming peaches and budding willows.
3) All the gang members charged with credit card fraud have been arrested.
4) Quite a number of companies are involved in producing the parts needed for the Chang’e spacecraft.
5) Young people selected to leading positions are required to work for three years at grassroots level.
6) One of the tourist attractions in Beijing is a lane lined with antique shops and stalls serving traditional snacks.
7) Every day, these charity organizations receive money contributed to help mothers in rural areas.
8) Anything found in a public place should be handed in to the lost property office.
9) Electronic products such as iPod. iPhone, iPad made by the Apple computer company are much sought after by young people.
10) The ancient temple burnt down in the Opium War in 1840 was restored two years ago.
5. Identify and correct the mistakes.
1) … he was bewildered the first time he went to Shanghai.
2) … Professor Yan’s report is convincing.
3) … the fish is delicious.
4) …. you/we/tourists can see the whole town.
5) … the tourists were fascinated by the lovely sight of cherry blossoms.
6) When I got onto the platform, I clean forgot everything I had prepared.
(The sentence is correct, and “clean” is an adverb here, used to emphasize that an action is complete or thorough. 忘得一干二净)
7) Is there anyone in the office? …
8) … and nobody else is responsible for the disaster.
9) Has anyone got anything important to say?
10) Are you working hard or hardly working?
Unit 12
Preview
1. Listen to the recording of the text and then decide which of the following statements are true (T) or false (F).
1) F
T
2) F
T
3) T
F
4) F
T
5) T
F
6) T
F
7) T
F
8) F
T
2. Read the text for better comprehension and answer the following questions.
1) It means “human beings”.
2) A practicing lawyer is a lawyer who is working in this profession, providing legal advice and services whereas a lawyer is any person trained to give that kind of service.
Note: For Lincoln’s early life in Indiana and Illinois, see “Notes to the Text”, Note 2.
3) No. “To do sth just once too often” means to cause trouble for himself by repeating annoying, stupid or dangerous behavior.
4) When the Civil War first began, the main battlefield was along the Potomac River for understandable reasons (“Notes to the Text”, Note 4), and the Union army was given the name “the Army of the Potomac”. It reflected the general belief in the North that they could bring the South to its knees quickly because of the North’s superiority in population and resources.
5) The first quotation comes from Lincoln’s second inaugural speech in which he expressed the hope for a peace without hatred, and called upon his countrymen to act “with malice toward none; with charity for all… to bind up the nation’s wounds… to do all which may achieve… a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”. The second quotation comes from the Bible-Matthew7-1. It means: Do not judge others, for it you do, others will judge you by the same measure you use.
6）Here “occasion” means reason.
7） It means all kinds of or a great variety of.
8) I don’t believe you understand what a big mistake you made in letting Lee escape.
9) It means: What has happened has happened. It’s past and gone. So stop thinking about it. Let’s forgive and forget.
10) Letters which have so much anger in them that they almost burn the paper.
11)“set” here means “arrange the letters in type for printing” 排字.
12) to blow off steam: to let off steam; to express one’s anger without harming anyone.
13)But it requires our good moral qualities and the ability to control ourselves to be understanding and forgiving to others.
Vocabulary
1. Do the following exercises on word formation rules.
1) Review the prefixes “un-” and “en-“ and the dead noun suffix “-ate”.
(1) Unleash; untie; undress; unbind; unwrap; unlock; unload; unpack; unroll; undo; unlearn
(2) enrich ; enlarge; enable; endure; enroll;
(3) (dead verb suffix): illustrate; appreciate; regulate; motivate; anticipate;
translate; reverberate; graduate; communicate; calculate; operate; demonstrate; accumulate; advocate; procrastinate;
2）Review all suffixes that indicate a person who does something.
1) novelist; botanist; terrorist; anthropologist; sociologist;economist
2) politician; historian; tactician; magician; Pompeian; guardian; musician; comedian; technician
3) recipient, opponent; proponent; contestant; defendant; applicant; accountant;
4) advertiser; advisor; survivor; Londoner; New Yorker; flatterer; producer; oppressor; demonstrator; operator; beggar
5) Chinese; Lebanese; Japanese
6)princess; duchess; stewardess; actress; employee; trainee; divorcee; payee; volunteer; musketeer; engineer; profiteer;
(Note: There are exceptions such as: cook; nurse; playwright; advocate.)
3）Adjectives preceded by “the” can be used as nouns to mean the whole group. Translate the following paying attention to the phrases in bold type.
1) 贫富之间的悬殊非常惊人。
2) 很多人觉得他是在试图做根本不可能的事情。
3) 他半夜里重新活了过来，发现自己躺在已经死亡的士兵和受伤的伤员当中。
4) 这个城市似乎已经死亡，除了几只蟋蟀没有任何东西打破它的宁静。
5) 老年人和青年人常常从不同角度看问题，但是他们都需要对方。
6) 这教会在为无家可归的人和病人做十分有益的工作。
4）Remember that quite a lot of verbs change into nouns when they shift their word stresses from the last syllable to the first. Here are more examples. Read them aloud and make sure you get the stress right.
1) These rejects are being sold at half price.
Our government has rejected the proposal.
2) Let’s change the subject. I don’t want to talk about it any more.
The volcano eruptions subjected the people to terrible sufferings.
3) Have you decided to take part in the speech contest?
After he died, his sons and daughters decided to contest his will.
4) The author of the article strongly objects to police brutality.
I think the main object of this visit is to renew the friendship between the two countries.
5) The Reader’s Digest has a very large circulation in the United States.
This food is too greasy for old people to digest.
6) I am working on a very important project.
It is projected that we will put the first Chinese astronaut on the moon no later than 2025.
7) We must learn how to deal with international conflicts.
People’s opinions conflict because their interests conflict.
8) It’s true that he was formerly a convert, but that is no reason not to give him a chance.
His father was a missionary. He was sent by the church to a foreign country to convert people to Christianity.
2. Translate the following verb+noun collocations into English.
1) wound his pride
2) arouse resentment
3) ridicule people
4) attack one’s opponents
5) fight a duel
6) teach a lesson
7) pace the floor
8) defeat one’s enemy
9) impair their ability
10) lose one’s temper.
11) retain their memory
12) retain their independence
13) enrich life
14) land the plane
15) anticipate the tongue-lashing
16) unleash/launch the attack
17) service a plane
3. Give the opposites of the following words.
1) unknown (Note: Not “infamous”)
2) disprove
3) punish
4) ineffectively
5) offensive
6) disbelieve; doubt
7) insensitive
8) worthless; valueless (Note: Not valuable)
9) incompetent
10) advance
11) victorious
12) misfortune
13) unfortunately (Note: Not unluckily or misfortunately)
14) disconnection
15) shorten
16) tactful
17) awkward; clumsy
18) unskillful; slow; unsure
19) same
4. Replace the phrases in bold type with words and expressions from the text.
1) handling; wound their pride
2) arouse my resentment; make me strive to justify myself.
3) indulged in criticism; blundered tragically
4) made a detailed and exhaustive study, drove Wang Guowei to suicide.
5) it’s water under the bridge
6) give up; even from a selfish standpoint; refused point-blank.
7) inspect; suspect
8) in favor of; a golden opportunity
9) demanding the government take immediate action; did it just once too often.
10) incompetent; boil with indignation.
5. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions or adverbs.
a) to; for.
b) up; on; with.
c) to; in, on; within.
d) to; of; from.
e) by; from.
f) with; of; with; to.
g) about; under
h) of; behind
i) in favor of; with.
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
a) When dealing with tough situations, try always to look at things from the bright side. Never despair.
b) What do you suppose we should do to arouse everybody’s interest in sports?
c) He was made chairman of the Academy of Social Sciences upon his return from England.
d) You people usually favor change whereas old people favor more respect for tradition.
e) The comedy was a terrific hit. Time after time, the audience roared with laughter.
f) Like other officials he likes to indulge in good food, good drinks, and pretty women. But he tries to justify himself by saying that all this is necessary for him to do his job.
g) The earthquake has destroyed the whole town. Not a single building remains standing. Many people are in despair. Many are in favor of abandoning the town. But he refuses to give in. He is determined to meet the challenges.
h) People often say “Great minds think alike” I don’t think it always applies in real life. In fact, great minds often think differently, and only small minds think alike.
i) We can apply to the state bank for a loan, but how are we going to justify our application?
j) People roared with laughter. On occasions like this, usually you would feel insulted and boil with indignation. But he did not lose his temper. This showed his moral character.
Grammar
1. Learn to put adverbs of frequency ever and never in the right place.
1. Study the uses of never and ever and summarize their position in these sentences.
a) 置于be 动词之后，如3）,
b) 置于其他动词之前，如 2）, 7），
c) 置于主动词与东动词之间，如4），5），6），
d) 为了强调，置于句首，如1），此时，句子的主语和谓语须倒装；
e) 为了强调，置于句末，如10），
f) 修饰其它词类时置于相关词之前，如8），9），
2. Put never or ever in the right place of each of these sentences for emphasis, making changes where necessary.
1) Will the children ever be exposed to a reasonably penetrating idea at home?
2) You may never be another Mao Dun or Ba Jin, but you can learn to write well.
3) Self-criticism is never easy and hardly objective.
4) … no one would ever manage to become human if they hadn’t read about it.
5) Victims of carbon monoxide poisoning get sleepier and sleepier until they lose consciousness, never to regain it.
6) I wrote to him several times but I never had an answer back.
7) The only black girl I ever knew was my partner in the debating club.
8) The husband thought people from different cultures could never really know each other.
9) But then, gamekeepers have been shooting them ever since they got here.
10) Never in his whole life has the old man been taken seriously.
2. Summarize patterns of comparison based on these sentences.
Pattern 1:
Adverb (much/far/a lot/still ) + Comparative Adjective/Adverb
(based on 1 and 6)
Pattern 2 :
(one of) Superlative adjective + Noun phrase + Relative clause/to-infinitive phrase (based on 2 and 7)
Pattern 3:
As + much/many/adjective + (a) noun phrase… + as-clause
(based on 3 and 5)
Pattern 4:
No more than + numeral/fraction of + noun phrase
(based on 4)
3. Fill in each blank with ONE suitable word.
(1) cost (2) take (3) Rather (4) which (5) requires
(6) where (7) prize (8) once (9) Instead, (10) afford
4. Translate the sentences using the patterns of comparison discussed in Exercise 2.
1) A number of women believe that friendship is much more important than a broken marriage.
2) The best thing you can do is to leave her alone for a couple of hours.
3) The hotel is no more than 10 minutes’ drive away from our university.
4) Society is now much more tolerant/permissive than it was 20 years ago.
5) Her comeback concert last night wasn’t as good as it could have been.
6) The country’s economy is recovering a lot faster than people expected.
7) Please state in no more than five minutes why you would like to obtain the position the company advertizes.
8) Nelson Mandela is universally regarded as one of the most respected and admired national leaders on earth.
9) The housing problem has attracted far more attention from ordinary people than from government officials.
10) We believe that Dong Jie is as highly skilled a brain surgeon as we can ever find in this city. / … is the most skilled brain surgeon in our city.
5. Identify and correct the mistakes in these sentences.
1) The boy has always regarded his father as his role model.
2) Ali thinks German is not half as difficult as Arabic.
3) There were probably no more than 20 families still living in the village after the earthquake.
4) Research has shown that people take in far/much more protein than they really need.
5) Never did he do anything that his family and friends would be ashamed of.
6) The little girl has been taking piano lessons ever since she was three.
7) Mine are the most permissive parents I’ve ever known.
8) In the Middle East, Arabic is twice as useful as French (is).
9) The LV bag you bought for 2,500 yuan is a fake, and it is worth no more than 50.
10) Having to help bring up his three younger brothers, my grandfather could never go to school.
Unit 13
Preview
1． Read the text for better comprehension and answer the questions.
1) We can’t be sure. He must have guessed that Verne was well-traveled. Otherwise he could not have written all those stories with such geographical details. On the hand, it was unlikely for any educated person to believe that Verne had traveled to the moon or under the ground. So the receptionist might have given this greeting to Verne half in jest.
2）These terms are clearly racist and have been abandoned.
3) Jules Verne, the man: the man in reality
A stay-at-home: a person who chooses to stay at home rather than going out to meet friends or doing interesting things.
4) It means year after year.
5)
6) Society here means an organization or club of people with similar aims, interests etc. Learned society is a society where educated people discuss certain subjects involving study or reading. 学术机构
7) 对这一切都感觉十分平常，不值得大惊小怪；不带感情，用就事论事的语调说话。
8) He is trying to say humorously that Jukes Verne was greatly surprised.
Note: The more usual expression is “knock sb over/down with a feather.
Breadstick is bread in the shape of a stick 棍状面包
9) The word“confirm” here means to make Verne feel sure that his desire to be an author is right.
10) Maybe, but it isn’t necessary. This kind of economic writing is common.
11) It means “having strict moral and religious beliefs and not approving worldly pleasures like Puritans (清教徒)”.
12)Yes, it sounds very much like today’s laser gun.
13)The Russians are Slavs. To claim Verne as a Slav therefore is supposed to satisfy their national ego. The author uses the word “claim” to show that he does not think they are justified to say that.
No. It means a man who has suddenly begun to like literature.
14) No. It means Jules Verne and people with him.
15)Verne is compared to Santa Claus because like Santa Claus，he has brought presents for everybody, especially children. And the author thinks Verne would have liked to be remembered for this reason.
Vocabulary
1. Do the following exercises on word formation rules.
1) Studying the following words starting with the prefixes “re-,” “trans-” and “auto-.”
(1) re-(back)
retort; reverberate; react; recover; recall respond; recycle; repay;
return; reject; remind; replace; retell; review; recite; revive; revitalize
(2) re- (again)
rearm; rearrange; readjust; recover; revisit; rebuild; reassure; reawaken;
reconsider; reform;
(3) trans- (across; changing; between)
transatlantic; transfer; translate; transcontinental; transnational; transmit;
transform; transplant; transport
(4) auto- (relating to yourself; working alone without any person involved)
automobile; automobile; automatic; autonomy; autobiography, automation
2) Read aloud the following sentences paying special attention to the words in bold type.
1. … a very learned man (-ed should be pronounced as “id”)
… have learned the language (-ed is pronounced as “-d”)
2. …that blessed morning (-ed should be pronounced as “id”)
… her father finally blessed her marriage (-ed is pronounced as “-d”)
3. …an aged farmer. (-ed should be pronounced as “id”)
… he seemed to have aged beyond recognition. (-ed is pronounced as “-d”)
4. …their beloved leader (-ed should be pronounced as “id”)
…beloved by young people. (-ed is pronounced as “-d”)
5. … a queer ragged millionaire. (-ed should be pronounced as “id”)
6. …there is no rest for the wicked. (-ed should be pronounced as “id”)
Note: “-ed” is pronounced as “-id” only when these adjectives are used as attributes placed before the nouns they modify.
2. Translate the following into English.
1) publish a book
2） cross the Atlantic
3） supplement his income
4) ascend/go up/mount the stairs
5） confirm/enhance/strengthen his desire
6) neglect /ignore one’s studies
7） obtain/get a job
8） seek sb’s advice
9） rewrite the story
10） arouse much interest
11） report sb’s whereabouts.
12） miss connections
13） charter/rent a boat
14） win one’s bet.
15） develop/invent a submarine
16） manufacture/generate/produce electricity
17） fire glass bullets
18） year in, year out
19）beyond any doubt/undoubtedly
20） on board a boat
21） knock sb over
22）cut off sb’s allowance
23） a set of Shakespeare
24） deprive sb of his rights
25） fling/toss/throw/pitch into the fire
26） tuck sth under his arm
27） make bets on
28） rescue/save sb from death
29） on sb’s account/ for sb’s sake
30） take to letters
3. Give words with similar meaning to the following.
1. respectfully
2. wonders
3. exact; accurate
4. unquestionable
5. examine
6. numbers
7. foresee/envision
8. dreams
9. lover
10. luckily
11. take
12. suddenly
13. encourage
14. seldom
15. look for
16. at once
17. good-looking
18. in a fury; in anger
19. restless; uneasy
20. skillfully; cleverly
21. put
22. drive forward
23. practically
24. not naturally
25. immediately
26. deadly
4. Replace the phrases in bold type with appropriate words and expressions from the text.
1) With a son who was handicapped and needed her care, she often had to ask for leave for his sake. But gradually she urged him to learn a useful trade.
2) Jack London was a sailor for quite a few years before he quit the job and took to letters.
3) The reasonable prices and fine quality made the products we turn out so popular in Africa.
4) Although she had retired, many people still came to seek her advice when they met with difficulties in their work.
5) It is illegal to deprive citizens of their houses without their consent.
6) He slipped onto a ship with only five minutes to spare, without a ticket and without a single penny in his pocket.
7) I’m fed up with working at that factory manufacturing/turning out day in and day out things that ruin people’s health.
8) His father was a famous space scientist. But his dream is to explore the secrets of deep sea. He wants to achieve as much for the deep sea as his father did for outer space.
9) Five years ago, she was appointed general manager of the factory, and two years later she already had the factory making profits.
10) The opportunity was so tempting, it was almost irresistible. Many people therefore offered to go on the voyage.
11) You want to make a bet on this? I think we are about to put a man on the moon soon. Our dream will soon come true.
5. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions or adverbs.
1) in/on
2) With; up
3) with
4) from; during
5) with; to
6) of; of
7) In; into; on; from; According to
8) In; on; with; on; out; but
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) Mr. Carson does a lot of traveling. As a matter of fact I think he’s just gone on a fishing expedition. But I don’t know his whereabouts. Somewhere in Canada maybe.
2) With all my social activities, I’m really exhausted. What’s more, I am neglecting my studies.
3) This small island is not only uninhabited, it is largely uninhabitable as well.
4) She claimed to be descended from one of the oldest families in the United States.
5) This experiment aroused great interest among the people. They all came to watch as Galileo ascended the stairs calmly, and when he got to the top of the tower, dropped the two shots to the ground.
6) In the twenties of the last century, women were still deprived of the right to vote.
7) Historians usually credit him with unifying the whole of China for the first time in ancient Chinese history.
8) Everybody held their breath and watched until it became a tiny speck on the horizon.
9) Just then , he heard pounding on the door. He quickly flung the letter into the fire.
10) She was always interested in medical science. But it was her father’s long painful disease that confirmed her desire to be a doctor.
Grammar
1. Study the sentences and classify the underlined parts into various “verb + object + complement” groups.
a. causative verb/verbs of senses + (pro)noun + (to)-intuitive
使役或感官动词 + 宾语(代词或名词词组) + 宾补 (现在或过去分词, 不带to的动词不定式)：1), 2), 3), 4), 6), 8);
b. Verbs such as elect, appoint, call, make, keep + object + noun /adjective: 5). 7), 10)
c. Verbs such as claim, regard, describe, etc. + object + as + noun: 11)
d. Verbs such as delegate, instruct, order, tell, etc. + object + to-infinitive: 12)
e. Verb such as find, think, etc. + it + adjective + to-infinitive (object): 9)
2. Complete the sentences in Column A by putting in a phrase from Column B.
1) The boy’s mother made him clean his teeth twice a day. ← h)
2) The sales manager instructed his staff to respond to customer complaints promptly. ← j)
3) Both countries claim these islands as theirs. ← g)
4) Some couples find it more and moe difficult to communicate with each other. ← i)
5) In a few months, Mandela had the garden producing good crops of tomatoes and onions. ← b)
6) The project will keep them busy for quite some time. ← d)
7) Why don’t you have your staff see to the paperwork? ← a)
8) The committee delegated a group of experts to look into the accident. ← e)
9) The old couple wished they could live to see their granddaughter find Mr. Right. ←
10) Many parents find it hard to say no to their children’s demands ← f)
3. Fill in each blank with ONE suitable word.
(1) announced (2) panicked (3) on (4) whether (5) ability
(6) are (7) should (8) invent (9) possibilities (10) as
4. Respond to these remarks by translating the Chinese in brackets, using the pattern of “could/might/should/must + have done”.
1) He must have overslept. He didn’t go to bed till 2 a.m. this morning.
2) The money could have been used to build two or three primary schools in the countryside.
3) I guess he might have witnessed the accident. The two cars ran into each other right in front of his shop.
4) Sure, with his strength, he should have won the Gold Medal. Just a month ago, he broke the world record.
5) Well, he didn’t regret saying what he did but felt that he could have expressed it in a different way.
6) We were caught in a traffic jam. We should have left for the airport three hours earlier than the departure time.
7) Yes. I wanted to find a retired policeman who might have known where my cousin moved to 20 years ago.
8) By the time they left, the villagers must have known who had been stopping there.
9) He had a good reason to be angry. As the sales manager, Mr. Liu shouldn’t have made such a careless mistake.
10) Sure. Without their efforts, a small company such as ours couldn’t have got/obtained/won a $10 million contract.
5. Identify and correct the mistakes in these sentences, one of which is correct.
1) Mr. Steward said that Norma didn’t have to watch the person die.
2) Several newspapers claim the discovery as a great breakthrough in medicine.
3) I would have gone to the get-together. But I had a temperature that day.
4) The teacher didn’t leave until she saw all the children cross the street.
5) Her name is Li Le, but we all call her Joy.
6) There’s no mistake in this sentence.
7) The chairman of the department will have his secretary arrange another appointment for you.
8) You could have lent them a helping hand when they badly needed it. But you didn’t.
9) It was a pretty expensive trip for them. They might/could have saved the money for more urgent needs.
10) He was thrilled to bits with his Christmas presents; he couldn’t have been more excited.
Unit 14 Inter-Lesson (II)
Test Paper
I. Spelling (10%)
Complete the following words according to the Chinese correspondence.
1. adequate
2. allowance
3. anticipate
4. authentic
5. collapse
6. Confucius
7. conquest
8. conscience
9. contemptuous
10. descend
11. eliminate
12. exhaustive
13. incompetent
14. irresistible
15. manufacture
16. motivate
17. promptly
18. prosperous
19. reflect
20. virtually
II. Word-Formation (10%)
Complete each of the following sentences with a (compound) word from the one(s) given in brackets.
1. injured 2. uncover 3. reunification 4. distinguishing 5. shortage
6. spacious 7. download 8. well-chosen 9. subconsciously 10. irregular
III. Cloze (10%)
Fill in the blanks of the passage with ONE suitable word.
(1) comes (2) which (3) season (4) introduced (5) climates
(6) depending (7) that (8) rich (9)as (10) help
IV. Translation (30%)
Chinese ? English (20%)
Translate the sentences using words/grammar items in brackets.
1. Built-in ads render the film second-rate, a pretty well-known critic points out.
2. He had the impression that these lads had no idea of what their violent acts would lead to.
3. Today the president discussed with his military advisers how to respond to the military clashes/activities between two neighboring countries near the border
4. The doctor assured the parents that they would do whatever they could to restore their son to health, but he said it might take time.
5. The Testing Center has taken a series of measures to protect their Computer system against hacking and viruses.
6. Thousands of manufacturers are involved in producing the parts (that are) needed for these aircraft.
7. Those who are overweight or indulge in high-salt diets are likely to develop high blood pressure.
8. Two neighboring Asian countries claim a few small islands in the East Sea as their own.
9. The tennis player credited her family and coach with her recent success at Australian Open
10. Had the explosion occurred in a densely populated area of the city, there would have been a great deal of damage and heavy casualties. (damage)
English ? Chinese （10%）
1. 在地球悠久的过去，成百成百的动物出现，演变到一定的程度，然后绝种。在延绵的未来，还会有许许多多新的生命形式出现；那些能一帆风顺地适应地球现状的物种会在很长一段时间里生存下去；不能面临挑战的则会早早地消失。这是大自然的运作方式。
2. (大自然的) 选择法则是“适者生存”，人类就是依据这一法则而到来。人类是地球至今造就的适应能力最强的物种之一，有可能比多数物种生存的时间更长。有些动物，如某些小动物、昆虫、以及鸟类在地球繁衍的时间几乎肯定比人类长，因为它们的适应能力似乎更强。当人类最终显示出要绝种的迹象，其它动物不会出爪相助，延缓人类的消失，你可以将此看成是另一条法则；相反，它们会催促人的离去的步伐。大自然是个没有同情心的女主管，她谁都不宠，不偏爱任何物种。
VII. Proofreading (10%)
1. I had always taken for granted that humanity was destined to move forward. This picture of desolation rendered me almost speechless.
2. I could feel my senses leaving me. I fell into the deep immeasurable sleep in which the very existence of the outer world was hushed.
3. I found myself sitting on a broad couch in some kind of museum.
4. It was important to respect these differences, certainly, but to stop/stopping there was like clearing the ground without any idea of what was to be built on it.
5. It was the mark of a rounded man to be well traveled and to know about the amazing variations of human culture and behavior.
6. However friendly the universe may be, it has left the conditions of human existence precariously balanced.
7. They stared at each other, puzzled, troubled.
8. Others preferred to remain within the city, huddling inside the temples, or in the public baths or in the cellars of their homes.
9. Roofs went crashing in ruin, burying hundreds who had hoped to survive the eruption.
10. France’s famous Marshall Lyautey once said that modern science was simply a process of working out in practice what Jules Verne had envisioned in words.
VIII. Reading Comprehension (30%)
1. Choose the most likely answer for the statements/question.
A.
2. Infer the meaning of the underlined words or phrases. (5 %)
1) silver: coin made of silver
2) falter: to sound weak and uncertain; to keep stopping; to speak with hesitation
3) (to be) laid up: to be forced to stay in bed because of an illness or accident
4) booth: a small space like a box that a person can go into
5) milk shake: a cold drink made by mixing milk, fruit or chocolate
2. Explain the sentences in your own words. (10%)
1) I’m provided with a room in fraternity house free of charge for playing football.
2) Finish the telephone conversation with that pretty girl, won’t you?
3) … in the mirror, he could see himself wearing the uniform of Semple’s where he worked after quitting college.
3. Summarize the story in about 100 words, trying to answer the two questions. （10%）
Jerry had come to Dover to attend college. Obviously he had dropped out and found a job, for his father was sick in bed. He called his mother when a crow was marching towards the phone booth. He told her he had a football scholarship and did not need the money his parents had saved for him. He said he had helped his team to win a game that afternoon, and the fans would expect him to join them in a celebration. He held the receiver toward the open door of the booth so that his mother could hear the crowd shouting his name. (104 words)
Unit 15
Preview
1. Listen to the recording of the text, and then decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).
1) T
2) F
3) T
4) F. (He does not mention men and women; protestants and Catholics for example.)
5) F
6) T
7) F. (Note: Obama expresses his gratitude for the “gracious call” and praises the Senator for his sacrifices in the Vietnam War.)
8) F
9) T
10) F
11) F
12) T
13) F
14) T
15) T
2. Read the text for better comprehension and answer the following questions.
1) we have never been a collection of states divided and hostile to each other. We are united.
2) …put their hands on the curved line in which history moves
3) This means a moment that defines or shapes history.
4) unyielding support: This means “powerful and firm support”
the rock of our family: This means “ the stable support or foundation of our family which is as reliable or as firm as a rock”
5)
6)Because he was relatively unknown. But the main reason was that he was black.
7)He wants to stress the fact that he does not come from the ruling elite like George Bush. He represents the ordinary American people who live in small towns and cities such as Del Moines, Concord and Charleston.
8) The young people of the United States at the time was often referred to as the generation of apathy, meaning they did not show much interest or care about what was going on both in and out of the country. Obama wanted to tell the young people that he thought this view was not true. It was only a myth. And they young people showed that they rejected this myth by so actively participating in this election.
9) It comes from Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address.
10)The two wars of course refer to the war in Iraq and the war in Afghanistan; a planet in peril refers to the Earth threatened by environmental degradation in general, and global warming in particular; the worst financial crisis refers to the crisis in 2008 started in the United States and spread quickly to the rest of the world.
11) “block by block”: one block at a time
“brick by brick”: (We will reconstruct our nation) one brick at a time
“calloused hand by calloused hand”: (We’ll ) join our hands together.
12)The former represents the rich and the latter represents the ordinary people who live in small towns.
Note the parallel structure used here, “Wall Street” vs “Main Street”.
For the cultural connotation of Main Street, see Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture.
13)Partisanship refers to the attitude of people who give strong and usually unreasonable support and loyalty to a particular person, group, party etc to the degree that they would hate the opposite blindly. It is usually used derogatorily. 盲目偏袒一方的态度；宗派主义
Obama，now that he has won the election, naturally wants to rally everybody round him. He naturally would regard partisanship as a terrible threat to him as the president. Therefore he uses such words as “pettiness” (small or narrow-mindedness, an obsession over unimportant things.) and “immaturity” (childishness.)
14) “a man of this state” refers to Abraham Lincoln from Illinois who won the presidential election in 1861.
Obama hopes that by reminding the Republicans of their past glory, he can persuade them to bury their differences and strive for the common goal.
15)“a measure of”: a certain degree of”
“held back our progress”: stopped us from moving forward
“the might of our arms”: the great power or strength of our weapons
16)“Press on” means “to continue doing something in a determined way, in spite of difficulties, oppositions, or interruptions.
“That American creed” refers to the traditional American optimism that anything is possible in this new country.
17) “a time when women’s voices were silenced” refers to the fact that women were not allowed to vote until Aug.26, 1920 when the 19th Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted.
the dust bowl: see Notes to the Text
The bombs fell on our harbor: refers to the Pearl Harbor surprise attack launched by the Japanese Dec. 7, 1941.
tyranny threatened the world: In American political rhetoric, it refers to the threat by the Russians and their allies during the Cold War
18)
Vocabulary
1. Do the following exercises on word formation rules.
1) Give the adjectives of the following nouns.
1. democratic;
2. republican;
3. cynical;
4. brave;
5. apathetic;
6. enormous
7. financial;
8. energetic;
9. perfect;
10. wealthy;
11. partisan;
12. petty;
13. humble;
14. immature;
15. patriotic;
16. poisonous;
17. mutual;
18. similar;
19. resolute;
20. prosperous;
21. familiar;
22. affected;
23. parliamentary;
24. reliant;
25. scientific
2) Give the nouns of the following verbs.
1. collection
2. achievement
3. definition
4. reception
5. renewal
6. yield
7. endorsement
8. rejection
9. alliance/ally
10. resolution
11. resistance
12. temptation
13. founding/foundation
14. reliance
15. strain
16. affection
17. dismissal
18. depression
19. conquest
20. threat/threatening
21. restoration
22. prosperity
23. promotion
24. response
2. Give the opposite of the following words.
1) straight
2) unlikely
3) unfamiliarity
4) difference/dissimilarity
5) irresolute
6) Republican
7) arrogance/pride
8) imperfect
9) poverty
10) ungrateful
11) immaturity
12) recession/depression
3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate verbs.
1) endured; rendered
2) drawn up (Not “hatched”); renew
3) braved; harness
4) make; pay
5) faces; harness; create; build; meet; repair
6) rejected; answered; remake
7) restore; perfect; promote; reclaim; reaffirm
8) share; resist; settle
9) silenced; dismissed
10) seek; heal
4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions or adverbs
1) off; in; in
2) by; on; for
3) at; to; to
4) to; up; to; beyond
5) back; for; for .
6) to; to; with
7) up; to; down; at;.
8) Before; in；After; for; back on
5. Replace the phrases in bold type with words and expressions from the text.
1) As time went by, the religious leaders gradually became very corrupt and this led people to be cynical and angry.
2) No government can earn the support of the people unless most of the people are better off for the services rendered by the government officials.
4) To restore our prosperity, we must summon a new spirit of reform and the courage to conquer difficulties lying ahead.
5) Their chief government newspaper declared yesterday that they would respond with gunfire ten times as powerful as before if the South should cross into their territorial waters.
6) We share the same destiny. No one can be truly happy unless everyone is happy. No one can be truly free unless everyone is free.
7) The article in the New York Times warned that the West should be prepared to witness China’s rise to be the
largest economy in the world in less than 20 years.
8) Social stability cannot be maintained by having people’s voices silenced, and their hopes dismissed.
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) I think it was Chen Duxiu who sent the message to us that we should have Mr. D (Democracy) and Mr. S (Science) come to help us save China. And I feel this dream remains alive today.
2) At first people were quite willing to endure sacrifices for our beautiful dream, but what happened in the “Cultural Revolution” led many people to doubt what we were doing.
3) The final settlement of the dispute is a long time coming. But both sides now realize the urgent need to renew their talks.
4) I received a letter from my sister the other day saying that our village is better off for the services rendered by the volunteers.
5) She says that she is particularly grateful to her middle school English teacher who made her who she is today.
6) A strong team has recently been assembled to draft a plan to improve our teaching, and I look forward to working with them;
7) With the money he earned, he was able to pay the hospital bills for his mother’s operation and the family’s debt to the bank for the mortgage on their apartment.
8) The idea of the green economy may open doors of opportunity for many young university graduates.
9) To be honest with you, I think the only way to respond to the new problems our reform has given rise to is to have further reforms.
10）We must resist the temptation to deal with today’s problems with yesterday’s solutions. We must conquer the fear of change that is holding back our progress.
Grammar
1. Study and group the parallel parts on the basis of their grammatical form, and on the basis of the way they are connected.
1) Three who relative clauses of the “subject + verb” construction, connected by semi-colons “;”
2) Three prepositional phrases connected by commas
3) Three noun phrases connected by commas, listed from the most remote to the most recent; from the shortest to the longest
4) Two coordinating clauses connected by and
5) Five “noun + to-infinitive” phrases connected by and, the first 2 forming a unit of its own and connected by and
6) Two sentences of the same structure: similar noun phrase + link verb be + adjective, separated by a period “.”
7) Three phrases of the same structure: noun (phrase) + by + the same noun (phrase), connected by commas.
8) The part of the sentence after the main verb comes is a long adverbial describing what “the true strength of our nation” comes. It consists of two from prepositional phrases connected by the correlative pronoun not…but; within the first prepositional phrase, there’re two parallel noun phrases: “the might of our arms” and “the scale of our wealth”, which are connected by the coordinating conjunction or; In the second one, there are four parallel noun phrases: democracy, liberty, opportunity, unyielding hope. Here, they are used as appositive to “our ideals.” They are linked by and along with three commas.
9) Two coordinating clauses connected by but.
10) Two sentences of the same structure: the same pronoun + a v.i. of the same tense form + similar adverbial
2. Combine each set of sentences into single compound sentences using parallel structure and conjunctions where necessary.
1) Pompeiians stared at each other, puzzled, troubled.
2) … his hero rescued an Indian widow from death, fell in love with her, and almost missed connections on her account.
3) In the coming summer vacation, I plan to do three things: to make a trip to Tibet, to stay with my grandparents for a week, and to take a short-turn course in French.
4) In the concentration camp, great numbers of prisoners died of exhaustion, of diseases, and of despair.
5) The company was not only charged with bribing government officials but also with stealing top state secrets.
6) Suzhou, my hometown, is known for the beauty of its gardens，its canals, and its tree-lined streets.
7) The old man wants his foreign-born grandchildren to be raised and educated in China.
8) Having a couple of good friends can be more satisfying than acquiring wealth. / Acquiring wealth can be satisfying. Having a couple of good friends can be more satisfying.
9) No matter how dull, or how mean, or how wise a man is, he feels that happiness is his indisputable right. —Helen keller
10) Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and the unbearable pity for the sufferings of mankind. — Bertrand Russell (British philosopher and mathematician, Nobel Prize winner for Literature in 1950)
3. Fill in each blank with ONE suitable word.
(1) running (2) depend (3) not (4) discussion (5) when
(6) without (7) being (8) reason (9) ideas (10) another
4. Translate the sentences into Chinese.
1) 学而不思则罔，思而不学则怠。
2) 热爱真理，宽恕谬误。
3) 天才为一分灵感加九分汗水。
4) 好的开始必有好的结束。
5) 起点没有终点重要。
6) 世上最美之物，看不见，摸不着，只能在心里感受。
7) 忧虑一天远比工作一天劳累。
8) 切莫按收获多少，而要按播种多少来衡量一天的成绩。
9) 敢于站出来讲话需要勇气，能够坐下来倾听也需要勇气。
10) 得益只是劳动的附带结果，幸福才是其首要成果。
11) 严于律己，宽于待人。
12) 成功的婚姻为能大事化小，而不把小事扩大。
5. Correct faulty parallel structures in these sentences.
1) In their old age, both my grandparents pursued two hobbies: hiking and gardening.
2) The job requires a Ph.D in English and three years of teaching at college.
3) Her greatest wish is to see the hungry fed, the ragged decently clothed and the homeless properly housed.
4) The day I started school, it was sunny, cool, and breezy.
5) If you have money problems, you should either increase your income or decrease your spending.
6) Pamela thinks that her father is a success as a businessman, but a failure as a husband.
7) The committee read her application, discussed its major points, and approved it.
8) At this university, women teachers are advised neither to wear miniskirts nor low-cut dresses to the classroom.
9) College scholarships should not only be awarded to students for academic achievements but also be awarded to students for outstanding volunteer work.
10) Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.
(Note: Grammatically, a semicolon, not a comma, should be used between the parallel parts of this famous sentence. But experts differ about using a comma or semicolon here. However, in college, the use of a comma in such cases is considered an error. Note also the unusual word order. “Ask not” is used instead of “do not ask.” “Ask not” reads better and sounds more poetic than “do not ask.”
Unit 16
Preview
2. Read the play for better comprehension and answer the questions.
1) Many things in the play have symbolic value, the sea, the oyster, the pearl. So does the beachcombers, who represent the average people are all trying to find something from Nature---the sea.
2) He wants to tell people that small as the place is and poor as the people are, it is actually quite a nice place to live in.
3) They are often called “hair-dresser’s or beauty salons/parlors.
No. It is crowded with books, hats, and things people find on the sea beach. But above all, Harry, the owner of the shop does not look like a barber. He is not even dressed like one.
4) No, “I’m no barber” means “I am no good as a barber.”
5) It means “ … and in addition gave me a haircut for free.” 饶了我一次理发; 另外又给我白剃了个头
6) It means “in a way that is clear and fair so that no one can complain or disagree.”
7) Let me understand the situation clearly.
8) It is used to say that something must stop because you can’t put up with it any longer. 我算是受够了！
9) live off : depend on somebody or something for the money or food you need
“we worked” is a relative clause introduced by the relative adverb “when”, but it is usually omitted. Similarly, we also usually omit “when” in relative clauses modifying “the day”, “the year” and so on.
Here it means special equipment people use for sports such as fishing.
This is a set phrase. Like such phrases in Chinese as “快快乐乐” or “高高兴兴”， we take them as a whole and do not try to explain each individual word.
No, “the fishing’s good” means the sport or business of catching fish is good.
Here it refers to a kind of fish 鲈鱼. It must not be confused with its homonym which means the lowest male singing voice 男低音。
Note: They are not pronounced the same way.
过去的事情就让它过去吧！
10) Harry pretends to mistake Miss McCutcheon for Miss America--- the title given to a woman who has won the national beauty contest, because he finds her so beautiful. Harry thinks that at his age, he can flirt with the young girl without getting into trouble.
11) Do sth while the going is good: (informal)
Do sth before any problems happen that will prevent you from doing it.抓紧时机赶快回去。
12)There are different kinds of excitement for different people.
13) People here are simple honest folks. They don’t like flirtations. And they always speak loudly to each other.
14) Clark is preoccupied with his own problem. Perhaps it also shows that men living in this small town are not in the habit of running after women.
15)It means that he can’t complain. This is an informal expression.
16) Yes. He promises to do everything Clark asks him to do. 一切都照你说的做。
17) It means: finish doing something, especially something difficult or unpleasant.
18)Is there any factory here? Are there farms here? Is there much fishing to be done?
Note: The way the writer talks also shows that he always seems to be in a rush.
19) publish. We can also use the expression “come out “ to refer to the publication of magazines, books, newspapers.
20)… and since only one oyster in a million has a pearl in it, it is certainly unlikely that this oyster will happen to be that one oyster.
21) No, she feels hurt because Harry seems to be taking her for a baby who does not even know how to count to three.”
22) an event where people bring their products for you to look at or buy. 集市
23) It is used here for emphasis. We can also use “What on earth…”, “Whatever” or “What the hell”. But the last one is vulgar.
24) Traditionally it is considered the most detestable person in the town because he is not only poor, but he is also habitually drunk, useless, and disorderly.
25) but as he can’t properly look after his four kids, he begins to feel terribly ashamed. He feels ashamed that he has been such a bad father.)
26) cultivated pearls: 人工培植的珍珠
27) It means an old unpleasant woman who tells people what to do in a determined and frightening way.
28) We use it when we are going to make a suggestion or proposal or offer.
29) It means that you don’t have to pay for it. 这是我的一点小意思。
30) It means that there is some advantage/a lot of advantages/ not much advantage for doing something.
31) No, the meaning is explained right after the dash.
32) She wants to know if there is a pearl in the oyster. But Harry misunderstands. He thought she was asking for his opinion of her new look as she had changed her clothes.
33) You should have waited for me. It is not very polite of you to open the oyster before I come back.
Note: The pattern “You might have done sth” is often used to express a mild reproach.
34) It means that he may leave Hollywood and settle somewhere away from the noisy cities like Harry.
35）No, the former always shows strong emotion, either love, pride and admiration or the opposite.
Vocabulary
1. Do the following exercises on word formation rules.
1) Give the corresponding nouns of the following words.
1. ability
2. capability
3. possibility
4. probability
5. eligibility
6. availability
7. feasibility
8. stability
9. usability
10. accountability
11. credibility
12. inevitability
2) Translate the following paying attention to the nouns usually used in the plural form.
1. (一把)大剪刀
2. (一把)剪刀
3. 一双短袜(长袜；鞋子)
4. 裤子
5. 偷来的货物
6. 戴眼镜
7. 莎士比亚全集
8. 美丽的容貌
9. 一位文学家
10. 一种交通工具
11. 不过一些零碎物品
12. 摆架子
13. 拿起武器
14. 赶上时代
15. 工人的住宅区
16. 航行在公海上
17. 一位外交部长
18. 一种稀有物种
19. 一支医务部队
20. 一家经济学院
21. 研究国际政治
3) Give more formal forms of the following.
1. advertisement
2. automobile
3. professor
4. laboratory
5. photography
6. hippopotamus
7. kilogram
8. refrigerator
9. helicopter
10. bicycle
11. professional
12. doctor
13. veteran
14. pornography
15. rhinoceros
16. influenza
17. co-operative
18. dormitory
2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate verbs from the text.
1. pick
2. shift
3. take
4. play
5. make
6. make
7. have
8. invent
9. compose
10. have
11. give
12. damage/open
13. wait/take
14. judge
15. paint/draw
16. abandon/make/adopt/draw up/hatch/work out/carry out/fulfill/change
17. expect/do/discuss
18. repair/make
19. put
20. face
3. Translate the following, paying attention to the set phrases in bold type which serve different grammatical functions in the sentence.
1) 当矿工们被安全带到地面上的时候，人们的心中充满着欢乐和骄傲。
2) 他们打开那个大箱子，里面没有什么值钱的东西， 只有一些零星物品
3) 我们都觉得林教授正大光明地赢得了这个荣誉。真的，今天有这样学术上
的诚实和道德上的勇气的人是很少有的。
4) 她已经九十多了，可是她身子骨仍然很硬朗。有时候，她还会远出旅行。5) 这件衣服曾经是我已经去世的爷爷小时候穿的，你可以看出来，它已经磨
损得很厉害了。
6) 这次手术花了他的全部积蓄。他的工作也丢了。而且没有人会雇佣一个失
去双臂的人。他是彻底穷困潦倒了。
7) 这人说的都是胡说八道！我对这种讲话实在厌烦透了。
8) 这个公司的领导们都如坐针毡了。他们今后这几个月里无论如何必须给他
们的产品找到新市场，不然他们就完了。
9) 这个记者给关在牢里将近十年。放出来的时候，人都瘦得皮包骨了。
10) 否认这一事实的任何企图都是无效的。我全心全意地支持我们政府的政
策。
Note：Set phrases and proverbs tend to become clichéd (陈词滥调). So do not use them too often.
4. Replace the parts in bold type with words and expressions from the text.
1)…and he would throw in the TV stand.
2) I must get this straight.
3) Let’s get this little business out of the way.
4) safe and sound
5) not counting the auditors
6) got out
7) I’d rather you do the driving today if you don’t mind.
8) As far as I am concerned; in any case/at any rate.
9) I’ll tell you what; let bygones be bygones
5. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions or adverbs.
1) For；for；down；in；out
2) away；to; in; on
3) On; off; at; out; for; for; of
4) out of; out of
5) In; into; for;
6) of; for
7) off
8) out; in
9) up
10) up with
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) I don’t know how to put it. Let me put it this way：he may have many strong points, but honesty definitely is not one of them.
2) He could not put up with the terrible insults. So he put an end to his life.
3) I thought that so long as the economy was no longer overheated, inflation would be brought to an end. But it didn’t work out that way.
4) I really can’t imagine living on a small island without food and water except fish from the sea and rain water from the sky.
5) As far as China is concerned, clean water is perhaps just as important as oil, if not more so. We keep forgetting that we only have one quarter of the world’s average in terms of per capita water supply.
6) He didn’t know where she was hiding, but even if he had known, he wouldn’t have told the police.
7) I was sick and tired of his lying. So when he lied again, I said to myself, “Enough is enough” and left him forever.
8) During his term as president, he has never been known to take anything that does not belong to him, not even an inexpensive gift from a friend.
9) I guessed that you didn’t show up last night because you had something urgent to do, but you might have given me a call.
10) To tell the truth, tonight. I’d rather we didn’t play mahjong again with that bunch of people. If you don’t mind, I’d like to stay home and watch TV.
Grammar
1. Study the context in which these sentences appear in the play and supply the word(s) omitted.
1) (It’s) a way to live.
2) (You’re) Miss America, I presume?
3) (I) Thought I’d step in here and get a haircut.
4) (I want to) get it out of the way before I get to Hollywood.
5) (Is there a) factory here? (Are there any) farms? (Do you have any/Are there any) Fishing industries here?
6) … (There’s) nothing else.
7) (It’s) An honor (to meet you), Miss.
8) (Because she’s) too pretty.
9) Of course (I do) not (believe there’s a pearl in the oyster.) What foolishness (it is to believe that)!
10) Imagine (an) expert watch repairer (is asked) to open an oyster!
11) (Aren’t you) Clay’s father?
2. Study these rhetorical questions, classify them, and turn each of them into a statement conveying the same feeling, opinion or whatever.
1) I really can’t teach them when all they’re interested in is fun and play. (complaint)
2) I can’t think of anything to teach them. (complaint)
3) Since you’re the barber, you shouldn’t refuse to give me a haircut. (surprise and resentment)
4) Please give this to him. (request)
5) Don’t forget you’re supposed to give me a haircut. (reminder)
6) Let’s open the oyster and show the children that… (suggestion)
7) You’re doing something harmful to the minds of these children. (disappointment and criticism)
8) I won’t be able to teach the children to face truth when you fill their heads with illusions like that. (disappointment and criticism)
9) It’s impossible to put pearls in oysters for all poor children like Clay. (assertion)
10) Please be thoughtful when you try to tell kids like Clay to face truth.
3. Fill in each blank with ONE suitable word.
(1) take (2) absent (3) much (4) was (5) ought
(6) support (7) have (8) divorced (9) confused (10) involved
4. Respond to the remarks by translating the Chinese in brackets using rhetorical questions.
1) I’m an economics major. Why do I have to read Shakespeare?
2) It could prove valuable. Don’t you want to know what it is?
3) What are you talking about? I’ve never had any credit card.
4) Newspapers! With the radio, TV, and the Internet, what on earth would we want newspapers for?
5) Why don’t you stay home longer and keep your parents company?
6) What? Don’ you realize we’re working as a team and to a timetable?
7) Is this what you want to do with the rest of your life?
8) Aren’t you afraid of making mistakes and being laughed at? Who doesn’t (make mistakes)?
9) No. Speak louder, will you?
10) How could he speak to his mother like that?
5. Identify and correct the mistakes in these sentences.
1) One way to start an essay is to use an anecdote.
(faulty prediction: to start an essay (an action) ≠ a story
2) I shut the door at once to keep flies from getting into the house.
(misplaced modifiers: “at once” modifies “shut the door” and should be placed close to it)
3) I earned RMB 400 a month by tutoring a child in math and English.
(dangling modifier: the performer of the action “tutoring” is “I” not RMB 400)
4) In the summer vacation, they traveled in the hills and through woods.
(imbalance: coordinating conjunctions connects items of the same grammatical form)
5) Some college graduates find that their jobs barely pay for food and shabby housing, and that living at home saves them much of their income.
(run-on sentence, the second coordinating clause should be introduced by that)
6) Dozens of soldiers who had fought in WWII joined in the celebrations.
7) The reason for the recent demonstrations in the town was that the retirement age had been raised.
(faulty prediction: reason (a noun) ≠ because (which introduces an adverbial cause; a noun clause is needed here)
8) The job will go to a professionally qualified candidate, whether he or she has a Ph. D
(wrong connective: “no matter” has to be used with a wh-word to introduce an adverbial clause)
My grandma believed that women could do everything (that) man can (do)
9) My grandma believed that women could do whatever a man can (do).
(wrong relative pronoun: when such pronouns as everything, anything, something is modified by a relative clauses, that is used)
10) Norma picked up the package, carried it into the kitchen, and put it in a cabinet.
(imbalance: the last verb phrase should be in the active form, as are the first two)