101 Things A Six Sigma Black Belt Should Know
一名6西格玛黑带应了解的101件事
By Thomas Pyzdek
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Copyright © 2003 by Thomas Pyzdek, all rights reserved
1. In general, a Six Sigma Black Belt should be quantitatively oriented.
通常，6西格玛黑带应定量导向。
2. With minimal guidance, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to use data to convert broad generalizations into actionable goals.
仅需最低限度的指导，6西格玛黑带就应能利用数据把泛泛的概括转化为可实施的目标。
3. The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to make the business case for attempting to accomplish these goals.
6西格玛黑带应能为完成这些目标提供业务案例。
4．The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to develop detailed plans for achieving those goals.
6西格玛黑带应能为达到这些目标制定详细的计划。
5．The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to measure progress towards the goals in terms meaningful to customers and leaders.
6西格玛黑带应能测量出朝着预期目标进展对顾客和公司领导的意义。
6．The Six Sigma Black Belt should know how to establish control systems for maintaining the gains achieved through Six Sigma.
6西格玛黑带应知道如何建立控制体系来保持通过6西格玛所取得的收获。
7．The Six Sigma Black Belt should understand and be able to communicate the rationale for continuous improvement, even after initial goals have been accomplished.
6西格玛黑带应了解并能够传达持续改进的基本原理，即使在初始目标已经达到后也应这样。
8．The Six Sigma Black Belt should be familiar with research that quantifies the benefits firms have obtained from Six Sigma.
6西格玛黑带应熟悉对通过6西格玛所获利益的量化研究。
9. The Six Sigma Black Belt should know or be able to find the PPM rates associated with different sigma levels (e.g., Six Sigma = 3.4 PPM)
6西格玛黑带应知道或能够找出与不同西格玛水平相关连的PPM比率（例如，6西格玛＝3.4PPM）。
10．The Six Sigma Black Belt should know the approximate relative cost of poor quality associated with various sigma levels (e.g., three sigma firms report 25% COPQ).
6西格玛黑带应了解与不同西格玛水平大致对应的劣质成本（例如，3西格玛水平的公司劣质成本约占25%）
11. The Six Sigma Black Belt should know how to quantitatively analyze data from employee and customer surveys. This includes evaluating survey reliability and validity as well as the differences between surveys.
6西格玛黑带应了解如何定量分析对员工和顾客进行调查所得到的数据，包括评估调查结果的可靠性、有效性以及各次调查之间的差异。
12. The Six Sigma Black Belt should understand the roles of the various people involved in change (senior leader, champion, mentor, change agent, technical leader, team leader, facilitator).
6西格玛黑带应了解参与变革的各种员工所扮演的角色（高层领导、拥护者、顾问、变革代理人、技术领导、团队领导、推动者）。
13. The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to design, test, and analyze customer surveys. 6西格玛黑带应能设计、检测和分析对顾客进行的调查。
14. Given two or more sets of survey data, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to determine if there are statistically significant differences between them.
给出两组或多组调查数据，6西格玛黑带应能确定它们之间是否存在统计上的显著性差异。
15. The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to quantify the value of customer retention. 6西格玛黑带应能量化顾客保持力的数值。
16. Given a partly completed QFD matrix, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to complete it.
给出完成一个部分的质量功能展开矩阵，6西格玛黑带应能将其完成。
17. The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to compute the value of money held or invested over time, including present value and future value of a fixed sum.
6西格玛黑带应能计算出所持资金或者已投资金的价值，包括现值和未来价值的固定总和。
18. The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to compute PV and FV values for various compounding periods.
6西格玛黑带应能计算出不同复利计算期的现值和未来值。
19. The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to compute the break even point for a project. 6西格玛黑带应能计算出一个项目的得失平衡点。
20. The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to compute the net present value of cash flow streams, and to use the results to choose among competing projects.
6西格玛黑带应能计算出现金流转的净现值，并把这个结果用于选择项目。
21. The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to compute the internal rate of return for cash flow streams and to use the results to choose among competing projects.
6西格玛黑带应能计算出内部现金流转的利润率，并将这一结果用于选择项目。
22. The Six Sigma Black Belt should know the COPQ rationale for Six Sigma, i.e., he should be able to explain what to do if COPQ analysis indicates that the optimum for a given process is less than Six Sigma.
6西格玛黑带应了解劣质成本对于6西格玛的根本意义，也即他应能说明如果劣质成本分析显示出给定过程的最佳值小于6西格玛时该做些什么。
23. The Six Sigma Black Belt should know the basic COPQ categories and be able to allocate a list of costs to the correct category.
6西格玛黑带应了解劣质成本的基础类别，并且能够把一份成本清单正确分类。
24. Given a table of COPQ data over time, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to perform a statistical analysis of the trend.
给出过去的劣质成本报表，6西格玛黑带应能完成趋势的统计分析。
25. Given a table of COPQ data over time, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to perform a statistical analysis of the distribution of costs among the various categories.
给出过去的劣质成本报表，6西格玛黑带应能对各类品质成本的分配情况进行统计分析。
26. Given a list of tasks for a project, their times to complete, and their precedence relationships, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to compute the time to completion for the project, the earliest completion times, the latest completion times and the slack times. He should also be able to identify which tasks are on the critical path.
给出一个项目的任务列表、它们的完成时间和它们之间的优先级关系，6西格玛黑带应能计算出项目的完成时间、最早完成时间、最迟完成时间和延迟时间。他还应能识别哪项任务位于关键路径上。
27. Give cost and time data for project tasks, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to compute the cost of normal and crash schedules and the minimum total cost schedule.
给出项目任务的成本和时间数据，6西格玛黑带应能计算出正常的和紧急加快的生产费用表以及最小的生产总费用表。
28. The Six Sigma Black Belt should be familiar with the basic principles of benchmarking.
6西格玛黑带应熟悉标杆的基本原理。
29. The Six Sigma Black Belt should be familiar with the limitations of benchmarking. 6西格玛黑带应熟悉标杆的局限性。
30. Given an organization chart and a listing of team members, process owners, and sponsors, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to identify projects with a low probability of success.
给出一份组织图和团队成员名单、过程负责人和发起人，6西格玛黑带应能识别出哪些是成功机率小的项目。
31. The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to identify measurement scales of various metrics (nominal, ordinal, etc).
6西格玛黑带应能识别各种度量标准的测量标度（名义的、顺序的等等）。
32. Given a metric on a particular scale, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to determine if a particular statistical method should be used for analysis.
给定一种特定标度的度量标准，6西格玛黑带应能确定采用什么特定的统计学方法进行分析。
33. Given a properly collected set of data, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to perform a complete measurement system analysis, including the calculation of bias, repeatability, reproducibility, stability, discrimination (resolution) and linearity.
给出一组适当的数据，6西格玛黑带应能完成测量系统分析，包括计算偏倚、重复性、再现性、稳定性、辨别力（分辨率）和线性。
34. Given the measurement system metrics, the Six Sigma Black Belt should know whether or not a given measurement system should be used on a given part or process.
给出测量系统的度量标准，6西格玛黑带应了解给定的测量系统能否用于给定的零件或过程。
35. The Six Sigma Black Belt should know the difference between computing sigma from a data set whose production sequence is known and from a data set whose production sequence is not known.
6西格玛黑带应了解从已知生产次序的数据组和未知生产次序的数据组计算出的西格玛之间的不同。
36. Given the results of an AIAG Gage R&R study, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to answer a variety of questions about the measurement system.
给出一份 AIAG（汽车工业行动集团）量具双性研究结果，6西格玛黑带应能回答各种关于该测量系统的问题。
37. Given a narrative description of "as-is" and "should-be" processes, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to prepare process maps.
给出一个“不予改变”和“应”的过程叙述性描述，6西格玛黑带应能作出过程图。
38. Given a table of raw data, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to prepare a frequency tally sheet of the data, and to use the tally sheet data to construct a histogram.
给出一份原始数据表，6西格玛黑带应能作出一份数据频次表，并且能使用这频次表构建一份直方图。
39. The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to compute the mean and standard deviation from a grouped frequency distribution.
6西格玛黑带应能从一组频次分布数据计算出均值和标准偏差。
40. Given a list of problems, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to construct a Pareto Diagram of the problem frequencies.
给出一份问题列表，6西格玛黑带应能构建出一个问题发生频次的排列图。
41. Given a list which describes problems by department, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to construct a Crosstabulation and use the information to perform a Chi-square analysis.
给出一份按部门描述问题的清单，6西格玛黑带应能构建一份交叉表，并且能利用此信息进行卡方分析。
42. Given a table of x and y data pairs, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to determine if the relationship is linear or non-linear.
给出一份 XY配对的数据表，6西格玛黑带应能确定XY之间的关系是线性的还是非线性的。
43. The Six Sigma Black Belt should know how to use non-linearities to make products or processes more robust.
6西格玛黑带应了解如何利用非线性来使产品或过程更加稳固。
44. The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to construct and interpret a run chart when given a table of data in time-ordered sequence. This includes calculating run length, number of runs and quantitative trend evaluation.
当给定一份时间序列数据表时，6西格玛黑带应能构建并解释趋势图，包括计算运行长度、运行数量以及定量趋势评估。
45. When told the data are from an exponential or Erlang distribution the Six Sigma Black Belt should know that the run chart is preferred over the standard X control chart.
当被告知数据来自于指数函数或服从厄兰分布，6西格玛黑带应了解这时候趋势图优于标准的X控制图。
46. Given a set of raw data the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to identify and compute two statistical measures each for central tendency, dispersion, and shape.
给出一组原始数据，6西格玛黑带应能识别并计算出两种统计测量的中心趋向、离散和形状。
47. Given a set of raw data, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to construct a histogram.
给出一组原始数据，6西格玛黑带应能构建一份直方图。
48. Given a stem & leaf plot, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to reproduce a sample of numbers to the accuracy allowed by the plot.
给出一份茎叶图，6西格玛黑带应能复制出一个能够达到该图允许准确度的数字样本。
49. Given a box plot with numbers on the key box points, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to identify the 25th and 75th percentile and the median.
给定一份标出关键点数字的箱图，6西格玛黑带应能识别Q1和 Q3和 中位数。
50. The Six Sigma Black Belt should know when to apply enumerative statistical methods, and when not to.
6西格玛黑带应了解什么时候用计数统计法、什么时候不用。
51. The Six Sigma Black Belt should know when to apply analytic statistical methods, and when not to.
6西格玛黑带应了解什么时候用分析统计法、什么时候不用。
52. The Six Sigma Black Belt should demonstrate a grasp of basic probability concepts, such as the probability of mutually exclusive events, of dependent and independent events, of events that can occur simultaneously, etc.
6西格玛黑带应掌握基础的概率概念，比如互斥事件的概率、关联和独立事件的概率、同时发生事件的概率等等。
53. The Six Sigma Black Belt should know factorials, permutations and combinations, and how to use these in commonly used probability distributions.
6西格玛黑带应了解析因、置换、合并等方法，以及它们在概率分布中的一般应用。
54. The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to compute expected values for continuous and discrete random variables.
6西格玛黑带应能计算出连续或离散随机变量的期望值。
55. The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to compute univariate statistics for samples.
6西格玛黑带应能计算出样本的单变量统计量
56. The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to compute confidence intervals for various statistics.
6西格玛应能计算出各种统计的置信区间。
57. The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to read values from a cumulative frequency ogive.
6西格玛黑带应能从累计频次尖顶部读出数值。
58. The Six Sigma Black Belt should be familiar with the commonly used probability distributions, including: hypergeometric, binomial, Poisson, normal, exponential, chi-square, Student's t, and F.
6西格玛黑带应熟悉常用的概率分布，包括超几何分布、二项式分布、 泊松分布、正态分布、指数分布、卡方分布、学者t分布和F分布。
59. Given a set of data the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to correctly identify which distribution should be used to perform a given analysis, and to use the distribution to perform the analysis.
给定一组数据，6西格玛黑带应能正确地识别应用哪种分布来进行分析，并且能利用其进行分析。
60. The Six Sigma Black Belt should know that different techniques are required for analysis depending on whether a given measure (e.g., the mean) is assumed known or estimated from a sample. The Six Sigma Black Belt should choose and properly use the correct technique when provided with data and sufficient information about the data.
6西格玛黑带应了解，根据所给量值（例如，平均值）是假设的，还是按样本估计的，在分析时需要不同的方法。当提供了数据以及和数据有关的足够信息时，6西格玛黑带应能选择并正确地使用这种技术。
61. Given a set of subgrouped data, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to select and prepare the correct control charts and to determine if a given process is in a state of statistical control.
给出一组分组数据，6西格玛黑带应能选择和作出正确的控制图，并且确定给定的过程是否处在统计控制状态。
62. The above should be demonstrated for data representing all of the most common control charts.
6西格玛黑带应能示范所有最常用控制图的数据表现形式。
63. The Six Sigma Black Belt should understand the assumptions that underlie ANOVA, and be able to select and apply a transformation to the data.
6西格玛黑带应了解作为方差分析基础的各种假设，而且能够选择一种转换把它应用于数据。
64. The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to identify which cause on a list of possible causes will most likely explain a non-random pattern in the regression residuals.
6西格玛黑带应能识别在各种可能原因的列表中，哪一个原因最合适解释在回归残差中出现的非随机分布。
65. If shown control chart patterns, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to match the control chart with the correct situation (e.g., an outlier pattern vs. a gradual trend matched to a tool breaking vs. a machine gradually warming up).
如果观看一份控制图，6西格玛黑带应能将控制图与正确的情况匹配（例如，把超出控制限的图形－渐进的趋势与工具损坏－设备逐渐发热相匹配）
66. The Six Sigma Black Belt should understand the mechanics of PRE-Control.
6西格玛黑带应了解预控制的机制。
67. The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to correctly apply EWMA charts to a process with serial correlation in the data.
6西格玛黑带应能正确的将指数加权移动平均图应用到一个在数据上连续相关的过程。
68. Given a stable set of subgrouped data, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to perform a complete Process Capability Analysis. This includes computing and interpreting capability indices, estimating the % failures, control limit calculations, etc.
给出一组稳定的分组数据，6西格玛黑带应能完成完整的过程能力分析。包括计算和解释过程能力指数、估计故障百分率、控制限计算等。
69. The Six Sigma Black Belt should demonstrate an awareness of the assumptions that underlie the use of capability indices.
6西格玛黑带应示范应用过程能力指数的基本假设的注意事项。
70. Given the results of a replicated 22 full-factorial experiment, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to complete the entire ANOVA table.
给出22全析因试验的结果，6西格玛黑带应能完成整个方差分析表。
71. The Six Sigma Black Belt should understand the basic principles of planning a statistically designed experiment. This can be demonstrated by critiquing various experimental plans with or without shortcomings.
6西格玛黑带应了解统计设计一种实验方案的基本原理，这可以用批评各种个实验方案有没有缺点来证明。
72. Given a "clean" experimental plan, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to find the correct number of replicates to obtain a desired power.
给定一个空白的实验方案，6西格玛黑带应能找出为取得期望结果所需复制的正确数字
73. The Six Sigma Black Belt should know the difference between the various types of experimental models (fixed-effects, random-effects, mixed).
6西格玛黑带应了解不同实验模型之间的差异（固定后果、随机后果、混合后果）。
74. The Six Sigma Black Belt should understand the concepts of randomization and blocking.
6西格玛黑带应了解随机化和分块的概念。
75. Given a set of data, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to perform a Latin Square analysis and interpret the results.
给定一组数据，6西格玛黑带应能够进行拉丁方分析并解释其结果。
76. Ditto for one way ANOVA, two way ANOVA (with and without replicates), full and fractional factorials, and response surface designs.
给定一组数据，6西格玛黑带应能进行一维方差分析、二维方差分析（有或没有重复），全部析因，部分析因和响应曲面设计。
77. Given an appropriate experimental result, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to compute the direction of steepest ascent.
给定一份合适的实验结果，6西格玛黑带应能计算出其最速上升的方向。
78. Given a set of variables each at two levels, the Six Sigma Black Belt can determine the correct experimental layout for a screening experiment using a saturated design.
给定一组两水平的变量，6西格玛黑带应能用饱和设计筛选实验来确定正确的实验方案。
79. Given data for such an experiment, the Six Sigma Black Belt can identify which main effects are significant and state the effect of these factors.
给出一组实验数据，6西格玛黑带应能识别哪种要因是主要因子并能说出这些因子的影响。
80. Given two or more sets of responses to categorical items (e.g., customer survey responses categorized as poor, fair, good, excellent), the Six Sigma Black Belt will be able to perform a Chi-Square test to determine if the samples are significantly different.
给出两组或以上分类项目的响应结果（例如，顾客调查结果分类为差、一 般、好、出色），6西格玛黑带应能进行卡方检验以确定样本是否有显著差异。
81. The Six Sigma Black Belt will understand the idea of confounding and be able to identify which two factor interactions are confounded with the significant main effects.
6西格玛黑带应了解混淆的概念，并能识别出哪两个因子的交互作用与重要影响相混淆。
82. The Six Sigma Black Belt will be able to state the direction of steepest ascent from experimental data.
6西格玛黑带应能根据实验数据说出最快上升的方向。
83. The Six Sigma Black Belt will understand fold over designs and be able to identify the fold over design that will clear a given alias.
6西格玛黑带应了解设计上的交叠并能够识别出明显给出假信号的交叠设计。
84. The Six Sigma Black Belt will know how to augment a factorial design to create a composite or central composite design.
6西格玛黑带应了解如何将析因设计扩展为复合设计或中心复合设计。
85. The Six Sigma Black Belt will be able to evaluate the diagnostics for an experiment.
6西格玛黑带应能评价针对实验的诊断。
86. The Six Sigma Black Belt will be able to identify the need for a transformation in y and to apply the correct transformation.
6西格玛黑带应能识别 y的转换需要并能应用正确的转换方法。
87. Given a response surface equation in quadratic form, the Six Sigma Black Belt will be able to compute the stationary point.
给出一个二次方程式形式的响应曲面公式，6西格玛黑带应能计算出驻点。
88. Given data (not graphics), the Six Sigma Black Belt will be able to determine if the stationary point is a maximum, minimum or saddle point.
给定数据（不是图形），6西格玛黑带应能确定驻点是最大值、最小是 还是马鞍点。
89. The Six Sigma Black Belt will be able to use a quadratic loss function to compute the cost of a given process.
6西格玛黑带应能使用二次品质损失函数来计算给定过程的成本。
90. The Six Sigma Black Belt will be able to conduct simple and multiple linear regression.
6西格玛黑带应能进行简单的或多次线性回归。
91. The Six Sigma Black Belt will be able to identify patterns in residuals from an improper regression model and to apply the correct remedy.